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Chen T, Chen Q, Lin Z, Ye J. Family participatory clown therapy in venipuncture in hospitalized children: A non-randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305101. [PMID: 39052600 PMCID: PMC11271897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effectiveness of family participatory clown therapy in venipuncture in hospitalized children. METHODS We recruited 104 children aged 3 to 6 years for a non-randomized controlled trial from March to December 2022. All participants required peripheral venepuncture infusions for treatment. The children were assigned to either the control group (n = 52) or the experimental group (n = 52).Standard care was utilized in the control group. In the experimental group, two clown nurses and a parent provided family participatory clown therapy for 35-45 minutes per child before, during, and after venipuncture. We assessed children's pain (FLACC and W-B FPS), anxiety (VAS-A), medical fear (CFS), crying incidence, compliance, parental anxiety (S-AI), and parental satisfaction. RESULTS At venipuncture, the FLACC score was lower in the experimental group (4.46±2.053) compared to the control group (5.96±2.441), the W-B FPS score was also lower in the experimental group (4.96±2.392) than in the control group (6.35±2.266), with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05).The children in the experimental group had lower levels of anxiety, medical fear, crying, and parental anxiety than the control group. In addition, child compliance and parent satisfaction were higher in the experimental group than in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Family participatory clown therapy can reduce pain, anxiety, medical fear, and crying during venipuncture in children. It can also improve venipuncture compliance, reduce parental anxiety, and increase parental satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Chen
- Department of Nursing, Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jingfang Ye
- Department of Nursing, Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Laures EL, LaFond CM, Marie BS, McCarthy AM. Pain Assessment and Management for a Chemically Paralyzed Child Receiving Mechanical Ventilation. Am J Crit Care 2023; 32:346-354. [PMID: 37652886 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2023403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain assessment in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is complex, specifically for children receiving mechanical ventilation who require neuromuscular blockade (NMB). No valid pain assessment method exists for this population. Guidelines are limited to using physiologic variables; it remains unknown how nurses are assessing and managing pain for this population in practice. OBJECTIVES To describe how PICU nurses are assessing and managing pain for children who require NMB. METHODS A cross-sectional quantitative design was used with an electronic survey. Nurses were asked to respond to 4 written vignettes depicting a child who required NMB and had a painful procedure, physiologic cues, both, or neither. RESULTS A total of 107 PICU nurses answered the survey. Nurses primarily used behavioral assessment scales (61.0%) to assess the child's pain. All nurses reported that physiologic variables are either moderately or extremely important, and 27.3% of nurses used the phrase "assume pain present" formally at their organization. When physiologic cues were present, the odds of a nurse intervening with a pain intervention were 23.3 times (95% CI, 11.39-53.92; P < .001) higher than when such cues were absent. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate variation in how nurses assess pain for a child who requires NMB. The focus remains on behavioral assessment scales, which are not valid for this population. When intervening with a pain intervention, nurses relied on physiologic variables. Decision support tools to aid nurses in conducting an effective pain assessment and subsequent management need to be created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse L Laures
- Elyse L. Laures is a nurse scientist, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, and instructional track faculty, University of Iowa College of Nursing, Iowa City
| | - Cynthia M LaFond
- Cynthia M. LaFond is a senior nurse scientist, University of Iowa College of Nursing, Iowa City, and Ascension Illinois, Chicago
| | - Barbara St Marie
- Barbara St. Marie is an associate professor, University of Iowa College of Nursing, Iowa City
| | - Ann Marie McCarthy
- Ann Marie McCarthy is a professor, University of Iowa College of Nursing, Iowa City
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3
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Delgado-Miguel C, Miguel-Ferrero M, Ezquerra A, Díaz M, De Ceano-Vivas M, López-Gutiérrez JC. Sedoanalgesia in the Debridement of Pediatric Burns in the Emergency Department: Is It Effective and Safe? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1137. [PMID: 37508633 PMCID: PMC10378088 DOI: 10.3390/children10071137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The routine use of sedoanalgesia has increased the number of potential minor surgical procedures that can be performed in the Emergency Department (ED) without requiring general anesthesia and, thus, hospital admission. Our aim is to analyze the effectiveness and safety of the use of sedoanalgesia in childhood burns treated in the ED. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in burned children in whom burn debridement was performed under sedoanalgesia in the ED between 2017 and 2021 in a tertiary referral center for burns. We collected demographic variables, burn features and the type of sedoanalgesia performed in each case, including its effectiveness and associated adverse effects. RESULTS A total of 227 patients (118 males, 109 females) were included, with a median age of 25 months. In total, 99.2% of the burns were thermal (69.2% scald burns), with a mean total body surface area (TBSA) burned of 4%. The most commonly used drugs were intravenous ketamine (35.7%), intravenous ketamine + midazolam (15.4%), intranasal fentanyl + midazolam (14.1%) and intranasal fentanyl (10.6%). The effectiveness of sedoanalgesia was considered satisfactory in 95.2% of the cases, with an adverse effect rate of 7.5%, without severe adverse effects reported. CONCLUSIONS The use of sedoanalgesia in the ED in the early treatment of childhood burns achieves high effectiveness and safety. It is postulated as a quality indicator; thus, it should be known by all pediatric healthcare practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Delgado-Miguel
- Pediatric Burn Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children's Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Health Research IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Miguel-Ferrero
- Pediatric Burn Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children's Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Ezquerra
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, La Paz Children's Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Díaz
- Pediatric Burn Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children's Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - María De Ceano-Vivas
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, La Paz Children's Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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Paul A, Demissie S, Schmidlein PJ, Romanos-Sirakis E. Pediatric and emergency medicine resident comfort assessing and treating pediatric pain across pediatric age groups. Pain Manag 2023; 13:343-350. [PMID: 37435688 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2023-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Assess pediatric and emergency medicine (EM) resident comfort treating and assessing pediatric pain. Materials & methods: Pediatric and EM residents at a single institution (SIUH Northwell Health in New York) completed an anonymous survey 6 months into the academic year regarding comfort assessing and treating pediatric pain. Results: A total of 40 (16/24 EM and 24/24 pediatric) residents completed this survey: 20% (8/24) pediatric first year residents, 40% (16/40) pediatric second year and above, 20% (8/40) EM first year and 20% (8/40) EM second year and above. A 46% (11/24) pediatric and 12% (2/16) EM residents were comfortable assessing neonatal pain (p < 0.05). A 38% (9/24) pediatric residents were comfortable treating neonatal pain compared with 12% (2/16) EM residents (p < 0.05). Both resident groups reported increasing comfort assessing and treating pain with increasing patient age. Conclusion: Both residents groups reported limitations in comfort assessing and treating pediatric pain, especially in younger patients. Education for both groups is important to optimize pediatric pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, 10305 NY, USA
| | - Seleshi Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Staten Island University Hospital Northwell Health, Staten Island, 10305 NY, USA
| | - Patrick J Schmidlein
- Department of Pediatrics, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, 10305 NY, USA
| | - Eleny Romanos-Sirakis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, 10305 NY, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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Naik V, Jin J, Tinsay A, Pricco N, Madhok M. Medication Use in the Diagnostic Pediatric Lumbar Puncture. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2023; 62:227-233. [PMID: 36028950 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221120687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The lumbar puncture (LP) is a common procedure in the pediatric emergency department. A retrospective review was conducted of patients who had LPs from 2012 to 2016 at 2 children's hospitals to (1) characterize medication use during the pediatric LP and (2) test the hypothesis that varied medication use influences LP outcome. Outcomes were defined as unsuccessful if the LP was documented as unsuccessful, had a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) red blood cell (RBC) count >400 cells/µL, or if a second LP was performed within 24 hours. In total, 8463 patients were reviewed and 2806 (33%) were included in the study. We noted significant variation in LP medication use. When adjusted for patient demographics, location, weight, position, and provider experience, our regression model revealed that the use of fentanyl, ketamine, nitrous oxide, and propofol were best associated with LP success. These data suggest the need for a standardized LP medication protocol as provider choice in medication significantly influences LP outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Naik
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrea Tinsay
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas Pricco
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Manu Madhok
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks-American Pain Society-American Academy of Pain Medicine Pain Taxonomy Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Needle Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:387-402. [PMID: 36243317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Needle procedures are among the most common causes of pain and distress for individuals seeking health care. While needle pain is especially problematic for children needle pain and associated fear also has significant impact on adults and can lead to avoidance of appropriate medical care. Currently there is not a standard definition of needle pain. A taxonomy, or classification system, for acute needle pain would aid research efforts and enhance clinical care. To meet this need, the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks public-private partnership with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the American Pain Society, and the American Academy of Pain Medicine formed the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks-American Pain Society-American Academy of Pain Medicine Pain Taxonomy initiative. One of the goals of this initiative was to develop taxonomies for acute pain disorders, including needle pain. To accomplish this, a working group of experts in needle pain was convened. Based on available literature and expert opinion, the working group used a 5-dimenional structure (diagnostic criteria, common features, modulating factors, impact and/or functional consequences, and putative mechanisms) to develop an acute pain taxonomy that is specific needle pain. As part of this, a set of 4 diagnostic criteria, with 2 modifiers to account for the influence of needle associated fear, are proposed to define the types of acute needle pain. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents a taxonomy for acute needle pain. This taxonomy could help to standardize definitions of acute pain in clinical studies of patients undergoing needle procedures.
