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Wu SS, Katabi L, DeSimone R, Borsting E, Ascha M. A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Publication Bias in the Plastic Surgery Literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:1032e-1045e. [PMID: 37467390 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Publication bias (PB) is the preferential publishing of studies with statistically significant results. PB can skew findings of systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs), with potential consequences for patient care and health policy. This study aims to determine the extent to which SRs and MAs in the plastic surgery literature evaluate and report PB. METHODS This cross-sectional study assessed PB reporting and analysis from plastic surgery studies published between January 1, 2015, and June 19, 2020. Full texts of SRs and MAs were assessed by two reviewers for PB assessment methodology and analysis. Post hoc assessment of studies that did not originally analyze PB was performed using Egger regression, Duval, Tweedie trim-and-fill, and Copas selection models. RESULTS There were 549 studies evaluated, of which 531 full texts were included. PB was discussed by 183 studies (34.5%), and formally assessed by 97 studies (18.3%). Among SRs and MAs that formally assessed PB, PB was present in 24 studies (10.7%), not present in 52 (23.1%), and inconclusive in eight (3.6%); 141 studies (62.7%) did not report the results of their PB assessment. Funnel plots were the most common assessment method [ n = 88 (39.1%)], and 60 studies (68.2%) published funnel plots. The post hoc assessment revealed PB in 17 of 20 studies (85.0%). CONCLUSIONS PB is inadequately reported and analyzed among studies in the plastic surgery literature. Most studies that assessed PB found PB, as did post hoc analysis of nonreporting studies. Increased assessment and reporting of PB among SRs and MAs would improve the quality of evidence in plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon S Wu
- From the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
| | - Leila Katabi
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Robert DeSimone
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine
| | - Emily Borsting
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine
| | - Mona Ascha
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital
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2
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Tawa P, Lesnik M, Hoffmann C, Dubray-Vautrin A, Ghanem W, Rougier G, Choussy O, Badois N. Safety and reliability of the internal jugular vein for venous anastomoses in head and neck oncological reconstruction: A retrospective study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2024; 52:170-174. [PMID: 38142170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of utilizing the internal jugular vein (IJV) as the primary recipient site for venous anastomoses in head and neck oncological reconstruction. Patients who underwent a free flap reconstruction of the head and neck were retrospectively included. Venous anastomoses were preferentially performed less than 1 cm from the IJV, either end-to-side (EtS) on the IJV, or end-to-end (EtE) on the origin of the thyrolingofacial venous (TLF) trunk. When the pedicle length was insufficient to reach the IJV, anastomoses were performed EtE to a size-matched cervical vein. Of the 246 venous anastomoses, 216 (87.8%) were performed less than 1 cm from the IJV, including 150 EtS on the IJV (61.0%), and 66 EtE on the TLF trunk (26.8%). Thirty veins (12.1%) were anastomosed EtE on other cervical veins more than 1 cm from the IJV. Two venous thromboses occurred (0.9%) and were successfully managed after revision surgery. There was no evidence of an increased thrombosis rate in high-risk or pre-irradiated patients. These findings suggest that the internal jugular vein is safe and reliable as a first-choice recipient vessel for free flap transfers in head and neck oncological reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Tawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
| | - Maria Lesnik
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Hoffmann
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Dubray-Vautrin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Wahib Ghanem
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Rougier
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Choussy
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Badois
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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3
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Park HS, Park BY. Free tissue transfer using bidirectional recipient veins in traumatic extremity reconstruction. Microsurgery 2024; 44:e31084. [PMID: 37430144 DOI: 10.1002/micr.31084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse-flow flaps rely on retrograde or reverse flow for drainage and have shown success in reconstructive surgery. However, limited studies have been conducted on the use of reverse-flow recipient veins. Our study proposed bidirectional venous anastomoses within a single recipient vein to optimize venous outflow and evaluated the outcomes of an additional retrograde venous anastomosis group in traumatic extremity reconstruction. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 188 patients with traumatic extremity free flap using two venous anastomoses, which were divided into the antegrade and bidirectional venous anastomosis groups. We analyzed the basic demographic information, flap type, duration between injury and reconstruction, recipient vessels, postoperative flap outcomes, and complications. Propensity score matching was used for the additional analysis. RESULTS Of the 188 patients analyzed, 63 free flaps (126 anastomoses, 33.5%) and 125 free flaps (250 anastomoses, 66.5%) were included in the bidirectional venous anastomosis and antegrade groups, respectively. In the bidirectional vein group, the median time between trauma and reconstruction was 13.0 ± 1.8 days and the mean flap area was 50.29 ± 7.38 cm2 . Radial artery superficial palmar branch perforator flap was most frequently performed (60.3%). In the antegrade vein group, the median time until surgery was 23.0 ± 2.1 days and the mean flap area was 85.0 ± 8.5 cm2 . Thoracodorsal artery perforator flap surgery was the most frequently performed surgery. The two groups were similar in terms of basic characteristics, but the bidirectional group demonstrated significantly higher success rate (98.4% vs. 89.7%, p = .004) and lower complication rate (6.3% vs. 22.4%, p = .007) than the antegrade group. However, these results were not observed after propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated successful results with the recipient vein using reverse flow. Additional retrograde venous anastomosis is a useful option for augmenting venous drainage for reconstruction of distal extremities in cases where dissection of additional antegrade vein is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sik Park
