1
|
Shahzad F, Ray E. Pelvic and Perineal Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 154:803e-816e. [PMID: 39314105 PMCID: PMC11424020 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000011137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Classify types of bony pelvic resections. 2. Outline reconstructive options for pelvic and perineal defects. 3. Identify advantages and drawbacks of various reconstructive techniques. 4. Recognize the functional benefits of bony and soft-tissue reconstruction. SUMMARY Defects of the pelvis and perineum arise from tumors, trauma, infection, congenital differences, and gender incongruence. Pelvic resections can result in bony instability and soft-tissue deficiency. The goals of reconstruction are maintenance of spinopelvic continuity, elimination of dead space, resurfacing of cutaneous defects, and prevention of hernias. Perineal reconstruction has important functional considerations. Abdominoperineal resection and pelvic exenteration defects benefit from flap reconstruction to decrease pelvic wound complications. Vulvovaginal reconstruction is performed with flaps from the perineum, thigh, or abdomen. Scrotal and superficial penile defects are most commonly reconstructed with scrotal flaps and skin grafts. Total penile reconstruction most commonly uses a radial forearm free flap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Shahzad
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Edward Ray
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huepenbecker SP, Soliman PT, Meyer LA, Iniesta MD, Chisholm GB, Taylor JS, Wilke RN, Fleming ND. Perioperative outcomes in gynecologic pelvic exenteration before and after implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery program. Gynecol Oncol 2024; 189:80-87. [PMID: 39042957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2024.07.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies before and after implementation of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols. METHODS We performed an institutional retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies before (1/1/2006-12/30/2014) and after (1/1/2015-6/30/2023) ERAS implementation. We described ERAS compliance rates. We compared outcomes up to 60 days post-exenteration. Complication grades were defined by the Clavien-Dindo system. RESULTS Overall, 105 women underwent pelvic exenteration; 74 (70.4%) in the pre-ERAS and 31 (29.5%) in the ERAS cohorts. There were no differences between cohorts in age, body mass index, race, primary disease site, type of exenteration, urinary diversion, or vaginal reconstruction. All patients had complications, with at least one grade II+ complication in 94.6% of pre-ERAS and 90.3% of ERAS patients. The ERAS cohort had more grade I-II gastrointestinal (61.3% vs 21.6%, p < 0.001) and hematologic (61.3% vs 36.5%, p = 0.030) and grade III-IV renal (29.0% vs 12.2%, p = 0.048) and wound (45.2% vs 18.9%, p = 0.008) complications compared to the pre-ERAS cohort. ERAS patients had a higher rate of ileus (38.7% vs 10.8%, p = 0.002), urinary leak (22.6% vs 5.4%, p = 0.014), pelvic abscess (35.5% vs 10.8%, p = 0.005), postoperative bleeding requiring intervention (61.3% vs 28.4%, p = 0.002), and readmission (71.4% vs 46.5%, p = 0.025). Median ERAS compliance was 60%. CONCLUSIONS Pelvic exenteration remains a morbid procedure, and complications were more common in ERAS compared to pre-ERAS cohorts. ERAS protocols should be optimized and tailored to the complexity of pelvic exenteration compared to standard gynecologic oncology ERAS pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Huepenbecker
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pamela T Soliman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Larissa A Meyer
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria D Iniesta
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary B Chisholm
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jolyn S Taylor
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roni Nitecki Wilke
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicole D Fleming
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Demmer W, Alt V, Mert S, Nuernberger T, Wachtel N, Karcz K, Giunta RE, Ehrl D. [Coverage of complex pararectal pelvic defects: role of the free myocutaneous musculus vastus lateralis flap]. HANDCHIR MIKROCHIR P 2024; 56:279-285. [PMID: 38648802 DOI: 10.1055/a-2288-5141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the event of an advanced rectal carcinoma, an evisceration with rectal amputation may become necessary. The resulting defects, due to their extent, depth, or local tissue damage from previous surgeries and radiation, can in many cases only be closed through free microvascular tissue transfer. In this case series, we demonstrate the successful combination of a musculocutaneous musculus vastus lateralis flap (MVL) with a direct connection to the superior gluteal artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Over a 47-month period, we retrospectively examined 11 cases of patients with dorsal pelvic defects after evisceration and rectal amputation that could not be closed using local or regional means. In cases of extensive defects with deep pararectal wound cavities, all these patients underwent defect coverage through a free myocutaneous MVL flap with a direct vascular anastomosis to the superior gluteal vessels. RESULTS The mean defect size was 290.0 cm² (SD: 131.2; range: 200-600 cm²). The mean defect depth was 10.5 cm, necessitating MVL flap reconstruction with an average size of 336.3 cm². Three operative revisions were required due to postoperative bleeding. There were no arterial or venous thromboses, and no flap loss occurred. Only one necrosis of a distal flap tip was observed, which could be corrected secondarily by direct suturing. The case-mix evaluation yielded an average value of 24.251 (SD: 21.699; range: 7.036-65.748) points, emphasizing the complexity of the cases. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a free microvascular MVL flap is a viable therapeutic option for pararectal defects that cannot be closed by local or regional methods. The superior gluteal artery proves to be a safe and sufficient vascular connection. In combination, even extensive defects can be successfully closed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Demmer
