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Reddy NK, Gutowski KS, Yau A, Lentskevich MA, Aronson S, Bajaj A, Weissman JP, Crawford S, Gosain AK. Effect of Training Backgrounds on Plastic Surgery Leadership: A Logistic Regression Analysis. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5776. [PMID: 38784834 PMCID: PMC11115985 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background Although career choices are often shaped by training and mentors, it is not clear how training backgrounds have influenced whether plastic surgeons pursue leadership positions. Analysis of these training pathways can serve as a key component of career planning for future leaders. Methods The American Board of Plastic Surgery's annual Newsletter to Diplomates was used to collate surgeons receiving board certification between 2002 and 2013. Online public profiles were used to collect training background data about each surgeon, including fellowship training, board certification year, MBA degree, otolaryngology or maxillofacial surgery training before commencing plastic surgery training, and leadership positions in surgery. A logistic multinomial regression was used to test the effect of training backgrounds on different types of leadership positions. Results In total, 2190 plastic surgeons were included in the analysis. Factors increasing the probability of holding any type of position included fellowships in microsurgery, craniofacial, and hand; an international fellowship; multiple fellowships; a fellowship not otherwise specified; and MBA degree. Training background factors affected probabilities differently for each of the studied positions including chair/chief, vice chair/vice chief, program director, plastic surgery medical director, other institutional positions, and national society positions. Conclusions Training backgrounds of plastic surgeons in leadership positions are multifaceted, involving a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as additional educational pursuits, subspecialty training, duration of practice, and practice setting. This analysis can help direct current trainees who aspire to future leadership in plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narainsai K. Reddy
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Kristof S. Gutowski
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Alice Yau
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Marina A. Lentskevich
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Sofia Aronson
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Anitesh Bajaj
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Joshua P. Weissman
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Scott Crawford
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex
| | - Arun K. Gosain
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
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2
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Levy JJ, Hooper RC. A Historical Review of Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Diversity in Plastic Surgery at the University of Michigan. Semin Plast Surg 2024; 38:69-73. [PMID: 38495058 PMCID: PMC10942829 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1778044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we examine the 60-year history of diversity efforts within the Section of Plastic Surgery at the University of Michigan (UofM) in the context of national trends. We describe the experiences of pioneering Underrepresented in Medicine (URiM) and female graduates of the program. James Norris, MD, and Christine Sullivan, MD, were the first URiM and female graduates from UofM in 1974 and 1989, respectively. Currently, women constitute over one-half the plastic surgery trainees at UofM, but URiM trainee representation remains limited. Dr. Adeyiza Momoh and Dr. Amy Alderman were the first URiM and female faculty members hired in 2011 and 2004, respectively. At present, there are four URiM and seven female faculty members in the Section. With a shared vision, supportive leadership, and motivation to change, faculty diversity has increased substantially. Additional strategies, including ongoing pipeline programs in medicine and science for URiM and women, are needed to further increase workforce diversity in plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien J.S. Levy
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rachel C. Hooper
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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3
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Saadoun R, Soqia J, Ataya J, Fischer KS, De La Cruz C, Kamal A, Knoedler L, Risse EM. Beyond the Operating Room: Exploring Gender Bias in Leadership Positions in German Plastic Surgery. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e5370. [PMID: 37928632 PMCID: PMC10624477 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite efforts to promote gender equity in medicine, gender disparities persist in various medical specialties, including plastic surgery. This study aimed to investigate the representation of female physicians in leadership positions in German plastic surgery departments. Methods This cross-sectional study collected data about the physician workforce in the German plastic surgery field. The primary outcome was the proportion of female physicians in plastic surgery departments. Data were collected from 94 departments. The physician workforce was stratified based on gender and leadership. Results We included 812 physicians working in different German plastic surgery departments. Of those, 76.8% were in leadership positions, and 35.1% were women. There was a significant association between being male sex and holding a leadership position (n = 158/188, 84% versus n = 30/188, 16%, P < 0.0001). This association persisted even after accounting for the academic grade of each physician in a multivariable regression model (OR 2.565; 95% confidence interval, 1.628-4.041). Conclusions Women are significantly underrepresented in leadership positions in German plastic surgery, with only 16% of female physicians holding such positions. Furthermore, being male sex was significantly associated with holding a leadership position, even after adjusting for the academic grade. These findings emphasize the existence of gender bias in the selection process for leadership positions in plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakan Saadoun