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Topical Anesthetic for Laceration Repair in Children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2023:00006565-990000000-00207. [PMID: 36715288 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the introduction of an education program familiarizing staff with the effective and appropriate use of Laceraine application to children's lacerations requiring repair at The Prince Charles Hospital Children's Emergency Department (TPCH-CED), Brisbane. METHODS A retrospective audit was performed using data obtained from the local emergency department information system (EDIS) and a paper chart audit, for all presentations to TPCH-CED during 2015 and 2020 requiring laceration repair. RESULTS Of the 20,813 registered patients to TPCH-CED in 2015, 993 (4.8%) required laceration repair, compared with 1756 (5.6%) of the 31,059 registered in 2020 demonstrating that presentations to the CED requiring laceration repair increased, as a proportion of overall presentations, reaching statistical significance across all groups (P < 0.001). The percentage of lacerations requiring repair that had Laceraine applied (either as a single agent or in combination) was 59% in 2015 and 93% in 2020 (P < 0.001). There was a significant increase in use of Laceraine only as agent of choice. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant change in practice with greater use of topical anesthetic (Laceraine) for the management of laceration repair of children, as expected, after the focused education program on its correct use. As emergency departments continue to be overwhelmed with increasing attendances and long patient wait times, a simple small intervention, such as that described, has potential to improve flow through the children's emergency department. Future research should focus on a randomized control trial to determine the contribution of the use of a topical agent, as opposed to injectable local anesthetic and/or full procedural sedation to determine the contribution to the impact of this simple change of practice on patient flow and satisfaction.
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Zaki HA, Elarref MA, Iftikhar H, Al-Marri NDR, Masood M, Fayed M, Elgassim MAM, Shallik NA. Efficacy of Emla (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anaesthetics) and Let (Lidocaine, Epinephrine, Tetracaine) for Topical Use in Wound Management for Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2022; 14:e31447. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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9
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Azak M, Aksucu G, Çağlar S. The Effect of Parental Presence on Pain Levels of Children During Invasive Procedures: A Systematic Review. Pain Manag Nurs 2022; 23:682-688. [PMID: 35523626 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM This systematic review was conducted to determine the effect of parental presence on the child's pain intensity during invasive procedures. DESIGN A systematic review. METHOD The systematic review was conducted in July 2019 and updated in December 2020 to include the latest research published during the publication process by scanning the articles in English. Scopus, Pubmed, Cochrane, Science Direct, MedLine databases were used for scanning. The keywords "parental presence", "family presence", "parent involvement", "invasive procedures", "venipuncture", "painful procedures", "child", "children", "pediatric" were used in the scanning. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol was followed to prepare the study and the report, and the systematic review was created according to the patient, intervention, comparison, outcomes (PICOS) strategy. RESULTS A total of 248 articles were reached, and the full texts of 18 articles were evaluated for eligibility. After the articles excluded by the full-text search were eliminated, six studies, involving 730 children with a sample aged between 0-12 years, were included in the analysis. In 4 studies, it was determined that having a parent with the child during the invasive procedure significantly decreased the pain level, and in 2 studies, there was no statistically significant decrease in the pain level of the children. CONCLUSIONS Parental presence and parental involvement during invasive procedures effectively reduced the children's pain levels. Since the number of studies with a high level of evidence regarding the effect of family participation on pain level is limited, it is recommended to conduct more randomized controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Azak
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gözde Aksucu
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seda Çağlar
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Grabinski ZG, Boscamp NS, Zuckerman WA, Zviti R, O'Brien A, Martinez M, Tsze DS. Efficacy of Distraction for Reducing Pain and Distress Associated With Venipuncture in the Pediatric Posttransplant Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38:e811-e815. [PMID: 34034337 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Distraction can reduce pain and distress associated with painful procedures but has never been studied in children with solid organ transplants. We aimed to determine whether there is a difference in pain and distress associated with venipuncture in pediatric posttransplant patients who receive distraction compared with those who do not. METHODS Randomized controlled trial of children aged 4 to 17 years with solid organ transplants undergoing venipuncture in the outpatient setting. Patients were randomized to receive distraction or no distraction. The primary outcome was the Faces Pain Scale-Revised. Secondary outcomes were the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress-Revised; Faces, Leg, Activity, Cry, Consolability; and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. Exploratory outcomes included the number of venipuncture attempts, time to successful venipuncture, and satisfaction of phlebotomists and parents. RESULTS Median age of the 40 children enrolled was 11.5 years. Type of transplants included the heart (67.5%), kidney (22.5%), liver (7.5%), and more than 1 organ (2.5%). There was no difference between the Faces Pain Scale-Revised scores in distraction and no distraction groups (1.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-1.9; and 1.3, 95% confidence interval, 0.5-2.1, respectively). There was also no difference in the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress-Revised; Faces, Leg, Activity, Cry, Consolability; and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale scores, number of venipuncture attempts, or time to successful venipuncture. Phlebotomists were more satisfied with the venipuncture when distraction was implemented. CONCLUSIONS In children with solid organ transplants, there was no difference in pain and distress associated with venipuncture between those who did and did not receive distraction. There was also no difference in other procedure-related outcomes except for greater phlebotomist satisfaction when distraction was implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe G Grabinski
- From the Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine
| | | | | | - Ronald Zviti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Ann O'Brien
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Mercedes Martinez
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Daniel S Tsze
- From the Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine
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Ali S, Morrison E, Shwetz S, Yaskina M, Rajagopal M, Estey A, Drendel AL. An assessment of the psychometric properties of the Stoplight Pain Scale in a Canadian paediatric emergency department. Paediatr Child Health 2021; 26:421-427. [PMID: 34777660 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to validate a novel, three faced, colour-coded, action-oriented tool: The Stoplight Pain Scale (SPS). Methods A prospective observational cohort study was conducted at a Canadian paediatric emergency department from November 2014 to February 2017. Patients aged 3 to 12 years and their caregivers were asked to rate pain using the SPS and the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R). Pain was measured just before analgesia administration, 30 minutes after analgesia administration, and immediately following a painful procedure. Results A total of 227 patients were included; 26.9% (61/227) were 3 to 5 years old while 73.1% (166/227) were 6 to 12 years old. Using Cohen's κ, agreement for SPS and FPS-R was 'fair' for children (0.28 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.20 to 0.36]) and 'poor' for caregivers (0.14 [95% CI 0.07 to 0.21]), at initial measurement. The SPS had 'fair' agreement between child and caregiver scores, (0.37 [95% CI 0.27 to 0.47]), compared to FPS-R which showed 'poor' agreement (0.20 [95% CI 0.12 to 0.29]). Absolute agreement between child and caregiver SPS scores improved with repeat exposure; 30 minutes after analgesia administration, caregivers and children had fair agreement (κ=0.38, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.48); they had moderate agreement directly following painful procedures (κ=0.46, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.59). Overall, 72.4% (139/192) of children and 60.2% (118/196) of caregivers preferred SPS over FPS-R. Conclusion The SPS demonstrates fair agreement with FPS-R for children and fair-moderate agreement between children and caregivers; agreement improved with repeat use. The SPS is simple and easy to use; it may have a role in empowering direct child and family involvement in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Ali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen Morrison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seyara Shwetz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Maryna Yaskina
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manasi Rajagopal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrea Estey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy L Drendel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Wisconsin, USA
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12
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Rossi S, Santini SJ, Di Genova D, Maggi G, Verrotti A, Farello G, Romualdi R, Alisi A, Tozzi AE, Balsano C. Using social robot NAO for emotional support to children at a paediatric emergency department: a randomised clinical trial. J Med Internet Res 2021; 24:e29656. [PMID: 34854814 PMCID: PMC8796042 DOI: 10.2196/29656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social robots (SRs) have been used for improving anxiety in children in stressful clinical situations, such as during painful procedures. However, no studies have yet been performed to assess their effect in children while waiting for emergency room consultations. Objective This study aims to assess the impact of SRs on managing stress in children waiting for an emergency room procedure through the assessment of salivary cortisol levels. Methods This was an open randomized clinical trial in children attending a pediatric emergency department. Children accessing the emergency room were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: (1) playing with a NAO SR, (2) playing with a study nurse, or (3) waiting with parents. The salivary cortisol levels of all children were measured through a swab. Salivary cortisol levels before and after the intervention were compared in the 3 groups. We calculated the effect size of our interventions through the Cohen d-based effect size correlation (r). Results A total of 109 children aged 3-10 years were enrolled in the study, and 94 (86.2%) had complete data for the analyses. Salivary cortisol levels significantly decreased more in the group exposed to robot interaction than in the other two groups (r=0.75). Cortisol levels decreased more in girls (r=0.92) than in boys (r=0.57). Conclusions SRs are efficacious in decreasing stress in children accessing the emergency room and may be considered a tool for improving emotional perceptions of children and their families in such a critical setting. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04627909; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04627909
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rossi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University Federico II-Naples, Naples, IT
| | - Silvano Junior Santini