- Division of Orthopeadic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery, Duson Hospital, Ansan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Dey S, Guha R, Naskar S. Pectoralis Major Myofascial (PMMF) Flap as a Valuable Alternative to Microvascular Free Flaps (MFF) in Females with Advanced Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Retrospective Institutional Analysis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 75:3110-3115. [PMID: 37974769 PMCID: PMC10645860 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-03869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
India contributes 60% of HNC cases worldwide among which OSCC has become the most common cancer in males and second most common in females (NCRCR 2020). As most cases present in advanced stage, surgical excision followed by flap reconstruction becomes mandatory to achieve functionality. Due to various logistics and financial issues, microvascular free flap reconstruction is not feasible in every case. Also in females, reconstruction with PMMC is challenging as it violates normal breast contour. As an alternative, we have explored the affectivity of pectoralis major myofascial (PMMF) flaps. A retrospective analysis was undertaken only in female patients with advanced stage oral malignancies who underwent surgery between September 2021 and January 2023. Patients having cutaneous involvement or requiring local flap reconstruction were excluded. Total 43 female patients were included in the study. Among them 8 had Tongue carcinoma and 35 had Alveobuccal carcinoma. 24 patients underwent PMMF reconstruction, whereas 19 patients underwent MFF reconstruction. The complication rates were 12.1% (3 out of 24) in PMMF and 89.4% (17 out of 19 cases)in MFF. Among PMMF group, 1 major complication (death, unrelated to flap) and 2 minor complications (wound infection) occured. Among the MFF group, major complications were e.g. Flap failure requiring re-exploration surgery (n = 4), wound dehiscence (n = 2), bleeding/hematoma (n = 1), donor site complications (n = 6). The minor complications being wound infections (n = 4). The goals of reconstruction of defects in oral cavity cancers are mainly functional and cosmetic integrity. Although MFF's provide a wide range of options for reconstruction of complex defects, as per our study the PMMF flap was more reliable and had lesser complications. PMMF flap is an invaluable alternative to MFF's in female patients for both reconstruction and breast contour preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyadipta Dey
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 32, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, Newtown, Kolkata, 700156 India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 32, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, Newtown, Kolkata, 700156 India
| | - Sukanya Naskar
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 32, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, Newtown, Kolkata, 700156 India
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Uehara M, Habu M, Sasaguri M, Tominaga K. Post-reconstruction Free Flap Complications After Oral Cancer Ablation. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2023; 22:20-27. [PMID: 37041939 PMCID: PMC10082861 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-023-01854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microvascular free flap transfer is considered a standard reconstruction after the ablation of oral cancer. Although the success rate is high, flap complications occasionally occur. This study investigated the reasons for and local factors involved in complications of free flap transfer and explored how to salvage the flaps. Patients and Methods The cases of 53 patients who underwent a free flap transfer [radial forearm flaps (n = 36), abdominis musculocutaneous flaps (n = 6), scapular osteocutaneous flaps (n = 10), and fibular osteocutaneous flap (n = 1)] were analyzed: flap complications were observed in five of the cases. Results In the all five cases, a salvage operation was performed under general anesthesia. The flap complications occurred within 33 h after anastomosis. In the salvage operation, thrombotic occlusion in veins of flap feeders was observed in three of the five cases. The possible reasons for flap complications were a twisting of the anastomosed vein where two veins were united, pressure to the feeder due to subcutaneous hematoma, and edema of adjacent tissue and/or drain tube; the reason was not clear in one case. The flaps were successfully salvaged in four cases by thrombectomy in veins, release of pressure at the veins, and/or interposition of the vein graft. Conclusion Surgeons should pay close attention to the pressure and/or twisting in the feeder as well as the hemostasis in the surgical field, and a salvage operation should be carried out immediately when a flap complication is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Uehara
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimonoseki City Hospital, 1-13-1 Koyocho, Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi 750-8520 Japan
| | - Manabu Habu
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka Japan
| | - Masaaki Sasaguri
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tominaga
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka Japan
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Gemini Anastomosis for Dual Venous Anastomosis in Head and Neck Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2023; 11:e4775. [PMID: 36733952 PMCID: PMC9886508 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Free tissue transfer has been frequently used in head and neck reconstruction. However, vascular problems still cause serious damage to patients when thromboses occur in microvascular anastomoses. In the Gemini anastomosis procedure, two flap pedicle veins are anastomosed adjacently to the internal jugular vein using the end-to-side anastomosis method. From April 2019 to March 2021, 12 patients whose free flaps had two pedicle veins underwent head and neck surgery in Saitama Cancer Center (Saitama, Japan). In six patients, the veins were anastomosed adjacently to the internal jugular vein using the Gemini procedure (Gemini group). In the other six patients, the veins were anastomosed to the internal jugular vein using the end-to-side anastomosis method at a distance from each other (control group). The anastomosis time was measured retrospectively by reviewing video from the operations and comparing them across groups. There were no reoperations in any patients, and all flaps survived without exhibiting any circulatory problems. The mean total anastomosis time in the Gemini group was 21 minutes 38 seconds ± 75 seconds. The mean total anastomosis time in the control group was 34 minutes 14 seconds ± 121 seconds. The mean flap ischemic time in the Gemini group was 124 minutes ± 3 minutes. The mean flap ischemic time in the control group was 135 minutes ± 6 minutes. The Gemini anastomosis procedure is effective and convenient when the pedicle has two veins and the recipient vein choice is only the internal jugular vein in head and neck reconstruction.