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
- Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jameel Soqia
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Jamal Ataya
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Katharina S. Fischer
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Plastic- and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Carolyn De La Cruz
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Abdallah Kamal
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Leonard Knoedler
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Eva-Maria Risse
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Plastic- and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Koljonen JL, Petro JA, Sommer NZ. Early Women Pioneers and the Evolution of Women in Plastic Surgery. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e5165. [PMID: 37577242 PMCID: PMC10419354 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The history of women in surgery has been documented since ancient times. Despite this, women physicians have historically encountered unique obstacles in achieving the same respect and privileges as their male counterparts. Early female physicians overcame many challenges to complete their training following graduation from medical school. The first woman in the field of plastic surgery in the United States was Dr. Alma Dea Morani, who became a member of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons (ASPRS, now ASPS) in 1948. She applied for plastic surgery training six different times over 6 years, until she was accepted at a position where she had shadowing-only privileges. Yet, her steadfast determination and perseverance led her to build a successful career, becoming a role model and advocate for women in plastic surgery. The Women Plastic Surgeons Forum within ASPRS was officially established in 1992; however, informal events began as early as 1979. This group fostered mentorship among emerging female leaders, allowing women to take on leadership roles within national plastic surgery organizations. These women, in turn, have become role models for subsequent generations of women in this field. Plastic surgery has historically seen a higher percentage of female residents relative to other surgical specialties. Studies have shown that female role models are the most influential factor for female medical students interested in plastic surgery, a powerful fact considering women now comprise over 50% of graduating medical students. Female mentorship is essential in fostering the future generation of female plastic surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L Koljonen
- From the Institute for Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Ill
| | | | - Nicole Z Sommer
- From the Institute for Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Ill
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5
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Silvestre J, Boone AR, Wilson G, Thompson TL, Lee BT, Wilson RH. Correlation of Scholarly Activity and Departmental Clinical Productivity in a Surgical Subspecialty. J Surg Res 2023; 283:324-328. [PMID: 36427441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Promotion within academic surgery involves demonstrated excellence in administrative, clinical, and scholarly activities. The present study analyzes the relationship between scholarly and clinical productivity in the field of reconstructive microsurgery. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of microsurgery fellowship directors (MFDs). Data on clinical productivity were obtained from the American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery and scholarly productivity from Scopus. Outcomes were department annual free flap volume, number of publications, and h-index. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and nonparametric tests were used to compare continuous variables. RESULTS Thirty-nine MFDs were included in this study. All were plastic surgery residency trained and 38% trained under the independent training pathway. Most underwent formal fellowship training in reconstructive microsurgery (89%). The top three microsurgery fellowships trained 37% of all MFDs. Twenty-five percent of MFDs trained at the institution where they ultimately became program director. Twenty percent of MFDs had an additional degree (4 MS, 2 PhD, and 1 MBA). The median number of annual free flaps performed per institution was 175 (interquartile range [IQR] 122). The median h-index was 17 (IQR 13) resulting from 48 (IQR 99) publications. There was a correlation between department annual free flap volume and h-index (r = 0.333, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS There is a correlation between academic productivity of MFDs and the clinical productivity of their department. This study provides a benchmark for aspiring reconstructive microsurgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Silvestre
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Andrew R Boone
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gabriel Wilson
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Terry L Thompson
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Bernard T Lee
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert H Wilson
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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Christopher AN, Patel V, Mellia JA, Morris MP, Diatta F, Murphy AI, Fischer JP. Leadership Roles, Academic Appointments, and Scholarly Activity—Does a Fellowship after Plastic Surgery Training Make a Difference? Arch Plast Surg 2022; 49:207-214. [PMID: 35832666 PMCID: PMC9045523 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Fellowship training is becoming more popular in plastic surgery, with over half of residents pursuing advanced training. Here, we investigate how clinical and research fellowship training impacts career trajectory and scholastic achievement in academic plastic surgery.