- Abteilung für Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Äshetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, München, Germany
| | - Verena Alt
- Abteilung für Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Äshetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, München, Germany
| | - Sinan Mert
- Abteilung für Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Äshetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, München, Germany
| | - Tim Nuernberger
- Abteilung für Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Äshetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, München, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Wachtel
- Abteilung für Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Äshetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, München, Germany
| | - Konrad Karcz
- Klinik für Plastische, Wiederherstellende und Handchirurgie, Zentrum für Schwerbrandverletzte, Klinikum Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Riccardo E Giunta
- Abteilung für Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Äshetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, München, Germany
| | - Denis Ehrl
- Abteilung für Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Äshetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, München, Germany
- Klinik für Plastische, Wiederherstellende und Handchirurgie, Zentrum für Schwerbrandverletzte, Klinikum Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barnes LL, Holland MC, Lentz R, Knox JA, Sbitany H, Piper M. Abdominal Mesh Use in Pedicled Rectus Abdominis Flaps for Pelvic Reconstruction. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e6100. [PMID: 39188961 PMCID: PMC11346840 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000006100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Rectus abdominis flap coverage of high-risk perineal wounds following extirpative pelvic procedures can result in improved perineal outcomes. However, rectus abdominis flap harvest has morbidity associated with the donor site, including hernia or bulge development. The risk-benefit profile of mesh use in this scenario is not well-defined in the literature. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent rectus abdominis flap coverage of pelvic defects at our institution during July 2012-January 2021. Patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes were assessed. Patients were stratified into groups based on whether mesh was used and whether primary fascial closure was achieved. Donor site outcomes were analyzed between groups. Results One hundred consecutive patients were included. When considering all patients in whom primary fascial closure was achieved, the use of mesh did not significantly decrease rates of hernia development. Mesh use in this setting was associated with significantly greater rates of infection, requiring procedural intervention (12% versus 0%, P = 0.044). When considering all patients in whom mesh was used, primary fascial closure was associated with decreased rates of hernia development, and this trended toward significance (16.1% versus 0.0%, P = 0.058). Conclusions When closing a pedicled rectus abdominis flap donor site, if primary fascial closure is achievable, the addition of mesh to reinforce the repair does not have an added benefit. Mesh use in this setting was not shown to prevent hernia or bulge development, and was found to be associated with significantly greater rates of infection, requiring procedural intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Barnes
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Michael C. Holland
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Rachel Lentz
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Jacquelyn A. Knox
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Hani Sbitany
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, N.Y
| | - Merisa Piper
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reece MK, Langenfeld TL, Pak KY, Wax MK, Tan K, Slijepcevic A, Petrisor D, Alwani M, Johnson RM, Ducic Y, Kadakia SP. Impact of smoking on donor site following rectus flap harvest for head and neck reconstruction. Am J Otolaryngol 2023; 44:103847. [PMID: 36989752 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap has been widely used as a reconstructive option in head and neck reconstruction with great success. Challenging the popular assumption, this study sought to examine the effects of smoking on donor site complications in this population. METHODS Multi-institution retrospective study of 103 patients (50 active smokers, 28 former and 25 never smoked). RESULTS Overall complication rate was 14.5 %. Hernia rate 4.8 %, evisceration 0 %, dehiscence 2.9 %, infection 6.7 %. Smoking history did not significantlly influence complication rates (chi square test, p = 0.33). Abdominal wall closure technique also did not influence the complication rate (chi square test, p = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS The rectus abdomonis myocutaneous free flap has an acceptable complication rate that does not appear to be influenced by smoking history. While patients should be counseled regarding smoking cessation, smoking habits should not delay treatment nor obviate consideration of rectus flap utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mac Kenzie Reece
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Dayton, OH, United States of America.