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Lee SH, Lee KT, Park BY. Association of Dual Venous Anastomosis with Reduced Risks for Flap Congestion in Microsurgical Lower Extremity Reconstruction: A Multicenter Study. J Reconstr Microsurg 2022. [PMID: 36580972 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flap congestion related with venous thrombosis is a major cause for microsurgical lower extremity reconstruction failure. Conducting dual venous anastomosis has been suggested to reduce risks for the adverse outcomes; however, its efficacy remains controversial. This study evaluated a potential association of dual venous anastomosis with the development of flap congestion in diverse clinical situations. METHODS This multicenter study included patients who underwent microsurgical lower extremity reconstruction at two institutions. They were divided into two groups based on the number of venous anastomoses-single and dual groups. Their perfusion-related complications (PRCs), including total/partial flap loss, arterial or venous insufficiency, and emergent reoperation, were compared. Independent association of the number of venous anastomoses with the outcomes was evaluated. Further analyses were conducted using propensity score matching. RESULTS In total, 225 cases were analyzed, of which 92 were included in the single group and the other 133 in the dual group. The two groups had generally similar baseline characteristics. The dual group presented significantly lower rates of PRC, including total/partial flap loss, flap congestion, and emergent reoperation. Multivariable analyses showed that conducting dual venous anastomoses was associated with reduced risks for the development of overall PRC and flap congestion. These associations were more prominent when restricting analyses for cases with chronic wound and trauma (vs. oncologic defects). Similar associations were observed in the propensity score matching analysis. CONCLUSION Conducting dual venous anastomosis seems associated with reduced risks for flap congestion in microsurgical lower extremity reconstruction, especially for cases with unfavorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Tae Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wright EO, Rahman S. One Versus Two Veins in Free Anterolateral Thigh Flap Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2022; 14:e32358. [PMID: 36628050 PMCID: PMC9826715 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable debate in the literature as to whether one or two venous anastomoses are optimal in the anterolateral thigh (ALT) free-flap reconstruction. The literature is currently devoid of a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating these procedures. This review will therefore be the first to address this clinical question. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, two authors (EW and SR) independently searched the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Case-control, randomised control and observational studies were included. The authors did not include case reports, case series, letters or abstracts. All patients were included regardless of age, co-morbidity status, and the anatomical site of reconstruction. Venous congestion/thrombosis, flap take-back rate due to venous insufficiency, flap loss and operative time were the primary outcome measures. Secondary outcome measures included partial flap loss and haematoma formation. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Review Manager 5.4 data synthesis software was used for the analysis. The authors identified eight observational studies, with a total of 1741 patients reviewed, demonstrating a significantly lower flap take-back rate for a double venous anastomosis and a shorter operative time in the single venous anastomosis group. However, other reported measures, including venous congestion and flap loss, showed a non-significant difference (P>0.05). The limitations of the evidence included in this review were that all studies were observational in design. The flap take-back rate is significantly less when anastomosing two veins, and the authors recommend that utilising a second vein can circumvent the caveat of venous compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan O Wright
- Plastic Surgery, Pinderfields Hospital, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, GBR
| | - Shafiq Rahman
- Plastic Surgery, Pinderfields Hospital, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, GBR
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9
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Dawoud BES, Kent S, Tabbenor O, Markose G, Java K, Kyzas P. Does anticoagulation improve outcomes of microvascular free flap reconstruction following head and neck surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022; 60:1292-1302. [PMID: 36328862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The commonest cause of microvascular free flap failure is thrombosis at the anastomosis. Pharmacological antithrombotic therapies have been used to mitigate this risk, but they carry the risk of bleeding and haematoma formation. To justify any intervention, it is necessary to evaluate the benefits and balance of risks. This meta-analysis aims to quantify the value of systemic anticoagulation during head and neck free tissue reconstruction. We performed a systematic review on the impact of additional prophylactic antithrombotic therapy on head and neck (H&N) free tissue transfer (on top and above the use of low molecular weight heparin to prevent deep vein thrombosis). We carried a PRISMA-guided literature review, following registration with PROSPERO. All studies analysing the possible impact of prophylactic anticoagulants on free flap surgery in the head and neck were eligible. The primary outcome was perioperative free flap complications (perioperative thrombosis, partial or total free flap failure, thrombo-embolic events, or re-exploration of anastomosis). Secondary outcomes included haematoma formation or bleeding complications requiring further intervention. We identified eight eligible studies out of 454. These included 3531 free flaps for H&N reconstruction. None of the assessed interventions demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in free flap outcomes. Accumulative analysis of all anti-coagulated groups demonstrated an increased relative risk of free flap complications [RR 1.54 (0.73-3.23)] compared to control albeit not statistically significant (p = 0.25). Pooled analysis from the included studies showed that the prophylactic use of therapeutic doses of anticoagulants significantly (p = 0.003) increased the risk of haematoma and bleeding requiring intervention [RR 2.98 (1.47-6.07)], without reducing the risk of free flap failure. Additional anticoagulation does not reduce the incidence of free flap thrombosis and failure. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) consistently increased the risk of free flap complications. The use of additional anticoagulation as 'prophylaxis' in the perioperative setting, increases the risk of haematoma and bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E S Dawoud
- Specialty Trainee Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - S Kent
- Specialty Trainee Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - O Tabbenor
- Specialty Trainee Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - G Markose
- Consultant Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - K Java
- Consultant Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - P Kyzas
- Consultant Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust - University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom.
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10
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Superficial Temporal Vein and Alternative Middle Temporal Vein as Recipient Veins for Free-flap Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2022; 10:e4170. [PMID: 35284200 PMCID: PMC8903309 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The superficial and middle temporal veins (STV and MTV) have been used as recipient veins for free-flap reconstruction; however, the STV is sometimes small and cannot be used, while the MTV is not fully recognized or utilized as a recipient vein. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the reliability of the STV/MTV as recipient veins and to verify the utility and availability of the MTV by comparing the two veins. Thirty-five consecutive cases of free-flap reconstruction utilizing recipient vessels in the temporal region were retrospectively reviewed. Regarding recipient veins, the STV was the only option in the first 18 cases; the MTV was included among the options in the latter 17 cases. The calibers of the STV/MTV were evaluated at two level points (1: zygomatic arch, 2: palpebral fissure) using the results of preoperative dynamic-enhanced computed tomography (CT). Two cases of severe venous congestion were identified among the first 18 patients. After the adoption of the MTV, the MTV was used in 10 of the 17 cases, and no vascular complication occurred. On CT imaging evaluation, the caliber of the MTV (Point 2) (2.94 ± 0.55 mm) was significantly larger than the calibers of the STV (Point 1) (2.40 ± 0.48 mm) and MTV (Point 1) (2.49 ± 0.43 mm) (both P < 0.001). Regarding the recipient veins in the temporal area, the MTV can offer an option with a larger caliber or for additional venous anastomosis when the condition of the STV is inadequate.