Methods
Plastic surgery faculty members, from programs recognized by the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons, were identified using institutional Web sites. Data extracted included faculty demographics, training history, academic positions, and research productivity. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using
t
-tests and chi-square, respectively.
Results
In total, 949 faculty members were included, with 657 (69%) having completed fellowship training. Integrated program residents were more likely to complete a fellowship when compared with independent residents (
p
< 0.0001). Fellowship trained faculty were more likely to have graduated from a higher ranked residency program, in terms of both overall and research reputation (
p
= 0.005 and
p
= 0.016, respectively). When controlling for years in practice, there was no difference found in number of publications, Hirsch index (h-index), or National Institutes of Health funding between faculty between the two cohorts (
p
> 0.05). In a subanalysis comparing hand, craniofacial, microsurgery, and research fellowships, those who completed a research fellowship had higher h-indices and were more likely to reach full professor status (
p
< 0.001 and
p
= 0.001, respectively). Fellowship training had no effect on being promoted to Chief/Chair of departments (
p
= 0.16).
Conclusion
Fellowship training is common among academic plastic surgeons. In this study, both clinical and research fellowships were associated with various aspects of academic success. However, fellowship training alone did not affect attainment of leadership positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne N. Christopher
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Viren Patel
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph A. Mellia
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Martin P. Morris
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fortunay Diatta
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander I. Murphy
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - John P. Fischer
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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7
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Seu MY, Yang SD, Qiao JB, Hansdorfer MA, Graham S, Wiegmann A, Esmaeeli S, Dorafshar AH. The Association Between H-Index and Publication of Plastic Surgery Meeting Presenters From 2014 to 2017. J Surg Res 2022; 272:125-131. [PMID: 34968785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plastic surgery is a competitive specialty that values research productivity among members of the field. The Hirsch index has been shown to measure a researcher's scientific impact. This study sought to determine whether an association exists between H-indices and the probability of and speed to publication. METHODS Using Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Plastic Surgery the Meeting (PSTM) website, first author (FAHi) and senior author (SAHi) H-indices (n = 1048) from Plastic Surgery the Meeting (PSTM) abstracts from 2014 to 2017 were collected. Whether or not an abstract was ultimately published in a peer-reviewed journal was noted. If published, number of days between PSTM presentation and publication date were recorded. Logistic regression model was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS In total, 592 out of 1048 total abstracts were published as manuscripts. FAHi and SAHi had significant positive correlations with odds of publication. Both FAHi and SAHi showed positive correlation with the odds of abstract publication (P < 0.001 and P = 0.033). Impact of FAHi on likelihood of publication was greater than that of SAHi. The correlation between FAHi and SAHi with the number of days until abstract publication was not significant (P = 0.333 and P = 0.856). For abstracts published before the PSTM presentation date (15.9% of published), only FAHi (P = 0.008) showed positive correlation of publication before presentation. CONCLUSIONS The Hirsch index provides an objective method for evaluating the probability that an abstract will lead to manuscript publication, in addition to its traditional application in gauging the impact of research. The findings of this study support that both FAHi and SAHi have a positive, direct correlation with the probability of publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Seu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - S Daniel Yang
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
| | - James B Qiao
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Marek A Hansdorfer
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shelby Graham
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aaron Wiegmann
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shooka Esmaeeli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amir H Dorafshar