| | - Tyler L Langenfeld
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States of America.
| | - Kaitlynne Y Pak
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark K Wax
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
| | - Kenneth Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
| | - Allison Slijepcevic
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States of America.
| | - Dan Petrisor
- Department of Oral Maxillo Facial Surgery, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
| | - Mohamedkazim Alwani
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - R Michael Johnson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Yadranko Ducic
- Otolarygology and Facial Plastic Surgery Assoc., Forth Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Sameep P Kadakia
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 30 E Apple St, Suite 2200, 45409, Dayton, OH, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pérez-García A, García-Vilariño E, García-Granero Á, Alonso-Carpio M, Sánchez-García A, Valverde-Navarro A, García-Granero E. Comparison of vertical and extended vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps. An anatomical study. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2023; 57:153-156. [PMID: 35034570 DOI: 10.1080/2000656x.2021.2024554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The extended vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (eVRAM) flap has been proposed for reconstruction of large pelviperineal defects where traditional VRAM flap could be insufficient. To compare the dimensions of VRAM and eVRAM flaps an anatomical study was performed. Ten VRAM and ten eVRAM flaps were dissected in ten fresh adult cadavers. Length, width and volume of all the flaps were measured. Length and volume were significantly larger in eVRAM flap compared to VRAM flap (36.55 cm vs. 30.15, p=.005; and 315.5 vs. 244 mL, p=.012, respectively). No differences were observed in flap width. The eVRAM flap could be a better option than traditional VRAM for reconstruction of big pelviperineal defects when bulkier tissue, larger skin paddle and/or longer arch of rotation are needed for reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pérez-García
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Miriam Alonso-Carpio
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Puyana S, Hajebian HH, Kresofsky K, Burko I, Mejia N, Babycos CR. Perineal Surgery: A Novel Use for the Keller Funnel. EPLASTY 2022; 22:QA3. [PMID: 36478956 PMCID: PMC9703911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
What are the effects of radiation therapy on local tissue and structures seen in anterior perineal resection requiring vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap coverage?What are the indications and benefits of the Keller Funnel?What are important factors that affect vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap viability in anterior perineal resection?Why was the Keller Funnel indicated compared with other techniques in the setting of a narrow pelvic inlet?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Puyana
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Hooman H Hajebian
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Kevin Kresofsky
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Igor Burko
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Natalia Mejia
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Christopher R Babycos
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap and its Modifications in Perineal and Vulva Reconstruction: a Case Series Analysis. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-022-03579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
9
|
Sacroperineal Reconstruction With Inferior Gluteal Artery Perforator Flaps After Resection of Locally Advanced Primary and Recurrent Anorectal Malignancy. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 89:306-311. [PMID: 35993686 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Modern interdisciplinary concepts with involvement of various surgical specialties can considerably reduce perioperative morbidity after sacroperineal resection of locally advanced primary or recurrent anorectal malignancies. Resultant defects can represent a major challenge for reconstruction particularly with chemoradiotherapy. The aim is to assess the long-term outcomes of sacroperineal reconstruction using inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps.We performed a retrospective data analysis on 31 patients who were treated with inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps (n = 61) over the period 2009-2021. The demographic data, comorbidities, operative details, and outcomes with special focus on wound infection and dehiscence were recorded.The median age was 42 year (range, 25-82 years) with preponderance of males (n = 21). The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 80 months. Early minor complications included superficial wound dehiscence (3), which was managed conservatively, whereas the major (2) included deep wound collection and infection (1), which required surgical drainage, and perineal hernia, which required repair. All flaps survived completely.Inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps are safe, robust, and reliable with less donor side morbidity and positive impact on quality of life. It should be considered as a valuable tool in the reconstructive armamentarium of sacroperineal defects within a multidisciplinary setting.