- Department of life, health & Environmental sciences- MESVA-School of Emergency and Urgency Medicine, University of L'Aquila, via spennati L'aquila 67100, L'Aquila, IT
| | - Daniela Di Genova
- Department of life, health & Environmental sciences- MESVA-School of Emergency and Urgency Medicine, University of L'Aquila, via spennati L'aquila 67100, L'Aquila, IT
| | - Gianpaolo Maggi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, IT
| | | | | | - Roberta Romualdi
- Department of life, health & Environmental sciences- MESVA-School of Emergency and Urgency, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, IT
| | - Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, IT
| | | | - Clara Balsano
- Department of life, health & Environmental sciences- MESVA-School of Emergency and Urgency Medicine, University of L'Aquila, via spennati L'aquila 67100, L'Aquila, IT
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13
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Bergeron J, Bailey B. Evaluation of Pain in the Pediatric Emergency Department and the Request of Analgesia. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:e356-e359. [PMID: 34101686 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the acute pain level associated with request for analgesia by children and their parents in the pediatric emergency department (ED) when pain was assessed by verbal numeric scale (VNS), visual analog scale (VAS), and verbal rating scale (VRS). METHODS A secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study using a sample of children aged 8 to 17 presenting to the ED with acute pain. Patients and their parents were asked to quantify the child's pain on the VNS, VAS, and VRS. Scores for patients and parents who answered "yes" to the request of analgesia were compared with those responding "no." RESULTS A total of 202 patients aged 12.2 ± 2.6 years were enrolled. The median levels of pain associated with a request of analgesia and no request for analgesia by the patient were: 6.0 (4.0-7.4) and 5.0 (3.0-6.0) (Δ 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-2.0) for the VNS; 5.7 (3.9-7.2) and 4.3 (2.6-5.8) (Δ 1.3; 95% CI, 0.6-1.9) for the VAS; and 2.0 (2.0-2.0) and 2.0 (1.0-2.0) (Δ 0.0; 95% CI, 0.0-0.0) for the VRS. CONCLUSIONS Children who requested analgesia had higher pain scores on the VNS and the VAS, than those who did not request analgesia. No difference was demonstrated with the VRS. The pain scores between the analgesia request categories could overlap. This suggests that children seen in the ED should be asked if they want analgesia to decrease their acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bergeron
- From the Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Desjardins MP, Gaucher N, Gravel J, Lebel D, Gouin S. A randomized double-blind trial comparing the effect on pain of an oral sucrose solution versus placebo in children 1-3 months old needing bladder catheterization. CAN J EMERG MED 2021; 23:655-662. [PMID: 34037975 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-021-00130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The efficacy of oral sweet solutions to decrease pain in infants during painful procedures remains uncertain. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of an oral sucrose solution versus placebo in reducing pain during bladder catheterization in infants in the Emergency Department (ED). METHODS A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted in a pediatric university-affiliated hospital ED. Infants 1-3 months old were recruited and randomly allocated to receive 2 ml of sucrose or placebo, 2 min before bladder catheterization. The primary outcome measure was the difference in pain scores as assessed by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) Pain Scale during procedure. Secondary outcome measures were the difference in pain scores using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), crying time, variations in heart rate and adverse events. RESULTS Eighty-three participants were recruited and completed the study, 41 and 42 in the sucrose and placebo groups, respectively. The mean difference in FLACC scores compared to baseline was 5.3 in the sucrose group vs. 6.4 in the placebo group during catheterization. There were no differences in FLACC scores or NIPS scores measured at 1, 3 and 5 min post procedure. Mean crying times were similar: 97 vs. 110 s. No significant difference was found in participants' heart rate variations. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS In infants undergoing bladder catheterization in the ED, administration of an oral sweet solution was not associated with lower pain as measured by the FLACC and NIPS scales. Participants' heart rate variations and crying times did not change when sucrose was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pier Desjardins
- Department of Pediatrics Emergency, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Gaucher
- Department of Pediatrics Emergency, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Gravel
- Department of Pediatrics Emergency, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Denis Lebel
- Department of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Gouin
- Department of Pediatrics Emergency, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
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15
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Goldman RD, Behboudi A. Virtual reality for intravenous placement in the emergency department-a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:725-731. [PMID: 32779029 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether adding virtual reality (VR) was superior to standard of care alone in facilitating reduction in pain and anxiety among children who underwent intravenous catheterization in the emergency department (ED). Sixty-six children aged 6-16 years who needed intravenous placement received VR, or standard of care in the ED (videos, television, iPad, child life specialist). Outcome measures included change in pain score, level of anxiety, patient and parent satisfaction (pain and anxiety), number of trials, and procedure time. Compared with controls, the intervention group had similar age, sex, number of trials, and anesthetic use. Time of procedure was shorter in the VR group (median 5 min) but this was not statistically significant compared with 7 min for the control group. Pain in the intervention group was lower, even before the procedure. Difference in pain (before and after) and anxiety (after the procedure) were similar in both groups. Satisfaction from anxiety management was higher for the VR group (p < 0.007) and children rated VR significantly more "fun" (p < 0.024).Conclusion: VR was an effective distraction tool and increased satisfaction from anxiety management for this common pediatric procedure, and should be incorporated in management of anxiety in children in the ED setting.Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov ID NCT03681730, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03681730 What is Known: • Virtual reality is an evolving computer technology that shows some promise in the areas of acute and chronic pain management due to its ability to create effective distraction. What is New: • We report that among children in the emergency setting with intravenous catheterization, satisfaction from the use of VR for anxiety management should support implementation of VR systems for this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran D Goldman
- The Pediatric Research in Emergency Therapeutics (PRETx) Program, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Amir Behboudi
- Emergency Medicine, Peace Arch Hospital, White Rock, BC, Canada
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16
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Hassanein SMA, Tantawi HR, Sadek BN, Hendy A, Awad HA. Impact of structured simulation-based and on-job training program on nurses' competency in pediatric peripheral intravenous cannulation: Children's hospital experience. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2021; 98:104776. [PMID: 33497991 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral intravenous cannulation (PIVC) is a frequent invasive, painful procedure in children. Nursing education and competency are of great importance to decrease complications. OBJECTIVES to evaluate the impact of structured simulation-based PIVC training and on-job assessment program on nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and performance. DESIGN Settings/participants: A prospective, structured, competency improvement training, assessment, feedback, and reassessment conducted on 150 pediatric nurses. They provided nursing care for in-patients at the newly open Children's hospital, Ain Shams University. METHODS PIVC insertion skills and care knowledge, structured simulation-based mannequin training arm venipuncture model and on-job assessment were conducted. In the preparatory phase, 15 nurses were interviewed to develop the assessment tools. Knowledge and attitudes were assessed quantitatively using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Structured simulation-based training, and on-job skill assessment were performed using validated observer checklist. Assessment performed at enrollment (baseline), immediate post training, and reassessment 2-months after the training, using same tools. RESULTS Knowledge, performance, and attitudes were significantly improved for the 150 trained nurses. There was improvement in immediate post training assessment than the reassessment after 2-months, compared to baseline for total knowledge score; peripheral cannula insertion score; hand washing before aseptic procedure; skin antisepsis at puncture site; no puncture site palpation after disinfection; apply sterile dressing to puncture site, p = 0.00, respectively. There was improvement in the reassessment after 2-months than post training assessment, compared to baseline for the total attitude score, p = 0.02; peripheral cannula care, p = 0.00; aseptic technique, p = 0.00; wearing protective gloves, p = 0.01; total practice score, p = 0.00. Years of experience, last 6-months training course, practice level, educational level, age, and attitude influence overall performance. CONCLUSIONS Structured simulation-based training and on-job skill assessment are effective for improvement of PIVC insertion and care. Continuous education, feedback, assessment/reassessment, and monitoring should be recommended to retain the gained improvement in attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Changing workplace structure and improve work environment should be studied as factors that might affect learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M A Hassanein
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hyam R Tantawi
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Bothayna N Sadek
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Abdelaziz Hendy
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hisham A Awad
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Barbour T, O'Keefe S, Mace SE. Topical Refrigerant Spray for IVs: Patient/Provider Responses - Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized Study. West J Nurs Res 2020; 43:762-769. [PMID: 33292081 DOI: 10.1177/0193945920976061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Painful procedures are common. Patients prefer analgesia for painful procedures. Studies indicate that use of a topical refrigerant spray (TRS) prior to needlestick procedures decreases needlestick pain. TRS is easy to apply, inexpensive, has fast onset, and avoids needlestick pain and anxiety, and needlestick injury risk. Patient and health care provider (HCP) acceptance of any technique is essential before it is adopted. This study evaluated the decrease in pain with TRS and the patient and HCP satisfaction and acceptance of TRS for peripheral intravenous (PIV) placement. Adults (N = 300) randomized to placebo or TRS and HCPs (N = 300) placing PIVs answered questionnaires. Patients had significantly less pain than with prior PIVs, and were satisfied with and would use TRS in the future (P < 0.001). HCP felt that patients had significantly (P < 0.001) less pain with TRS than the placebo, and were satisfied with the TRS, and would use TRS in the future.Registered at Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01670487.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Barbour
- Emergency Services Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sharon O'Keefe
- Emergency Services Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sharon E Mace