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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Jain A, Nichols G, Tarabishy S, Scomacao I, Herrera FA. A Comparison of Applicant and Resident Physician Demographics Among Surgical Subspecialties From 2009 to 2019: Trends in Gender and Underrepresented Minorities in Medicine. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 88:451-459. [PMID: 34711732 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purposes of this study were to compare applicant statistics to resident physician demographics among several surgical subspecialties (SSSs), to identify trends of gender and underrepresented minorities in medicine (UIM), and to evaluate current diversity among these specialties. METHODS Graduate medical education reports from 2009 to 2019 were queried to determine trends among programs. Further identification of gender and UIM statistics was obtained in 4 several SSSs: integrated plastic surgery, orthopedic surgery (OS), otolaryngology surgery (ENT), and neurosurgery (NS). These were compared with Association of American Medical Colleges data of residency applicants for the respective years. RESULTS Significant differences were seen among gender and UIM(s) of the applicant pool when compared with resident data. All specialties had significantly fewer American Indian and African American residents compared with applicants. Significant differences between applicants and residents were also found among Hispanic, Native Hawaiian, and female demographics. All SSSs had a significant positive trend for the percentage of female residents. Significant differences between specialties were identified among African American, Hispanic, and female residents. Orthopedic surgery and NS had significantly higher percentage of African American residents compared with ENT and integrated plastic surgery. Neurosurgery had significantly higher percentage of Hispanic residents compared with OS and ENT. Integrated plastic surgery and ENT had significantly higher percentage of female residents compared with OS and NS. CONCLUSIONS There has been significant increase in number of residency programs and resident positions since 2009. However, increase in female residents and UIM(s) among SSSs has not matched the pace of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina Nichols
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Sami Tarabishy
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
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Millennial Leaders: Ready or Not, Here They Come. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 148:130S-136S. [PMID: 34699515 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000794948.37642.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Women in Leadership and Their Influence on the Gender Diversity of Academic Plastic Surgery Programs. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 147:516-526. [PMID: 33587563 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women seldom reach the highest leadership positions in academic plastic surgery. Contributing factors include lack of female role models/mentors and lack of gender diversity. Studies show that female role models and mentors are critical for recruiting and retaining female surgeons and that gender diversity within organizations more strongly influences women's career choices. The authors therefore sought to determine the current gender diversity of academic plastic surgery programs and investigate influences of gender and leadership on program gender composition. METHODS A cross-sectional study of U.S. plastic surgery residency programs was performed in December of 2018. Genders of the leadership were collected, including medical school dean, department of surgery chair, department/division of plastic surgery chair/chief, plastic surgery program director, plastic surgery faculty, and plastic surgery residents. Gender relationships among these groups were analyzed. RESULTS Ninety-nine residency programs were identified (79 integrated with or without independent and 20 independent). Women represented a smaller proportion of academic plastic surgeons in more senior positions (38 percent residents, 20 percent faculty, 13 percent program directors, and 8 percent chairs). Plastic surgery chair gender was significantly correlated with program director gender, and plastic surgery faculty gender was significantly associated with plastic surgery resident gender. Although not statistically significant, female plastic surgery chair gender was associated with a 45 percent relative increase in female plastic surgery residents. CONCLUSIONS Women in leadership and gender diversity influence the composition of academic plastic surgery programs. Gender disparity exists at all levels, worsening up the academic ladder. Recruitment, retention, and promotion of women is critical, as such diversity is required for continued progress in innovation and problem-solving within plastic surgery.