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11
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Cephalic vein transposition in head-and-neck reconstruction. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2022; 139:361-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Cohen O, Morse E, Fujiwara RJT, Dibble J, Pierce M, Mehra S. The impact of a double vein anastomoses on doppler's loss of signal rates. Eur J Surg Oncol 2021; 48:27-31. [PMID: 34610861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impact on blood flow by double vein anastomosis in head and neck free flaps is unclear. We aimed to assess venous doppler loss of signal (LOS) rates of double vein system compared with a single vein system. METHODS Consecutive free flaps with implanted venous flow couplers between 2015-2017 were included. LOS rates were compared between groups and with regard to flap type, defect site and recipient vein within double vein group. RESULTS 92 double-vein (184 veins) and 48 single-vein flaps were included. LOS was similar in single- and double-vein flaps (11/48 (25%) versus 46/184 (25%), p = 0.765). Double veins had fewer flap takebacks compared with single vein (4.3% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.075). Common facial vein (CFV) anastomosis showed superior LOS rates compared with external jugular and CFV branches (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Double vein anastomosis does not impact LOS rates, results in fewer flap takebacks, yet LOS rates depend on selected recipient vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Cohen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elliot Morse
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rance J T Fujiwara
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jacqueline Dibble
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew Pierce
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saral Mehra
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
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13
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Dodd SX, Morzycki A, Nickel KJ, Campbell S, Guilfoyle R. One or two venous pedicles by anastomoses for free flaps in reconstruction of the lower extremity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microsurgery 2021; 41:792-801. [PMID: 34569653 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsurgical free tissue transfers are a mainstay of lower extremity reconstruction. Despite being a reliable source of soft tissue, complications do arise. Venous congestion is among the most common causes of flap failure in lower extremity reconstruction, an issue that is attributed to venous stasis and impaired venous return in this region. There remains significant debate whether dual venous drainage improves outcomes. The aim of this study was thus to compare one versus two venous anastomoses in lower limb free flap reconstruction. METHODS A systematic review of Medline, EMBASE, EBSCO CINAHL, SCOPUS, Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global, Cochrane Library, and PROSPERO from inception to May 20, 2020, was conducted. Two independent reviewers screened titles and extracted data. Our primary outcome was total free flap necrosis. Secondary outcomes were partial flap necrosis, minor complications, flap reoperation, venous thrombosis, and amputation. Methodological quality was assessed using the MINORS criteria and level of evidence. RESULTS Three-hundred and fourteen unique titles were identified. All studies were level VI evidence and had a mean MINORS score of 16.1/24. Seven studies (comprising 1499 patients, 910 single venous anastomoses, and 579 double venous anastomoses) met criteria for inclusion. The mean (SD) patient age was 46.5 (7.1) years. Double venous anastomoses did not reduce the rate of minor complications, flap takeback, venous thrombosis, total flap necrosis, or partial flap necrosis when compared to a single vein (all p > .05). CONCLUSION In microvascular lower extremity reconstruction, two venous anastomoses did not reduce the rate of minor or major complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn X Dodd
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander Morzycki
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin J Nickel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandra Campbell
- John W. Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Regan Guilfoyle
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Dekerle L, Cortese S, Salleron J, Rauch P, Mastronicola R, Beulque E, Chatard M, Hamitouche S, Alao O, Dolivet G. Long-term survival after head and neck cancer surgery with immediate free flap reconstruction. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2021; 66:357-363. [PMID: 33824027 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck cancer is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. A combination treatment including surgery is known to have a better survival rate than exclusive radiotherapy-chemotherapy. In extreme cases of non-metastatic patients who have voluminous tumor, or complex location, surgery with immediate reconstruction by free flap could be an option to improve long term survival. PURPOSE To share experience of long-term survival of patients with head and neck cancer who underwent oncologic surgery with immediate free flap reconstruction, and to analyze influencing factors. METHODS All consecutive patients treated with free flaps for reconstruction of extensive defects after resection of head and neck cancer in our center (Nancy, France) were retrieved from the hospital database. Data was recorded in a systematic way. Bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Between 1997 and December 2007, 70 patients underwent surgical resection of head and neck tumor with free flap reconstruction. 11 patients were excluded because of missing data. Follow-up time was 7.4 years, IQR from 4.3 to 11.3. Overall survival was 53.8%, 95% CI [39.9%; 65.8%] at 5 years and 38.6% [24.8%; 52.3%] at 10 years. Age>60 years at the surgery HR 2,373 (1,143; 4,927) and TNM score 3-4 HR 2,524 (1,093; 5,828) were statistically associated to a lesser survival rate. CONCLUSION The ability to successfully and safely perform free flaps increases treatment options for patients with advanced head and neck cancer in a selected population. it seems worthwhile to perform these microvascular reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dekerle
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nancy University Hospital, 29, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - S Cortese
- Department of Oncologic Surgery "Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine", Nancy, France
| | - J Salleron
- Department of Oncologic Surgery "Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine", Nancy, France
| | - P Rauch
- Department of Oncologic Surgery "Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine", Nancy, France
| | - R Mastronicola
- Department of Oncologic Surgery "Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine", Nancy, France
| | - E Beulque
- Department of Oncologic Surgery "Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine", Nancy, France
| | - M Chatard
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nancy University Hospital, 29, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - S Hamitouche
- Department of Head and neck surgery, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - O Alao
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - G Dolivet
- Department of Oncologic Surgery "Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine", Nancy, France
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Flap Venous Congestion and Salvage Techniques: A Systematic Literature Review. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3327. [PMID: 33564571 PMCID: PMC7858245 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Venous congestion is a frequent problem in flap surgery. Other than surgical revision, there are a multitude of procedures in the literature to tackle this problem, but their effectiveness is not clear. Through a systematic review, we aimed to identify and evaluate the different interventions available for managing flap venous congestion. Methods The MEDLINE, PubMed central, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched. The study selection process was adapted from the PRISMA statement. All English and French original articles describing or comparing a method for managing flap venous congestion were included. For each article, a level of evidence was assigned, as defined by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. Lastly, we specifically analyzed the effectiveness of postoperative non-surgical methods. No formal analysis was performed. Results Through literature searches carried out in various databases, we identified 224 articles. Finally, 72 articles were included. The majority of these studies had a low-level evidence. A total of 17 different methods (7 pre- and intraoperative, and 10 postoperative) were found. Concerning non-surgical methods, the most represented were leeches, local subcutaneous injection of heparin with scarification, venocutaneous catheterization, negative pressure therapy, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Conclusions Risks of venous congestion of flaps must always be present in a surgeon's mind, at every stage of flap surgery. Apart from studies on the use of leeches, which have a significant follow-up and large enough patient numbers to support their efficacy, the low-level evidence associated with studies of other methods of venous congestion management does not allow us to draw a scientifically valid conclusion about their effectiveness.