- Emergency Services Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,MetroHealth Medical Center/Cleveland Clinic Emergency Residency, Cleveland, OH, USA
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18
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Königs I, Wenskus J, Boettcher J, Reinshagen K, Boettcher M. Lidocaine-Epinephrine-Tetracaine Gel Is More Efficient than Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics and Mepivacaine Injection for Pain Control during Skin Repair in Children: A Prospective, Propensity Score Matched Two-Center Study. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2020; 30:512-516. [PMID: 31739347 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skin lacerations are common in children and their repair is a very unpleasant experience for a child. While pain management has been recognized as a key element of high-quality patient care, recent studies report that pain management in the pediatric emergency departments is still suboptimal. Lidocaine-epinephrine-tetracaine (LET) gel could potentially improve the traumatic experience caused by skin repair as it obviates the need for infiltration. Thus, the aim of the current study was to compare local eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) plus mepivacaine infiltration with topical anesthetics (LET-gel). MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective, propensity score-matched multicenter study including all children between 3 and 16 years presented at two centers. After anesthetics (LET vs. EMLA and infiltration) standardized skin repair was performed. Pain assessment was performed using the faces pain rating scale or visual analogue scale. Follow-up, performed 2 weeks after initial presentation, assessed wound infection rates and overall satisfaction. RESULTS Of 73 subjects 59 children (37 LET vs. 22 EMLA) were included after propensity score matching. Groups had similar baseline characteristics. Pretreatment was significantly less painful in LET versus local anesthetics group. Pain during skin repair was similar between groups (LET and EMLA with mepivacaine infiltration) and both groups demonstrated similar efficacy (procedure time, need for secondary infiltration, infection rate). Ultimately, pain levels during pretreatment and the surgical procedure were perceived significantly higher by the children than estimated by parents or surgeons. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it appears that LET is superior to conventional anesthesia including mepivacaine infiltration in the pediatric emergency departments. Pretreatment with LET is significantly less painful but equally effective. Hence, we recommend LET as a topical anesthetic in the pediatric emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Königs
- Department and Clinic of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Julia Wenskus
- Department and Clinic of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Boettcher
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department and Clinic of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department and Clinic of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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19
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Clapp ADM, Thull-Freedman J, Mitra T, Lethebe BC, Williamson T, Stang AS. Patient-Reported Pain Outcomes for Children Attending an Emergency Department With Limb Injury. Pediatr Emerg Care 2020; 36:277-282. [PMID: 29084069 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe patient-reported pain outcomes at various stages of an emergency department (ED) visit for pediatric limb injury. METHODS This prospective cohort consisted of 905 patients aged 4 to 17 years with acute limb injury and a minimum initial pain score of 4/10. Patients reported pain scores and treatments offered and received at each stage of their ED visit. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify predictors for severe pain on initial assessment and moderate or severe pain at ED discharge. RESULTS The initial median pain score was 6/10 (interquartile range, 4-6) and decreased at discharge to 4/10 (interquartile range, 2-6). Stages of the ED visit where the highest proportion of patients reported severe pain (score, ≥8 of 10) were fracture reduction (26.0% [19/73]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 17.1%-37.5%), intravenous insertion (24.4% [11/45]; 95% CI, 13.8%-39.6%), and x-ray (23.7% [158/668]; 95% CI, 20.6%-27.0%). Predictors of severe pain at initial assessment included younger age (odds ratio [OR], 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.97), female sex (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40-0.84), and presence of fracture (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.07-2.33) whereas, at discharge, older age (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.06-1.23) predicted moderate/severe pain (score, ≥4 of 10). CONCLUSIONS These results on the location and predictors of severe pain during an ED visit for limb injury can be used to target interventions to improve pain management and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna D M Clapp
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,School of Medicine, Wayne State University, MI
| | - Jennifer Thull-Freedman
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute
| | | | - Brendan Cord Lethebe
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary.,O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tyler Williamson
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary.,O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antonia Schirmer Stang
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary
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20
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Evaluation of Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Pediatric Laceration Repair: A Randomized Trial. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 145:126e-134e. [PMID: 31881621 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laceration repair is a common procedure, and causes pain and distress in children. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of hydrocodone/acetaminophen elixir in reducing both pain and anxiety in children undergoing sutured laceration repair in the emergency department. METHODS The authors conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial in children aged 2 to 17 years, stratified by age younger than 8 years, with topical lidocaine-treated lacerations requiring sutured repair in the emergency department. The primary outcome was pain score at 5 minutes of laceration repair. Secondary outcomes included progression to procedural sedation and anxiety scores in older children. RESULTS Eighty-five children were randomized, 43 to the hydrocodone/acetaminophen group and 42 to the placebo group. Median 5-minute pain scores in children aged 2 to 7 years were significantly lower in the medication group (5.0; interquartile range, 4.0 to 6.50) compared with the placebo group (7.0; interquartile range, 5.25 to 10.0; p = 0.01). Three patients (12 percent) in the placebo group proceeded to procedural sedation. For children aged 8 to 17 years, there was no significant difference in pain scores between the treatment (0.5; interquartile range, 0.0 to 0.1; p = 0.81) and placebo groups (0.1; interquartile range, 0.01 to 0.4) or in anxiety scores using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. CONCLUSION Adjuvant oral hydrocodone/acetaminophen is more effective than placebo in reducing pain in children younger than 8 years undergoing topical lidocaine-treated laceration repair, but it does not decrease pain or anxiety in older children. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, II.
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21
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Menchine M, Lam CN, Arora S. Prescription Opioid Use in General and Pediatric Emergency Departments. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-0302. [PMID: 31619511 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Recent evidence reveals that exposure to emergency department (ED) opioids is associated with a higher risk of misuse. Pediatric EDs are generally thought to provide the highest-quality care for young persons, but most children are treated in general EDs. We sought to determine if ED opioid administration and prescribing vary between pediatric and general EDs. METHODS We analyzed the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2006-2015), a representative survey of ED visits, by using multivariate logistic regressions. Outcomes of interest were the proportion of patients ≤25 years of age who (1) were administered an opioid in the ED, (2) were given a prescription for an opioid, or (3) were given a prescription for a nonopioid analgesic. The key predictor variable was ED type. A secondary analysis was conducted on the subpopulation of patients with a diagnosis of fracture or dislocation. RESULTS Of patients ≤25 years of age, 91.1% were treated in general EDs. The odds of being administered an opioid in the ED were similar in pediatric versus general EDs (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61-1.27; P = .49). Patients seen in pediatric EDs were less likely to receive an outpatient prescription for opioids (adjusted OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.27-0.52; P < .01) than similar patients in general EDs. This was true for the fracture subset as well (adjusted OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.13-0.54; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Although children, adolescents, and young adults had similar odds of being administered opioids while in the ED, they were much less likely to receive an opioid prescription from a pediatric ED compared with a general ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Menchine
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California and LAC + USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chun Nok Lam
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California and LAC + USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sanjay Arora
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California and LAC + USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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22
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Ballard A, Khadra C, Adler S, D Trottier E, Bailey B, Poonai N, Théroux J, Le May S. External cold and vibration for pain management of children undergoing needle-related procedures in the emergency department: a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e023214. [PMID: 30782698 PMCID: PMC6340451 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Needle-related procedures are considered as the most important source of pain and distress in children in hospital settings. Considering the physiological and psychological consequences that could result from these procedures, management of pain and distress through pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods is essential. Therefore, it is important to have interventions that are rapid, easy-to-use and likely to be translated into clinical practice for routine use. The aim of this study will be to determine whether a device combining cold and vibration (Buzzy) is non-inferior to a topical anaesthetic (liposomal lidocaine 4% cream) for pain management of children undergoing needle-related procedures in the emergency department. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study will be a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial comparing the Buzzy device to liposomal lidocaine 4% cream for needle-related pain management. A total of 346 participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to one of the two study groups. The primary outcome will be the mean difference in pain intensity between groups during needle-related procedures. A non-inferiority margin of 0.70 on the Color Analogue Scale will be considered. A Non-inferiority margin of 0.70 on the Color Analogue Scale will be considered. The secondary outcomes will be the level of distress during the procedure, the success of the procedure at first attempt, the occurrence of adverse events, the satisfaction of both interventions and the memory of pain 24 hours after the procedure. The primary outcome will be assessed for non-inferiority and the secondary outcomes for superiority. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of the study setting. Findings of this trial will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02616419.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Ballard