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Leaders of the Pack: A Comparison of Chairs and Chiefs to Other Surgeons in American Academic Plastic Surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2349-2353. [PMID: 34074925 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chairs/chiefs of plastic surgery departments/divisions are responsible for directing activities at academic institutions and thus help determine the direction of academic plastic surgery. Other studies have characterized this group but have not shown which characteristics separate them from other surgeons in the field. To study this relationship, a cross-sectional analysis of plastic surgery faculty affiliated with United States residency training programs (n = 99) was initiated. Data were collected from public online websites. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify factors independently associated with chairs/chief status. Sub-analyses were performed within Tiers stratified by residency program rank of chair/chief's current institution. Among 943 plastic surgeons, 98 chairs/chiefs were identified. In accordance with prior literature, most are male (89%) and fellowship-trained (62%), and they have a median H-index of 17. Compared to other surgeons, chair/chiefs have more years in practice (odds ratio [OR]: 1.026, confidence interval [CI]: 0.002-0.049, P = 0.034), higher H-index (OR: 1.103, CI: 0.048-0.147, P < 0.001), and more citations (OR: 1.000, CI: -0.000 to -0.001, P = 0.006). Chair/chiefs were also more likely to be journal editorial board members (OR: 1.728, CI: -0.033 to 1.127, P = 0.046) and national society/organization presidents (OR: 1.024, CI: 0.008-0.039, P = 0.003). No notable differences were found between department chairs versus division chiefs or across Tiers. Overall, scholarly achievement and significant years of experience distinguish chairs/chiefs in American academic plastic surgery. Criteria for achieving this leadership role may not differ between departments and divisions. Further research is needed to evaluate whether these characteristics translate into more effective leadership.
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12
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McGlone KL, Ngaage LM, Steinberg JP, Lifchez SD, Slezak S, Rasko YM. Academic Productivity Among Plastic Surgery Subspecialty Fellowship Applicants. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 86:371-375. [PMID: 32881746 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plastic surgery subspecialty fellowships are highly competitive. Academic productivity is an objective metric that can be used to compare candidates. This study aims to evaluate intersubspecialty differences in academic profiles of plastic surgery fellows. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the plastic surgery fellows in the United States from 2015 to 2019. We used the San Francisco Match website and individual program websites to obtain details of fellowship programs (microsurgery, aesthetic, hand, and craniofacial) and plastic surgery fellows. Bibliometric data at the time of fellowship application were obtained for each fellow. RESULTS A total of 235 fellows were included. There was a significant difference in the median number of publications (P = 0.0067) and h-index (P = 0.0229) across subspecialties. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that dedicated research time was predictive for a high publication count (odds ratio [OR], 3.59; P = 0.0007) and h-index (OR, 4.88; P < 0.0001) at the time of fellowship application. Although international residency and aesthetic fellowship application were predictive of a reduced number of publications (OR, 0.17; P < 0.0001, and OR, 0.43; P = 0.0190, respectively), H-index was increased by possession of an advanced degree (OR, 2.00; P = 0.0291) and decreased with international residency (OR, 0.26, P = 0.0021). CONCLUSIONS All plastic surgery fellows have highly qualified academic profiles at the time of fellowship application. Academic productivity differs between subspecialty fellowships. Those wishing to match into competitive subspecialties should consider taking dedicated time for research or attaining an advanced degree.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ledibabari M Ngaage
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Jordan P Steinberg
- Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Scott D Lifchez
- Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sheri Slezak
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Yvonne M Rasko
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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13
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Predicting a leader: Analyzing the presidents of plastic surgery societies. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:890-930. [PMID: 33172820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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15
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The Glass Ceiling in Plastic Surgery: A Propensity-Matched Analysis of the Gender Gap in Career Advancement. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 146:690-697. [PMID: 32842118 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender parity remains elusive in academic plastic surgery. It is unknown whether this disparity is attributable to differences in qualifications or to the glass ceiling of gender bias. To parse this, the authors compared academic titles and departmental leadership of female academic plastic surgeons to a matched group of their male counterparts. METHODS The authors conducted a cross-sectional analysis of academic plastic surgeons. The authors identified faculty, sex, academic rank, and leadership positions from plastic surgery residency program websites. The authors then collected details on training institution, advanced degrees, years in practice, and h-index for use as independent variables. The authors performed a propensity score analysis to 1:1 match male and female academic plastic surgeons. RESULTS A total of 818 academic plastic surgeons were included. The cohort was predominately male [n = 658 (81 percent)], with a median 12 years in practice and a median h-index of 9. Before matching, men had more years in practice (13 years versus 9 years; p < 0.0001), a greater h-index (11 versus 5; p < 0.0001), were more likely to be professors (34 percent versus 13 percent; p < 0.0001), and held more leadership positions than women (41 percent versus 30 percent; p = 0.0221). Following matching, gender parity was demonstrated in academic rank and departmental leadership. CONCLUSIONS Differences in training, qualifications, career length, and academic productivity may account for the leadership gap in academic plastic surgery. Gendered difficulties in reaching qualification benchmarks must be addressed before gender parity in promotion can be achieved.