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Nokovitch L, Peyrachon B, Chaux-Bodard AG, Poupart M, Roux PE, Devauchelle B, Deneuve S. Reverse blood flow in cervicofacial veins after venous ligations: Potential implications in microsurgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:2042-2049. [PMID: 33455872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The consequences on the cervicofacial venous circulation of major cervicofacial vein ligations are poorly known. We aimed to highlight by using Doppler Ultrasound flow differences in the cervicofacial venous network in the case of unilateral or bilateral ligation of main venous collector trunks (external jugular vein [EJV] and internal jugular vein [IJV]) METHODS: A Doppler ultrasound was performed on 10 healthy volunteers, 8 patients with previous bilateral ligation of the EJV, 8 with a unilateral ligation of the EJV, and 8 with a unilateral ligation of the EJV and IJV, after modified radical neck dissection. The diameter, the flow direction and the peak systolic velocity (PSV) of the superficial temporal vein, the facial vein (FV) and the IJV were measured. RESULTS Healthy patients had a similar right and left PSV for all the veins studied, with always antegrade flows. Patients with previous ligations had some significant right/left differences and retrograde flows. CONCLUSION A redistribution of venous blood flow on the contralateral side of the face and neck seems to take place in the case of unilateral ligation of the EJV and/or IJV. Retrograde flows are sometimes observed in the case of previous ligation of the EJV and/or IJV and might compromise the success of venous microanastomoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nokovitch
- Oncologic Surgery Department, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
| | - B Peyrachon
- Vascular Medicine Department, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Lyon, France
| | | | - M Poupart
- Oncologic Surgery Department, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - P-E Roux
- Oncologic Surgery Department, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - B Devauchelle
- Maxillo-Facial Surgery Department, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - S Deneuve
- Oncologic Surgery Department, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Ferrandis Perepérez E, Antón Almero M, Guillén Martínez A, Martínez Hervás R, Pla Mocholí Á. Versatility of the Radial Forearm Free Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction. A Study of 58 Cases. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otoeng.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Chaput B, Meresse T, Bekara F, Grolleau JL, Gangloff D, Gandolfi S, Herlin C. Lower limb perforator flaps: Current concept. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2020; 65:496-516. [PMID: 32753250 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Following a long period dominated by random fasciocutaneous flaps or muscle flaps, solutions to cover the lower limb have been largely diversified by the advent of so-called "perforator" flaps. Extended knowledge of vascular anatomy has propagated the development of this innovative procedure, in the objective of reducing morbidity. The existence of close to 400 perforator vessels in the body makes it possible to offer new flap perspectives for many defects, which were sometimes previously impossible to manage before except by free flap. For us, perforator flaps have become the current first-line solutions for small to medium size loss of substances. Understanding of vascular physiology and surgical experience are essential in choosing indications, detecting perforators, and modeling flaps to be optimally positioned in the reconstructive decisional algorithm. New skills are needed to master this type of reconstruction and limit failures, which implies a learning curve not only for flap design, perforator detection and surgical procedure, but also for monitoring and management of complications. In this manuscript, we outline the concepts and principles of the majority of the pedicled perforator flaps available for coverage of the lower limb, based on experience of more than 400 perforator flaps suitable for this localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chaput
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rangueil University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - T Meresse
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lapeyronie University Hospital, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - F Bekara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lapeyronie University Hospital, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - J L Grolleau
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rangueil University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - D Gangloff
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lapeyronie University Hospital, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - S Gandolfi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rangueil University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France; Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, CHU Charles Nicolle, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - C Herlin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lapeyronie University Hospital, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Analysis of Selection of Recipient Vein, Number of Outflows, Style and Technique in Head and Neck Venous Anastomosis and a Proposed Algorithm. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 73:1825-1833. [PMID: 32571686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Surgeons have preferential ways of performing venous anastomosis in head and neck microsurgery. However, controversies exist regarding the superiority of each method. This study aims to determine the effects of these variables on the rates of thrombosis and flap failure, and propose an algorithm to be used as a facilitator in the decision-making process. A total of 208 microsurgical reconstructions on 199 patients from a single surgeon's data were evaluated. Selection of recipient vein (superficial vs. deep), style of anastomosis (end-to-end vs. end-to-side), number of outflows (one vs. two) and technique of anastomosis (hand-sewn vs. coupler) were compared. Selection was done according to the pre- and intraoperative plan, as well as, surgeon's clinical judgement. Outcomes were determined as rates of venous thrombosis and flap failure. Five patients (2.4%) had venous problems, leading to two partial and three total flap failures. Selection of the recipient vein, style and number of outflows did not affect the outcomes, whereas coupler use decreased the rates of venous thrombosis and flap failure (p=0.008). Although it is difficult to set dogmatic criteria to achieve consistent outcomes, coupler use in this study prevented flap failure. An algorithmic approach was proposed with the results of the data and literature to increase the success in microsurgical anastomosis. Surgeons should use algorithms and sound judgement with adherence to microsurgical principles to obtain the best results for each patient.