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christelle Khadra
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samara Adler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Evelyne D Trottier
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Bailey
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Naveen Poonai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Théroux
- School of Health Professions, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sylvie Le May
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Burger A, Hodkinson PW, Wallis LA. Emergency Centre-based paediatric procedural sedation: current practice and challenges in Cape Town. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/22201181.2018.1541561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Burger
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - PW Hodkinson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - LA Wallis
- Joint Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Akgül EA, Karahan Y, Başoğlu F, Oğul A, Öztornaci BÖ, Yetim P, Sari HY. Effects of watching cartoons on pain scores in children undergoing venepuncture. Nurs Child Young People 2018:e913. [PMID: 31468905 DOI: 10.7748/ncyp.2018.e913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children experience pain and restlessness during invasive procedures. AIM To determine the effect of watching cartoons on pain scores and the duration of crying in children aged 3-6 years undergoing venepuncture. METHOD The study included 81 children, aged 3-6 years, who presented to the blood collection unit of a teaching and research hospital. The children were divided into an experimental group (n=41) and a control group (n=40). Those in the experimental group watched a cartoon and then venepuncture was initiated. Their pain levels and the duration of crying were assessed during venepuncture. After venepuncture, they continued to watch the cartoons and their pain levels were assessed again. During the process, another researcher calculated the duration of crying. The children in the control group were subjected to the same process but were not shown the cartoon. RESULTS Significant differences in pain levels, duration of crying after the procedure and total duration of crying were found between the groups. There was no significant difference in terms of duration of crying during the procedure. CONCLUSION Watching cartoons is a non-pharmacological method of pain relief, which reduces perception of pain by distracting a child's attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Ardahan Akgül
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatric Nursing, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yakup Karahan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Funda Başoğlu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aysel Oğul
- Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Beste Özgüven Öztornaci
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatric Nursing, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Perihan Yetim
- Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hatice Yildirim Sari
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatric Nursing, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
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25
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Paediatric Pain Medicine: Pain Differences, Recognition and Coping Acute Procedural Pain in Paediatric Emergency Room. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54060094. [PMID: 30486427 PMCID: PMC6306713 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54060094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric pain and its assessment and management are challenging for medical professionals, especially in an urgent care environment. Patients in a paediatric emergency room (PER) often undergo painful procedures which are an additional source of distress, anxiety, and pain. Paediatric procedural pain is often underestimated and neglected because of various myths, beliefs, and difficulties in its evaluation and treatment. However, it is very different from other origins of pain as it can be preventable. It is known that neonates and children can feel pain and that it has long-term effects that last through childhood into adulthood. There are a variety of pain assessment tools for children and they should be chosen according to the patient’s age, developmental stage, communication skills, and medical condition. Psychological factors such as PER environment, preprocedural preparation, and parental involvement should also be considered. There are proven methods to reduce a patient’s pain and anxiety during different procedures in PER. Distraction techniques such as music, videogames, virtual reality, or simple talk about movies, friends, or hobbies as well as cutaneous stimulation, vibration, cooling sprays, or devices are effective to alleviate procedural pain and anxiety. A choice of distraction technique should be individualized, selecting children who could benefit from nonpharmacological pain treatment methods or tools. Nonpharmacological pain management may reduce dosage of pain medication or exclude pharmacological pain management. Most nonpharmacological treatment methods are cheap, easily accessible, and safe to use on every child, so it should always be a first choice when planning a patient’s care. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of paediatric pain features, along with their physiology, assessment, management, and to highlight the importance and efficacy of nonpharmacological pain management in an urgent paediatric care setting.
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Sanchez Cristal N, Staab J, Chatham R, Ryan S, Mcnair B, Grubenhoff JA. Child Life Reduces Distress and Pain and Improves Family Satisfaction in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2018; 57:1567-1575. [PMID: 30175600 DOI: 10.1177/0009922818798386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of Certified Child Life Specialist (CCLS) intervention on pediatric distress and pain and family satisfaction during routine peripheral intravenous (PIV) line placement in the emergency department (ED). A convenience sample of 78 children (3-13 years) requiring PIV placement for their treatment at a regional level 1 pediatric trauma center ED with 70 000 annual visits were selected to receive either standard nursing care or CCLS intervention for PIV placement. CCLS involvement was associated with fewer negative emotional behaviors as indicated by a lower score on the Children's Emotional Manifestation Scale (-3.37 ± 1.49, P = .027), a reduction in self-reported pain on the Wong-Baker Faces pain rating scale (-1.107 ± 0.445, P = .017), an increase in parent-reported patient cooperation during PIV placement, and greater satisfaction with the ED visit. This study demonstrates that Child Life can have an impact on important outcomes in the pediatric ED such as distress, pain, and visit satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Ryan
- 1 University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Joseph A Grubenhoff
- 1 University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,2 Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Abstract
Nasogastric (NG) intubation is a common yet one of the most uncomfortable minor procedures done in children and adults alike. A variety of analgesics, such as ketamine, lidocaine, and nitrous oxide, have been shown to reduce pain in various minor pediatric procedures. This retrospective study explores how often various pain management practices are used, either alone or in combination. The study examines NG intubation in pediatrics in one pediatric academic health system. The comfort measures used include analgesics, distraction, child life, swaddling, nitrous oxide, and others. Pharmacological intervention (analgesics) and distraction were most frequently used. Larger randomized studies should be conducted to determine the best practices for comfort measures for NG intubation in order to achieve maximal pain and anxiety reduction for children of various ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Shih
- Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA
| | - Paul Rosen
- Pediatrics, Nemours Alfred I. Dupont Children's Hospital, Wilmington, USA
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Míguez Navarro C, Oikonomopoulou N, Lorente Romero J, Vázquez López P. Preparation of sedation–analgesia procedures in Spanish paediatric emergency departments: A descriptive study. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Pain management practices surrounding lumbar punctures in children: A survey of Canadian emergency physicians. CAN J EMERG MED 2018; 21:199-203. [DOI: 10.1017/cem.2018.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectivesLumbar punctures (LPs) are painful for children, and analgesia is recommended by academic societies. However, less than one-third of pediatric emergency physicians (EPs) adhere to recommendations. We assessed the willingness to provide analgesia among pediatric and general EPs and explored patient and provider-specific barriers.MethodsWe surveyed physicians in the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) or Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) databases from May 1 to August 1, 2016, regarding hypothetical scenarios for a 3-week-old infant, a 3-year-old child, and a 16-year-old child requiring an LP. The primary outcome was the willingness to provide analgesia. Secondary outcomes included the type of analgesia, reasons for withholding analgesia, and their perceived competence performing LPs.ResultsFor a 3-week old infant, 123/144 (85.4%) pediatric EPs and 231/262 (88.2%) general EPs reported a willingness to provide analgesia. In contrast, the willingness to provide analgesia was almost universal for a 16-year-old (144/144 [100%] of pediatric EPs and 261/262 [99.6%] of general EPs) and a 3-year-old (142/144 [98.6%] of pediatric EPs and 256/262 [97.7%] of general EPs). For an infant, the most common barrier cited by pediatric EPs was the perception that it produced additional discomfort (13/21, 61.9%). The same reason was cited by general EPs (12/31, 38.7%), along with unfamiliarity surrounding analgesic options (13/31, 41.9%).ConclusionCompared to a preschool child and adolescent, the willingness to provide analgesia for an LP in a young infant is suboptimal among pediatric and general EPs. Misconceptions and the lack of awareness of analgesic options should be targets for practice-changing strategies.
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The Psychometric Properties of the FLACC Scale Used to Assess Procedural Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:862-872. [PMID: 29551662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale is one of the most commonly and widely used behavioral observation pain scales. The aim of this study was to test the psychometric and practical properties of the FLACC scale to quantify procedural pain in infants and young children. Twenty-six clinicians independently applied the FLACC scale to segments of video collected from 100 children aged 6 to 42 months undergoing a procedure. Video segments were scored by 4 reviewers. Inter- and intrarater reliability coefficients were high (.92 and .87, respectively). Linear mixed modeling confirmed scale responsiveness (differences in difference between FLACC scores across phases for painful versus nonpainful procedures was 4.2, 95% confidence interval = 3.67-4.81). Sensitivity and specificity were 94.9% and 73.5%, respectively, at a cutoff of 2. However, the mean difference across phases for children with baseline scores >3 was much lower than for children with scores <3, P = .0001. Correlations between FLACC and Visual Analog Scale observer pain and distress were good (r = .74 and r = .89, respectively). This study supports the reliability and sensitivity of the FLACC scale for procedural pain assessment. However, the circumstances of procedures interfered with application of the scale and the findings question the capacity of the scale to differentiate between pain- and nonpain-related distress. PERSPECTIVE This article provides evidence that the FLACC scale is reliable and sensitive to pain for procedural pain assessment. Concerns remain about specificity and scale design. Identification of a scale valid for this purpose is needed to provide a platform for improved procedural pain management in infants and young children.