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pérez-García A, García-Granero Á, Thione A, Frasson M, Sánchez-García A, Salmerón-González E, Simón E, Domingo S, García-Granero E. Extended vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for reconstruction of large pelviperineal defects following oncologic resection. J Surg Oncol 2022; 126:1383-1388. [PMID: 36003058 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Extended vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (eVRAM) flap has been proposed for reconstruction of large pelviperineal defects where traditional VRAM flap is insufficient. We present our experience with eVRAM flap for pelviperineal reconstruction following oncologic resection. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted, including all the patients who underwent reconstruction with eVRAM flap after complex pelvic resection, between 2012 and 2020. EVRAM flap was indicated when traditional VRAM was considered deficient to cover or reach the skin defect or to fill the dead space. RESULTS Forty-four patients were included in the study. Successful reconstruction with eVRAM flap was achieved in 40 patients. There were three flap failures, and one patient died in the second postoperative day because of multiple organ failure. Perineal wound complications occurred in 17 patients (38.6%), eight of them requiring surgical reoperation. Donor site problems were present in five patients (11.4%), and only one patient required surgical closure because of a major dehiscence. CONCLUSIONS The authors found the eVRAM flap to be a useful and reliable flap for reconstruction of complex pelviperineal wounds, with a low rate of donor site morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pérez-García
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alessandro Thione
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Matteo Frasson
- Department of General Surgery, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Eduardo Simón
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Domingo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - E García-Granero
- Department of General Surgery, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Perineal reconstruction algorithm for recurrent lower rectal and anal carcinoma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-022-01971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Mahajan NN, Serur E, Lakhi NA. Utilization of an Omental J-Flap in Complex Gynecological Surgeries. J Gynecol Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.2021.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nandita N. Mahajan
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eli Serur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Gynecologic Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Nisha A. Lakhi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, New York, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Discussion: System-Level Determinants of Access to Flap Reconstruction after Abdominoperineal Resection. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:233-234. [PMID: 34936626 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand variations of the myocutaneous rectus abdominis muscle flap as it is used for perineal reconstruction and discuss common and alternative options for perineal defect reconstruction. 2. Review primary options and alternatives to pressure sore reconstruction if the primary option is not available and recognize when pressure sore reconstruction is not feasible. 3. Highlight pertinent anatomy and techniques for the flaps described. SUMMARY Perineal reconstruction following tumor resection is often complicated by irradiated tissue and multiple comorbidities, making reconstruction challenging. Management of these conditions can have complication rates as high as 66 percent, which further compounds the costs and implications of managing these wounds. These complication rates can be significantly decreased using flap closure rather than primary closure. Pressure ulcers also occur in patients with poor overall health, multiple comorbidities, and often numerous prior failed reconstruction attempts. Comprehensive management of pressure sores is a significant burden to the health care system, at a cost of $9.1 to $11.6 billion per year. There exists an extensive body of literature describing the pathophysiology and management strategies for these problems. The focus of this article is to discuss best solutions for perineal and pressure ulcer reconstruction, and to explore alternative options for reconstruction.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