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Chabrillac E, Chaput B, Vergez S. Circumferential pharyngectomy in laryngectomised patient and pharyngeal reconstruction by tubed free flap. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:2641-2645. [PMID: 32435851 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metachronous tumour in head and neck cancer patients is a frequent situation with a generally poor prognosis, often improving in case of surgical treatment. METHOD This article presents the surgical technique for early stage hypopharyngeal metachronous tumour resection and pharyngeal reconstruction by tubed free flap in laryngectomised patient. CONCLUSION Selected laryngectomised patients presenting with early stage hypopharyngeal metachronous tumours can benefit from a safe carcinologic resection and reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Chabrillac
- Department of Surgery, University Cancer Institute Toulouse-Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène Joliot-Curie, 31059, Toulouse, France.
| | - Benoît Chaput
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Toulouse University Hospital, Hôpital Rangueil, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Vergez
- Department of Surgery, University Cancer Institute Toulouse-Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène Joliot-Curie, 31059, Toulouse, France
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21
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Versatility of the radial forearm free flap in head and neck reconstruction. A study of 58 cases. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2020; 71:275-280. [PMID: 32171437 DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is a widely used tool in head and neck reconstructive surgery. It stands out as a relatively simple flap to achieve; it is versatile and has features that enable the reconstruction of complex head and neck defects. The aim of the study was to present our results using the RFFF in the reconstruction of seated defects in the head and neck area. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective, observational and analytical study that included 58 cases of RFFF interventions, performed between January 2002 and July 2019. The data studied were the age and sex of the patients, location of the tumour, histological type, previous radiation therapy, number of venous anastomoses performed in the surgery and body temperature in the immediate postoperative period, at 24 and 48hours following surgery. RESULTS The percentage of viable RFFF was 82.8%. None of the variables analysed appear to be a risk factor for flap failure. The most frequent cause of flap failure was venous thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS Microvascularised flaps play an important role in reconstructive surgery, being the RFFF one of the most interesting for head and neck reconstruction. It is a very versatile tool that allows the reconstruction of many of the sites where the head and neck surgeon operates.
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Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Microsurgical Head and Neck Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e2591. [PMID: 32095401 PMCID: PMC7015612 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: The free flap failure rate is 5% in head and neck microsurgical reconstruction, and ischemia–reperfusion injury is an important mechanism behind this failure rate. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a recent intervention targeting ischemia–reperfusion injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate if RIPC improved clinical outcomes in microsurgical reconstruction. Methods: Head and neck cancer patients undergoing tumor resection and microsurgical reconstruction were included in a randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized (1:1) to RIPC or sham intervention administered intraoperatively just before transfer of the free flap. RIPC was administered by four 5-minute periods of upper extremity occlusion and reperfusion. Clinical data were prospectively collected in the perioperative period and at follow-up on postoperative days 30 and 90. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Results: Sixty patients were randomized to RIPC (n = 30) or sham intervention (n = 30). All patients received allocated intervention. No patients were lost to follow up. At 30-day follow-up, flap failure occurred in 7% of RIPC patients (n = 2) and 3% of sham patients (n = 1) with the relative risk and 95% confidence interval 2.0 [0.2;20.9], P = 1.0. The rate of pedicle thrombosis was 10% (n = 3) in both groups with relative risk 1.0 [0.2;4.6], P = 1.0. The flap failure rate did not change at 90-day follow-up. Conclusions: RIPC is safe and feasible but does not affect clinical outcomes in head and neck cancer patients undergoing microsurgical reconstruction.
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Shum JW, Melville JC, Couey M. Preparation of the Neck for Advanced Flap Reconstruction. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2019; 31:637-646. [PMID: 31427191 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular free tissue transfer has revolutionized the reconstruction of complex maxillofacial defects. These cases often necessitate a 2-teamed approach, with an ablative surgeon at the head and a reconstructive surgeon at a distant site for flap harvest. Careful attention to recipient vessel identification and preservation establishes the foundation for successful reconstruction. This article describes the surgical landmarks of the frequently utilized arteries and veins, vessel handling techniques, and general principles for the preparation of free tissue transfer recipient sites in head and neck reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Shum
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6560 Fannin Street, Suite 1900, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - James C Melville
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6560 Fannin Street, Suite 1900, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marcus Couey
- Head and Neck Oncologic and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
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Vernier-Mosca M, Feuvrier D, Obert L, Mauvais O, Loisel F, Pluvy I. [Use of coupler for venous anastomoses in cervico-facial reconstruction. Retrospective study on 51 free flaps]. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2019; 65:236-243. [PMID: 31353075 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to evaluate the interest of the mechanical anastomosic coupling device for venous anastomoses in a series of cervico-facial reconstructions after carcinologic excision. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 2010 and December 2017, 46 patients underwent free flap cervico-facial reconstruction. We performed 54 venous anastomoses for 51 free flaps. Mechanical venous anastomoses were performed with a coupler (Coupler®). Thrombotic complications and choice of recipient vessels were assessed for the entire series. RESULTS Venous anastomoses were performed using a coupler in 33.3% of the flaps (n=18). Mean operative time was lower for reconstructions with mechanical coupler anastomoses, and significantly for fibula flaps. Of eight thromboses, six were venous, two of which after the coupler anastomosis. The thrombosed veins were the branches of the internal jugular vein and the anterior jugular veins. The diameter of the couplers used was respectively 2.5mm and 2mm. CONCLUSION The use of the microvascular coupling system for venous anastomoeis would help reduce the occurrence of venous thrombosis, but larger and prospective studies should be conducted. This coupling system, relatively easy to use, would overcome the lack of congruence of anastomosing veins and reduce the risk of intimal injury. Regarding the recipient vessels, the anterior jugular vein should not be used as first line because the risk of vascular complications seems more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vernier-Mosca
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, traumatologique, plastique, reconstructrice et assistance main, CHRU Jean-Minjoz, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon, France.