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Miller AF, Monuteaux MC, Bourgeois FT, Fleegler EW. Variation in Pediatric Procedural Sedations Across Children's Hospital Emergency Departments. Hosp Pediatr 2018; 8:36-43. [PMID: 29233853 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2017-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Describe the trends in pediatric sedation use over time and determine variation in use of procedural sedation across children's hospital emergency departments (EDs). METHODS We analyzed ED data from 35 hospitals within the Pediatric Health Information System for patients <19 years old who received sedation medications and were discharged from 2009 to 2014. Patients with chronic comorbidities or undergoing intubation were excluded. We determined frequency and trends in use of sedation and compared these between EDs. Descriptive statistics with appropriate weighting were used. RESULTS Of the 1 448 011 patients potentially requiring sedation who presented to the ED, 99 951 (7.9%) underwent procedural sedation. Medication usage in 2014 included ketamine (73.7%), fentanyl and midazolam (15.9%), ketofol (7.3%), and propofol (2.7%). Use of fentanyl and midazolam increased, whereas use of ketamine, pentobarbital, etomidate, chloral hydrate, and methohexital decreased over time. Significant variation exists in the use of sedation across hospitals; in 2014, the sedation rate ranged 0.2% to 32.0%, with a median of 8.0%. The diagnosis with the largest variation in procedural sedation use was dislocation, with sedation rates ranging from 2% to 35%. CONCLUSIONS There is significant variability across pediatric EDs in the use of procedural sedation, suggesting sedations may be performed too often or too little in some hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Miller
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael C Monuteaux
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Florence T Bourgeois
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric W Fleegler
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence-based pain-limiting strategies for pediatric immunizations remain underutilized, with barriers identified to date mostly pertaining to health care providers and systems of care. The present study sought to quantify and investigate parent attitudes toward pain management as another potential barrier to the routine use of pain-mitigating strategies during immunizations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Questionnaires measuring parent attitudes, willingness to pay, and perceived barriers for using pain management for immunizations were completed by 259 parent/guardians of children ages 0 to 5 years attending appointments at an urban primary care clinic in the Midwestern United States. RESULTS Parent attitudes toward pain management for immunization were relatively normally distributed and varied from strongly positive to negative, with 33% of parents disagreeing that they were concerned about the pain their child may experience and 50% agreeing that there are no lasting negative effects from immunization pain. Negative parent attitudes were associated with willingness to spend less in money or time for pain management and with greater perceived significance of cost, time, and other barriers for using pain-mitigating strategies. DISCUSSION Some parents perceive limited value in trying to reduce pain during immunizations such that they may be hesitant to invest much time or effort in interventions. Greater success of translating evidence-based pain management into practice therefore may require accounting for differences in parent attitudes by tailoring educational efforts and pain management options accordingly.
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Chua ME, Firaza PNB, Ming JM, Silangcruz JMA, Braga LH, Lorenzo AJ. Lidocaine Gel for Urethral Catheterization in Children: A Meta-Analysis. J Pediatr 2017; 190:207-214.e1. [PMID: 28917955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of lidocaine gel vs nonanesthetic gel (NAG) in reducing transurethral bladder catheterization (TUBC) procedural pain in children. STUDY DESIGN A systematic literature search was done using electronic medical databases and trial registries up to September 2016 with no language restrictions. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy and safety of lidocaine gel vs NAG in reducing TUBC-associated pain in children were screened, identified, and appraised. Risks of bias and study quality of the eligible trials were assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations. Various pain assessment scales from the included studies were extracted as mean differences and standard deviations for each treatment group. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were generated with 95% CIs for between-group difference estimation. Effect estimates were pooled using the inverse variance method with a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was performed for different age groups. RESULTS Five RCTs (with a total of 369 children) were included. Overall pooled effect estimates showed that compared with NAG, lidocaine gel has no significant benefit in decreasing TUBC-associated pain in children (SMD, -0.22; 95% CI, -0.65 to 0.21). Effect estimates from 4 studies revealed no difference in pain reduction between the lidocaine gel and NAG in children aged <4 years (SMD, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.22 to 0.24). No serious adverse events from the lidocaine gel use were reported in any of the studies. CONCLUSIONS Lidocaine gel does not appear to reduce TUBC pain compared with NAG, specifically in children aged <4 years. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42016050018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Chua
- The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Jessica M Ming
- The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Luis H Braga
- McMaster Children's Hospital and McMaster University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armando J Lorenzo
- The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Stoltz P, Manworren RCB. Comparison of Children's Venipuncture Fear and Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial of EMLA® and J-Tip Needleless Injection System®. J Pediatr Nurs 2017; 37:91-96. [PMID: 28823623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Needle procedures, like venipuncture and intravenous (IV) catheter insertion, are recognized as a common cause of pain and fear for children in hospitals and emergency departments. The purpose of this study was to compare children's self-reported pain and fear related to IV insertion with administration of either the topical local anesthetic EMLA® or 1% buffered lidocaine delivered with the J-Tip Needleless Injection System® (J-Tip®). DESIGN AND METHODS In this prospective, randomized trial, 150 consecutive pediatric patients 8 to 18years of age undergoing IV insertion were randomly assigned 1:1 to treatment group. Participants self-reported procedural pain using a Visual Analog Scale, and procedural fear using the Children's Fear Scale. RESULTS Procedural pain scores were significantly lower in the EMLA® group (mean score 1.63+1.659) vs. the J-Tip® group (2.99±2.586; p<0.001). Post-procedure fear scores were significantly lower than pre-procedure fear scores in both treatment groups (p<0.002), but there was no difference in fear scores between the two treatment groups (p=0.314). CONCLUSION EMLA® provided superior pain relief for IV insertion compared to J-Tip®. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Although EMLA® use resulted in lower self-reported pain scores compared to J-Tip®, pain scores for both treatments were low and fear scores did not differ. When IV insertion can be delayed for 60-90min, EMLA® should be used. When a delay is contraindicated, J-Tip® may be a reasonable alternative to minimize procedural pain of IV insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronella Stoltz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States.
| | - Renee C B Manworren
- Nursing Research & Professional Practice, Posey and Fred Love Chair in Nursing Research, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; (d)Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States.
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Adverse Events Following Diagnostic Urethral Catheterization in the Pediatric Emergency Department. CAN J EMERG MED 2017; 18:437-442. [PMID: 27780500 DOI: 10.1017/cem.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess adverse events associated with diagnostic urethral catheterization (UC) in young children and to determine their impact on the patient and their family. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study conducted in the emergency department of a tertiary-care pediatric hospital. All 3- to 24-month-old children with fever who had a diagnostic UC were eligible. Parents who consented to participate were contacted by phone within 7 to 10 days after the UC to answer a standardized questionnaire inquiring about complications. The primary outcome was the occurrence of an unfavourable event in the seven days following UC, defined as painful urination, genital pain, urinary retention, hematuria or secondary urinary tract infection. Secondary outcomes included the need for further medical care and the need for parents to miss school or work. RESULTS Of the 199 patients who completed the study, 41 (21%) reported a complication: painful urination in 19 (10%) children, genital pain in 16 (8%), urinary retention in 11 (6%), gross hematuria in 9 (5%), and secondary urinary tract infection in 1 (0.5%). Three (1%) parents reported the need for further medical care and three (1%) missed work. Two independent variables (male sex and age 12-23 months) were associated with a higher risk of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Urethral catheterization is associated with adverse events in 21% of young children in the week following the procedure. Accordingly, this procedure should be used judiciously in children, considering its potential to cause unfavourable events.