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Integrated Plastic Surgery Match: Trends in Research Productivity of Successful Candidates. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 146:193-201. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Olive JK, Iranpour N, Luc JGY, Preventza OA, Blackmon SH, Antonoff MB. Representation of Women in the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association: Evidence for Positive Change. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 110:1739-1744. [PMID: 32199829 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increases in female representation within the cardiothoracic surgical workforce and societal memberships, our previous work has demonstrated that at the national level, women's roles have remained stagnant among conference presentations and leadership opportunities. In this study, we sought to identify whether similar findings exist at the regional level, specifically within the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association (STSA). METHODS STSA Annual Meeting Program Books from 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018 were reviewed for women's representation among oral abstract authors, invited speakers, moderators, STSA leadership, and award recipients. Differences between the sexes and time points were assessed with χ2 analyses and t tests, respectively. RESULTS In 2003, women accounted for 4 of 102 authors (3.9%), including 2 of 51 (3.9%) presenting and 2 of 51 (3.9%) senior roles. From 2003 to 2018, increases in female authorship were observed, with 18 of 85 (21.2%) presenting and 13 of 85 (15.3%) senior author positions filled by women (P = .017 and P = .072, respectively). Compared with men, women consistently accounted for fewer invited speakers (P < .050 for all years). Although women represented fewer session moderators (P < .050 for all years), a significant increase was observed over time, from 0 of 2 (0.0%) in 2003 to 18 of 105 (17.1%) in 2018 (P = .009). Compared with 2003, women also increased significantly among STSA committee members in 2018 (0 of 7 [0.0%] vs 6 of 40 [15.0%], P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Over the last 15 years, women have been increasingly represented among STSA Annual Meeting presenting authors, session moderators, and committee members. However, opportunity for greater emphasis on diversity and inclusion exists, particularly among invited speakers and STSA leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Olive
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Niki Iranpour
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica G Y Luc
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ourania A Preventza
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Shanda H Blackmon
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Gender Bias in the Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency: A Snapshot of Current Trends. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e2581. [PMID: 32095396 PMCID: PMC7015597 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the male to female ratio of plastic surgeons is approximately 5:1. As more surgical specialties are recruiting female residents, there has been an increase in the amount of females. We set out to examine the current trends in residency recruitment and whether a quantifiable gender bias exists. Methods A review of all the integrated plastic surgery programs within the United States was conducted. Data were collected regarding department or division status, the gender of the chairman and the program directors, the number of residents per year and gender of residents per year. The ratio of male to female residents was calculated. Results A total of 62 residency programs were identified. The vast majority had a male program director with only 8 female program directors identified. The mean ratio of female/male (F/M) residents overall was 1/1.2. Female program directors selected residents in the same ratio as their male counterparts [F/M ratio: 1/1.26 versus 1/1.18, p:0.813]. A linear logistic regression failed to identify the geographic location, department status, gender of the department chairman or the number of residents selected per year as predictors of higher F/M ratio. Conclusions There are still fewer female program directors and residents in plastic surgery overall. However, neither was more likely to select a resident of their own gender. This analysis does not rule out the possible self-selection factor.
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