| | - D Feuvrier
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, traumatologique, plastique, reconstructrice et assistance main, CHRU Jean-Minjoz, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon, France; Laboratoire de nano-médecine, imagerie, thérapeutique, EA 4662, université de Franche-Comté, 16, route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - L Obert
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, traumatologique, plastique, reconstructrice et assistance main, CHRU Jean-Minjoz, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon, France; Laboratoire de nano-médecine, imagerie, thérapeutique, EA 4662, université de Franche-Comté, 16, route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - O Mauvais
- Service d'ORL et audiophonologie, CHRU Jean-Minjoz, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - F Loisel
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, traumatologique, plastique, reconstructrice et assistance main, CHRU Jean-Minjoz, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon, France; Laboratoire de nano-médecine, imagerie, thérapeutique, EA 4662, université de Franche-Comté, 16, route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - I Pluvy
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, traumatologique, plastique, reconstructrice et assistance main, CHRU Jean-Minjoz, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon, France; Laboratoire de nano-médecine, imagerie, thérapeutique, EA 4662, université de Franche-Comté, 16, route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
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Abouyared M, Katz AP, Ein L, Ketner J, Sargi Z, Nicolli E, Leibowitz JM. Controversies in free tissue transfer for head and neck cancer: A review of the literature. Head Neck 2019; 41:3457-3463. [PMID: 31286627 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular free tissue transfer provides superior functional outcomes when reconstructing head and neck cancer defects. Careful patient selection and surgical planning is necessary to ensure success, as many preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative patient and technical factors may affect outcome. AIMS To provide a concise, yet thorough, review of the current literature regarding free flap patient selection and management for the patient with head and neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed and Cochrane databases were queried for publications pertaining to free tissue transfer management and outcomes. RESULTS Malnutrition and tobacco use are modifiable patient factors that negatively impact surgical outcomes. The use of postoperative antiplatelet medications and perioperative antibiotics for greater than 24 hours have not been shown to improve outcomes, although the use of clindamycin alone has been shown to have a higher risk of flap failure. Liberal blood transfusion should be avoided due to higher risk of wound infection and medical complications. DISCUSSION There is a wide range of beliefs regarding proper management of patients undergoing free tissue transfer. While there is some data to support these practices, much of the data is conflicting and common practices are often continued out of habit or dogma. CONCLUSION Free flap reconstruction remains a highly successful surgery overall despite as many different approaches to patient care as there are free flap surgeons. Close patient monitoring remains a cornerstone of surgical success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew P Katz
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Liliana Ein
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jill Ketner
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Zoukaa Sargi
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Head and neck microsurgical reconstruction using the superficial temporal vein for antegrade and retrograde drainage: A clinical case series. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-018-1479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A Preliminary Study of the Effects of Venous Drainage Position on Arterial Blood Supply and Venous Return within the Conjoined Flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 143:322e-328e. [PMID: 30688892 PMCID: PMC6358195 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000005256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Conjoined flap viability is associated with arterial blood supply and venous return. This study aimed to assess the effects of venous drainage position on arterial blood supply and venous return within the conjoined flap. Methods: Fifty-four rats were divided randomly into three groups (n = 18 per group). In experimental group 2, only the right intercostal posterior artery and the left iliolumbar vein were maintained; meanwhile, only the right intercostal posterior artery and the left intercostal posterior vein were preserved in experimental group 1. The control group had only the right intercostal posterior artery and vein preserved. The distances between angiosomes were measured. At 7 days after surgery, flap survival was evaluated, lead oxide–gelatin flap angiography was performed, and average microvessel density was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and lactate levels were assessed. Results: The distance between angiosomes I and II was the shortest, whereas angiosomes I and III were most distant (p < 0.05). At 7 days after surgery, survival rates in experimental group 2 and experimental group 1 were both 100 percent, whereas 86.5 ± 1.6 percent of controls survived. Furthermore, angiogenesis was more obvious in experimental group 2 than in experimental group 1 and controls. Moreover, lactate levels were lower in experimental group 2 (7.47 ± 0.17 mM) and experimental group 1 (8.03 ± 0.31 mM) compared with control values (9.98 ± 0.37 mM; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Changes in position of venous drainage might cause continuous arterial high-pressure perfusion and venous superdrainage, which improves flap survival.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the patients with hypopharyngeal cancer are still diagnosed with advanced stage, and total or partial pharyngectomy with free flap reconstruction is the mainstay of treatment. The aim of this study was to find out the possible risk factors related to surgical complications after free fasciocutaneous flap reconstruction for partial pharyngeal defect and its sequelae in the follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients with advanced hypopharyngeal cancer who received free fasciocutaneous flaps for partial pharyngeal defects reconstruction. From 2005 to 2015, 79 free fasciocutaneous flaps (59 free fasciocutaneous flaps and 20 anterolateral thigh flaps) were performed in our department. The risk factors for free flap outcome and complications were evaluated with multivariant linear regression model. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 60.8 years with male predominance. The mean follow-up duration was 39.6 months. Most of the cases (97.5%) were in stage III or IV. Patients with comorbidities showed significant correlation to flap failure (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.038 to 0.264, P = 0.10). Anastomosis style (end-to-side vs end-to-end) was the only operation-related factors significantly related to flap failure rate (18.8% vs 3.2%, 95% CI = 0.031 to 0.32, P = 0.18). Flap size was significantly associated with fistula formation (95% CI = -0.005 to 0.000, P = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS In our experience, patients with comorbidities and end-to-side anastomosis illustrate significantly higher flap failure rate in free fasciocutaneous flap reconstruction of partial hypopharyngeal defect. Reconstruction with smaller flap size had higher possibility of fistula formation.