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Davies LB, Gateley C, Holland P, Coulman SA, Birchall JC. Accelerating Topical Anaesthesia Using Microneedles. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 30:277-283. [DOI: 10.1159/000479530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Míguez Navarro C, Oikonomopoulou N, Lorente Romero J, Vázquez López P. [Preparation of sedation-analgesia procedures in spanish paediatric emergency departments: A descriptive study]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2017; 89:24-31. [PMID: 28750729 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to describe the current practice regarding the preparation of the sedation-analgesia (SA) procedures performed in the paediatric emergency centres in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS A multicentre, observational and prospective analytical study was carried out on the SA procedures that were performed on children under 18 years-old in 18 paediatric emergency departments between February 2015 and January 2016. RESULTS A total of 658 SA procedures were registered in 18 hospitals of Spain, most of them to children older than 24 months. The type of the procedure was: simple analgesia in 57 (8.6%), sedation in 44 (6.7%), SA for a not very painful procedure in 275 (41.8%), and SA for a very painful procedure in 282 (42.9%). Informed consent was requested in 98.6% of the cases. The written form was more frequently preferred in the group of patients that received SA for a very painful procedure (76.6%) in comparison to a painful procedure or to simple analgesia (62.9% and 54.4%, respectively, P<.001). The staff that most frequently performed the SA procedures were the paediatricians of the emergency departments (64.3%), followed by Paediatrics Residents (30.7%). The most frequent reasons for the SA were traumatological (35.9%) and surgical (28.4%). Fasting was observed in 81% of the cases. More than two-thirds (67.3%, n=480) children were monitored, the majority (95.8%) of them using pulse oximetry. The pharmacological strategy used was the administration of one drug in 443 (67.3%) of the cases, mostly nitrous oxide, and a combination of drugs in 215 (32.7%), especially midazolam/ketamine (46.9%). CONCLUSION The majority of the SA procedures analysed in this study have been carried out correctly and prepared in accordance with the current guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niki Oikonomopoulou
- Servicio de Urgencias Pediátricas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
| | - Jorge Lorente Romero
- Servicio de Urgencias Pediátricas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
| | - Paula Vázquez López
- Servicio de Urgencias Pediátricas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
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- Servicio de Urgencias Pediátricas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
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Mace SE. Prospective, double blind, randomized, controlled trial comparing vapocoolant spray versus placebo spray in adults undergoing intravenous cannulation. Scand J Pain 2017; 17:8-15. [PMID: 28850378 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are common in the health care setting. Eliminating, or at least, minimizing the pain associated with various procedures should be a priority. Although there are many benefits of providing local/topical anesthesia prior to performing painful procedures, ranging from greater patient/family satisfaction to increased procedural success rates; local/topical anesthetics are frequently not used. Reasons include the need for a needlestick to administer local anesthetics such as lidocaine and the long onset for topical anesthetics. Vapocoolants eliminate the risks associated with needlesticks, avoids the tissue distortion with intradermal local anesthetics, eliminates needlestick pain, have a quick almost instantaneous onset, are easy to apply, require no skills or devices to apply, are convenient, and inexpensive. The aims of this study were to ascertain if peripheral intravenous (PIV) cannulation pain would be significantly decreased by using a vapocoolant (V) versus sterile water placebo (S) spray, as determined by a reduction of at least ≥1.8 points on numerical rating scale (NRS) after vapocoolant versus placebo spray, the side effects and incidence of side effects from a vapocoolant spray; and whether there were any long term visible skin abnormalities associated with the use of a vapocoolant spray. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of 300 adults (ages 18-80) requiring PIV placement in a hospital ED, randomized to S (N=150) or V (N=150) prior to PIV. Efficacy outcome was the difference in PIV pain: NRS from 0 (none) to worst (10). Safety outcomes included a skin checklist for local adverse effects (i.e., redness, blanching, edema, ecchymosis, itching, changes in skin pigmentation), vital sign (VS) changes, and before/after photographs of the PIV site. RESULTS Patient demographics (age, gender, race), comorbidity, medications, and vital signs; and PIV procedure variables (e.g., IV needle size, location, number of IV attempts, type and experience of healthcare provider performing the IV) were not significantly different for the two groups. Median (interquartile range) PIV pain was 4 (2, 7) (S) and 2 (0, 4) (V) (P<0.001). Skin checklist revealed minimal erythema: S 0% (N=0/150), V: 2.7% (4/150), which resolved within 5min, and no blanching, skin pigmentation changes, itching, edema, or ecchymosis. Photographs at 5-10min revealed no visible skin changes in any patient (N=300), vapocoolant (N=150) or placebo groups (N=150). Complaints (N=26) were coolness/cold feeling S 8.7% (N=13), V 7.3% (N=11), coolness/numbness S 0% (N=0), V 0.7% (N=1), and burning S 0.7% (N=1), V 0 (0%). Patient acceptance of the vapocoolant spray was high: 82% (123/150) of the patients stated they would use the spray in the future, while only 40.7% (61/150) of the placebo group stated they would use the placebo spray in the future. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Vapocoolant spray significantly decreased peripheral intravenous cannulation pain in adults versus placebo spray and was well tolerated with minor adverse effects that resolved quickly. There were no significant differences in vital signs and no visible skin changes documented by photographs taken within 5-10min postspray/PIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Mace
- Professor of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Faculty MetroHealth Medical Center/Cleveland Clinic Emergency Medicine Residency, Cleveland, OH, United States; Director of Research Cleveland Clinic Emergency Services Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, E-19, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
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Gates A, Shave K, Featherstone R, Buckreus K, Ali S, Scott S, Hartling L. Parent experiences and information needs relating to procedural pain in children: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2017; 6:109. [PMID: 28587663 PMCID: PMC5461670 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There exist many evidence-based interventions available to manage procedural pain in children and neonates, yet they are severely underutilized. Parents play an important role in the management of their child's pain; however, many do not possess adequate knowledge of how to effectively do so. The purpose of the planned study is to systematically review and synthesize current knowledge of the experiences and information needs of parents with regard to the management of their child's pain and distress related to medical procedures in the emergency department. METHODS We will conduct a systematic review using rigorous methods and reporting based on the PRISMA statement. We will conduct a comprehensive search of literature published between 2000 and 2016 reporting on parents' experiences and information needs with regard to helping their child manage procedural pain and distress. Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid PsycINFO, CINAHL, and PubMed will be searched. We will also search reference lists of key studies and gray literature sources. Two reviewers will screen the articles following inclusion criteria defined a priori. One reviewer will then extract the data from each article following a data extraction form developed by the study team. The second reviewer will check the data extraction for accuracy and completeness. Any disagreements with regard to study inclusion or data extraction will be resolved via discussion. Data from qualitative studies will be summarized thematically, while those from quantitative studies will be summarized narratively. The second reviewer will confirm the overarching themes resulting from the qualitative and quantitative data syntheses. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Research Checklist and the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies will be used to assess the quality of the evidence from each included study. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, no published review exists that comprehensively reports on the experiences and information needs of parents related to the management of their child's procedural pain and distress. A systematic review of parents' experiences and information needs will help to inform strategies to empower them with the knowledge necessary to ensure their child's comfort during a painful procedure. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42016043698.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gates
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE), University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Kassi Shave
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE), University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Robin Featherstone
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE), University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Kelli Buckreus
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Samina Ali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Shannon Scott
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Lisa Hartling
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE), University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.
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Lawton B, Goldstein H, Davis T, Tagg A. Making a difference: Pragmatic paediatric pain management. Emerg Med Australas 2017; 29:262-264. [DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Lawton
- Emergency Department; Lady Cilento Children's Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Emergency Department; Logan Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Henry Goldstein
- Emergency Department; Lady Cilento Children's Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Tessa Davis
- Accident and Emergency, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital; London UK
| | - Andrew Tagg
- Emergency Department; Footscray Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Jain S, Hegenbarth MA, Humiston SG, Gunter E, Anson L, Giovanni JE. Increasing ED Use of Jet Injection of Lidocaine for IV-Related Pain Management. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-1697. [PMID: 28280209 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Venipuncture is a leading cause of procedural pain for children. Jet injection of lidocaine (JIL; J-Tip) has been demonstrated to be effective in controlling intravenous (IV) placement-related pain and, due to its rapid onset, is particularly suited to emergency department (ED) use. Our objective was to increase JIL use with IV placements in our ED from 11% at baseline to 50% within 12 months. METHODS We initiated the project at our urban, tertiary pediatric ED in July 2014. We surveyed medical and nursing teams to identify barriers to JIL use. We initiated changes at monthly intervals: (1) order set changes, (2) online education, (3) hands-on workshops, (4) improved accessibility, (5) standing order policy revision, and (6) reminders. We collected biweekly data on IV placements for all ED patients, except level 1 (critical) triage patients. We used standard quality improvement methodology and statistical process control for statistical analysis. RESULTS JIL use with IV placement increased to 54% over 7 months and has remained >50% for >12 months. For all eligible IV placements (n = 12 791), 76.4% of those where JIL was used were successful on the first attempt compared with 75.8% without JIL (χ21degrees of freedom = 0.33, P = .56), with no significant difference in the success at IV placement. CONCLUSIONS We sustainably increased JIL use with IV placement. The use of JIL was not associated with a difference in first-attempt IV placement success rates. We are expanding the project to other parts of the institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhit Jain
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and .,University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Mary A Hegenbarth
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and.,University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Sharon G Humiston
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and.,University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Erin Gunter
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Lynn Anson
- Division of Comprehensive Pain Management, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri; and
| | - Joan E Giovanni
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and.,University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
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Schurman JV, Deacy AD, Johnson RJ, Parker J, Williams K, Wallace D, Connelly M, Anson L, Mroczka K. Using quality improvement methods to increase use of pain prevention strategies for childhood vaccination. World J Clin Pediatr 2017; 6:81-88. [PMID: 28224099 PMCID: PMC5296633 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v6.i1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To increase evidence-based pain prevention strategy use during routine vaccinations in a pediatric primary care clinic using quality improvement methodology.
METHODS Specific intervention strategies (i.e., comfort positioning, nonnutritive sucking and sucrose analgesia, distraction) were identified, selected and introduced in three waves, using a Plan-Do-Study-Act framework. System-wide change was measured from baseline to post-intervention by: (1) percent of vaccination visits during which an evidence-based pain prevention strategy was reported as being used; and (2) caregiver satisfaction ratings following the visit. Additionally, self-reported staff and caregiver attitudes and beliefs about pain prevention were measured at baseline and 1-year post-intervention to assess for possible long-term cultural shifts.
RESULTS Significant improvements were noted post-intervention. Use of at least one pain prevention strategy was documented at 99% of patient visits and 94% of caregivers were satisfied or very satisfied with the pain prevention care received. Parents/caregivers reported greater satisfaction with the specific pain prevention strategy used [t(143) = 2.50, P≤ 0.05], as well as greater agreement that the pain prevention strategies used helped their children’s pain [t(180) = 2.17, P≤ 0.05] and that they would be willing to use the same strategy again in the future [t(179) = 3.26, P≤ 0.001] as compared to baseline. Staff and caregivers also demonstrated a shift in attitudes from baseline to 1-year post-intervention. Specifically, staff reported greater agreement that the pain felt from vaccinations can result in harmful effects [2.47 vs 3.10; t(70) = -2.11, P≤ 0.05], less agreement that pain from vaccinations is “just part of the process” [3.94 vs 3.23; t(70) = 2.61, P≤ 0.05], and less agreement that parents expect their children to experience pain during vaccinations [4.81 vs 4.38; t(69) = 2.24, P≤ 0.05]. Parents/caregivers reported more favorable attitudes about pain prevention strategies for vaccinations across a variety of areas, including safety, cost, time, and effectiveness, as well as less concern about the pain their children experience with vaccination [4.08 vs 3.26; t(557) = 6.38, P≤ 0.001], less need for additional pain prevention strategies [3.33 vs 2.81; t(476) = 4.51, P≤ 0.001], and greater agreement that their doctors’ office currently offers pain prevention for vaccinations [3.40 vs 3.75; t(433) = -2.39, P≤ 0.05].
CONCLUSION Quality improvement methodology can be used to help close the gap in implementing pain prevention strategies during routine vaccination procedures for children.
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Cummings JAF. Pediatric procedural pain: how far have we come? An ethnographic account. Pain Manag Nurs 2016; 16:233-41. [PMID: 26025793 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this ethnographic study was to explore the pediatric procedural pain management practice of health care providers in a non-pediatric emergency department. Data were collected for 5 months and included more than 100 hours of observation. Six key informants were interviewed, and 44 pediatric procedural interactions with 27 health care providers during the treatment of children aged 2 to 8 years undergoing procedures were observed. Other information gathered included documents from the institution, and pain-related information from the patient's medical record. Two major themes with categories are discussed, the treatment of pain, and procedural pain. The findings of this study provide insight into the everyday practice of emergency department health care providers for pediatric pain in a non-pediatric setting, and identify practice issues that may adversely affect the management of pediatric procedural pain, notably the nonuse of pharmacologic techniques for simple needle procedures and the common use of physical restraint during painful procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann F Cummings
- Department of Nursing, Georgian Court University, Lakewood, New Jersey.
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Beyond the drugs: nonpharmacologic strategies to optimize procedural care in children. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2016; 29 Suppl 1:S1-13. [PMID: 26926330 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Painful and/or stressful medical procedures mean a substantial burden for sick children. There is good evidence that procedural comfort can be optimized by a comprehensive comfort-directed policy containing the triad of nonpharmacological strategies (NPS) in all cases, timely or preventive procedural analgesia if pain is an issue, and procedural sedation. RECENT FINDINGS Based both on well-established theoretical frameworks as well as an increasing body of scientific evidence NPS need to be regarded an inextricable part of procedural comfort care. SUMMARY Procedural comfort care must always start with a child-friendly, nonthreatening environment in which well-being, confidence, and self-efficacy are optimized and maintained. This requires a reconsideration of the medical spaces where we provide care, reduction of sensory stimulation, normalized professional behavior, optimal logistics, and coordination and comfort-directed and age-appropriate verbal and nonverbal expression by professionals. Next, age-appropriate distraction techniques and/or hypnosis should be readily available. NPS are useful for all types of medical and dental procedures and should always precede and accompany procedural sedation. NPS should be embedded into a family-centered, care-directed policy as it has been shown that family-centered care can lead to safer, more personalized, and effective care, improved healthcare experiences and patient outcomes, and more responsive organizations.
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Solomon R, Jurica K. Closing the Research-Practice Gap: Increasing Evidence-Based Practice for Nasogastric Tube Insertion Using Education and an Electronic Order Set. J Emerg Nurs 2016; 43:133-137. [PMID: 27773336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients and practitioners rate the insertion of a nasogastric tube as one of the most painful and distressing procedures performed. Research supports using lidocaine and a nasal vasoconstrictor to significantly decrease patient discomfort. The recommended medications were not being used routinely in a large urban emergency department. METHODS We identified departmental barriers using a nurse survey and physician interviews. We educated the nursing and physician staff about the comfort medications for nasogastric tube insertion recommended in the literature. In collaboration with the information technology department, we created an order set for the department's computerized physician order entry system linking the order for a nasogastric tube with the recommended comfort medications. RESULTS Six months after the educational campaign and availability of the new electronic order set, we compared the data from pre- and post-project chart reviews and found the use of literature-recommended comfort medications had increased from 23% to 93%. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Nurses have a professional obligation to use the most current evidence-based practice available and to advocate for adequate pain management before, during, and after painful procedures. The use of evidence-based practice has been associated with an increase in both patient and staff satisfaction, improved clinical outcomes, and greater patient safety. An electronic order set combined with staff education resulted in a dramatic increase in the use of evidence-based practice for nasogastric tube insertion.
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A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Nonpharmacological Pain Management During Intravenous Cannulation in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2016; 32:444-51. [PMID: 27380603 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intravenous (IV) cannulation is commonly performed in pediatric emergency departments (EDs). The busy ED environment is often not conducive to conventional nonpharmacological pain management. This study assessed the use of Ditto (Diversionary Therapy Technologies, Brisbane, Australia), a handheld electronic device which provides procedural preparation and distraction, as a means of managing pain and distress during IV cannulation performed in the pediatric ED. METHODS A randomized controlled trial with 98 participants, aged 3 to 12 years, was conducted in a pediatric ED. Participants were recruited and randomized into 5 intervention groups as follows: (1) Standard Distraction, (2) PlayStation Portable Distraction, (3) Ditto Distraction, (4) Ditto Procedural Preparation, and (5) Ditto Preparation and Distraction. Children's pain and distress levels were assessed via self-reports and observational reports by caregivers and nursing staff across the following 3 time points: (1) before, (2) during, and (3) after IV cannulation. RESULTS Caregivers and nursing staff reported significantly reduced pain and distress levels in children accessing the combined preparation and distraction Ditto protocol, as compared to standard distraction (P ≤ 0.01). This intervention also saw the greatest reduction in pain and distress as reported by the child. CONCLUSIONS Caregiver reports indicate that using the combined Ditto protocol was most effective in reducing children's pain experiences while undergoing IV cannulation in the ED. The use of Ditto offers a promising opportunity to negotiate barriers to the provision of nonpharmacological approaches encountered in the busy ED environment, and provide nonpharmacological pain-management interventions in pediatric EDs.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-managed pain is associated with faster recovery, fewer complications, and decreased use of resources. In children, pain relief is also associated with higher patient and parent satisfaction. Studies have shown that there are deficiencies in pediatric pain management. LET gel (lidocaine 4%, epinephrine 0.1%, and tetracaine 0.5%) is a topical anesthetic that is routinely used before laceration repair. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if educational initiatives as part of a quality improvement initiative lead to increased rates of early topical anesthetic usage in a large urban pediatric emergency department. METHODS The initiative consisted of an educational session and a triage booth poster. We then reviewed the charts of patients with facial and scalp lacerations for the month before the initiative, the month after the initiative, and 1 year after the initiative. We assessed if LET gel usage and time to administration improved and were sustainable. RESULTS We reviewed 138 charts. Before the initiative, only 57.4% received LET gel before facial laceration repair with a mean time to application of 58.3 minutes. One month after the initiative, there was an increase in LET gel application by 20.1% with a reduction in time to application by 35.9 minutes (P < 0.05). In addition, these improvements were significantly sustainable. One year after the interventions, 82.4% received LET before facial laceration repair, and the time to LET application was 27.8 minutes. CONCLUSIONS Simple educational initiatives can improve the use of topical anesthetics. By using educational tools as part of a quality improvement initiative, we were able to significantly improve the rates of LET gel application for facial lacerations in children and decrease the time to administration.
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Mace SE. Prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial comparing vapocoolant spray vs placebo spray in adults undergoing venipuncture. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:798-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Palmer GM. Pain management in the acute care setting: Update and debates. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52:213-20. [PMID: 27062626 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pain management in the paediatric acute care setting is underutilised and can be improved. An awareness of the analgesic options available and their limitations is an important starting point. This article describes the evolving understanding of relevant pharmacogenomics and safety data of the various analgesic agents with a focus on agents available in Australia and New Zealand. It highlights the concerns with the use of codeine in children and discusses alternative oral opioids. Key features of oral, parenteral, inhaled and intranasal analgesic agents are discussed, as well as evidence supported use of sweet tasting solutions and non-pharmacological interventions. One of the biggest changes in acute care pain management has been the advent of intranasal fentanyl providing reliable potent analgesia without the need for intravenous access. The article will also address the issue of multimodal analgesia where a single agent is insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta M Palmer
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Children's Hospital.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Children's and parents' perceptions of care during the peri-radiographic process when the child is seen for a suspected fracture. Radiography (Lond) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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