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Christianto S, Lau A, Li K, Yang W, Su Y. One versus two venous anastomoses in microsurgical head and neck reconstruction: a cumulative meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 47:585-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chou C, Chen CC, Lai CS, Lin SD, Kuo YR. Simultaneous double free radial forearm flaps combined with coronoidectomy and myotomy to release bilateral severe trismus: A case report. Microsurgery 2017; 37:831-835. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.30221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Chou
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chung-Sheng Lai
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Research, Orthopaedic Research Center; College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Sin-Daw Lin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Research, Orthopaedic Research Center; College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yur-Ren Kuo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Research, Orthopaedic Research Center; College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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Chaput B, Bertheuil N, Grolleau JL, Bekara F, Carloni R, Laloze J, Herlin C. Comparison of propeller perforator flap and venous supercharged propeller perforator flap in reconstruction of lower limb soft tissue defect: A prospective study. Microsurgery 2017; 38:177-184. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.30162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chaput
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Rangueil University Hospital; Toulouse France
| | - Nicolas Bertheuil
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery; Hospital Sud, University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Jean-Louis Grolleau
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Rangueil University Hospital; Toulouse France
| | - Farid Bekara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Lapeyronie University Hospital; Montpellier France
| | - Raphael Carloni
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery; CHU Charles Nicolle; Rouen France
| | - Jerome Laloze
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Rangueil University Hospital; Toulouse France
| | - Christian Herlin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Lapeyronie University Hospital; Montpellier France
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Chaput B, Herlin C, de Bonnecaze G, Carloni R, Laloze J, Bertheuil N. One versus Two Venous Anastomoses in Anterolateral Thigh Flap Reconstruction after Oral Cancer Ablation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139:807e-808e. [PMID: 28234880 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000003101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chaput
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Rangueil Hospital Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Herlin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume de Bonnecaze
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Raphael Carloni
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Jerome Laloze
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Bertheuil
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Hospital Sud, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Riley CA, Barton BM, Lawlor CM, Cai DZ, Riley PE, McCoul ED, Hasney CP, Moore BA. NSQIP as a Predictor of Length of Stay in Patients Undergoing Free Flap Reconstruction. OTO Open 2017; 1:2473974X16685692. [PMID: 30480171 PMCID: PMC6239043 DOI: 10.1177/2473974x16685692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) calculator was created to improve outcomes and guide cost-effective care in surgery. Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergo ablative and free flap reconstructive surgery with prolonged postoperative courses. METHODS A case series with chart review was performed on 50 consecutive patients with HNC undergoing ablative and reconstructive free flap surgery from October 2014 to March 2016 at a tertiary care center. Comorbidities and intraoperative and postoperative variables were collected. Predicted length of stay was tabulated with the NSQIP calculator. RESULTS Thirty-five patients (70%) were male. The mean (SD) age was 67.2 (13.4) years. The mean (SD) length of stay (LOS) was 13.5 (10.3) days. The mean (SD) NSQIP-predicted LOS was 10.3 (2.2) days (P = .027). DISCUSSION The NSQIP calculator may be an inadequate predictor for LOS in patients with HNC undergoing free flap surgery. Additional study is necessary to determine the accuracy of this tool in this patient population. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Head and neck surgeons performing free flap reconstructive surgery following tumor ablation may find that the NSQIP risk calculator underestimates the LOS in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Riley
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and
Neck Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,
USA
| | - Blair M. Barton
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and
Neck Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,
USA
| | - Claire M. Lawlor
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and
Neck Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,
USA
| | - David Z. Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and
Neck Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,
USA
| | - Phoebe E. Riley
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and
Neck Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,
USA
| | - Edward D. McCoul
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and
Neck Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,
USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology,
Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Ochsner Clinical School, University of
Queensland, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christian P. Hasney
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and
Neck Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,
USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology,
Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Ochsner Clinical School, University of
Queensland, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brian A. Moore
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and
Neck Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,
USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology,
Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Ochsner Clinical School, University of
Queensland, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Herlin C, Bertheuil N, Bekara F, Boissiere F, Sinna R, Chaput B. Leech therapy in flap salvage: Systematic review and practical recommendations. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2016; 62:e1-e13. [PMID: 27427444 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medicinal leeches have been part of the therapeutic armamenterium of plastic surgeons for more than 50 years. While their use in hand surgery is a matter of course, their use in salvage of flaps with venous congestion remains facultative depending on teams. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review of leech therapy for flap salvage between 1960 and 2015, analyzing 121 articles and subsequently taking into consideration 41 studies. In parallel, we collected data from 43 patients for whom leach therapy had recently been applied in treatment of venous insufficiency in pedicled or free flaps after revision surgery had failed to improve flap vascularization, or in cases where flap revision was not appropriate. The data collected pertained to relevant indications, treatment procedure, efficacy, adjuvant therapies, side effects and complications. RESULTS For this indication, the success rate of leech therapy ranged from 65 to 85% (83.7% in our series) according to the situations encountered. Optimal frequency of application ranged from 2 to 8hours, while average overall duration ranged from 4 to 10 days. The number of leeches to be applied can be determined depending on volume of the flap. In 50% of the cases reported in the literature, the patients required transfusion. Antibiotic prophylaxis against Aeromonas is highly advisable. A ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole combination currently appears as the most relevant prophylactic antibiotherapy. CONCLUSION Hirudotherapy is a reliable treatment in cases of patent venous insufficiency of pedicled or free flaps (or when revision surgery is not recommended). Even though the relevant literature is highly heterogeneous, we have attempted to put forward a specific protocol bringing together dosage, delivery route, frequency of administration and appropriate prophylactic antibiotherapy. An algorithm for treatment and management of venous congestion and a practical information sheet have been placed at the disposal of plastic surgery teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Herlin
- Service de chirurgie plastique et reconstructrice, centre des brûlés, CHRU Lapeyronie, 325, avenue du doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Service de chirurgie plastique et craniofaciale pédiatrique, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France; Unité de plaies et cicatrisation, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France.
| | - N Bertheuil
- Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, CHRU de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - F Bekara
- Service de chirurgie plastique et reconstructrice, centre des brûlés, CHRU Lapeyronie, 325, avenue du doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Service de chirurgie plastique et craniofaciale pédiatrique, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France; Unité de plaies et cicatrisation, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - F Boissiere
- Service de chirurgie plastique et reconstructrice, centre des brûlés, CHRU Lapeyronie, 325, avenue du doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Service de chirurgie plastique et craniofaciale pédiatrique, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France; Unité de plaies et cicatrisation, CHRU Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - R Sinna
- Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, CHRU de Picardie, 80080 Amiens, France
| | - B Chaput
- Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, CHRU de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France
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