SUMMARY Vascularized tissue for obliteration of large pelvic dead spaces created by extirpative surgery has been shown to reduce complication rates. As more extensive resections are performed robotically, plastic surgeons have been challenged to reconstruct the resulting defects using a minimally invasive approach. The goal of this study was to report the authors' experience with robotic harvest of the rectus abdominis muscle for reconstruction of pelvic defects. The authors conducted a retrospective case series of patients who underwent robotic flap harvest following robotic extirpative surgery at their institution. Patient demographics, surgical characteristics, and postoperative outcomes were collected. These were compared to a retrospective cohort of patients who underwent open rectus abdominis muscle harvest. The authors identified seven male patients who underwent robotic flap harvest for pelvic reconstruction between 2013 and 2019. Their mean age was 66 ± 6 years and mean body mass index was 31 ± 5 kg/m2. Six patients (86 percent) had a history of radiation therapy and five patients (71 percent) received hormone therapy or chemotherapy. Surgical-site complications occurred in two patients. One patient developed ventral hernia. The donor-site complication rate was 19 percent (n = 18) in patients who underwent open rectus abdominis muscle harvest (n = 95). This study demonstrates the safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of robotic harvest of the rectus abdominis muscle in complex, multidisciplinary, minimally invasive pelvic surgery. The technique avoids violation of the anterior rectus sheath and wound complications related to open flap harvest, and early experience suggests reduced donor-site morbidity. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, IV.
Collapse
|
16
|
Rekonstruktion onkologischer Defekte der Perianalregion. COLOPROCTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00053-021-00575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Flap Reconstruction of Perineal Defects after Pelvic Exenteration: A Systematic Description of Four Choices of Surgical Reconstruction Methods. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 147:1420-1435. [PMID: 33973948 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of locally advanced or recurrent anorectal cancer requires radical surgery such as extralevator abdominoperineal resection and pelvic exenteration. Larger defects require flap reconstruction. The authors evaluated outcomes of different perineal reconstruction techniques. METHODS A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Studies reporting outcomes on perineal flap reconstruction in patients with anal or colorectal cancer were included. Data on patient characteristics, surgical details, perineal and donor-site complications, revision surgery, mortality, and quality of life were extracted. Articles were assessed using the Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation approach. RESULTS The authors included 58 mainly observational studies comprising 1988 patients. Seventy-three percent of patients had rectal cancer. The majority of 910 abdominoperineal resection patients underwent reconstruction with rectus abdominis flaps (91 percent). Dehiscence (15 to 32 percent) and wound infection (8 to 16 percent) were the most common complications. Partial flap necrosis occurred in 2 to 4 percent and flap loss occurred in 0 to 2 percent. Perineal herniation was seen in 6 percent after gluteal flap reconstruction and in 0 to 1 percent after other types of reconstruction. Donor-site complications were substantial but were reported inconsistently. CONCLUSIONS Clinical outcome data on perineal reconstruction after exenterative surgery are mostly of very low quality. Perineal reconstruction after pelvic exenteration is complex and requires a patient-tailored approach. Primary defect size, reconstruction aims, donor-site availability, and long-term morbidity should be taken into account. This review describes the clinical outcomes of four flap reconstruction techniques. Shared clinical decision-making on perineal reconstruction should be based on these present comprehensive data.
Collapse
|
18
|
Reply to Comment on, "Complications and Impact on Quality of Life of Vertical Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flaps for Reconstruction in Pelvic Exenteration Surgery". Dis Colon Rectum 2021; 64:e100-e101. [PMID: 33625051 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
19
|
Horch RE, Ludolph I, Arkudas A. [Reconstruction of oncological defects of the perianal region]. Chirurg 2021; 92:1159-1170. [PMID: 33904942 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-021-01394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the progressive development of surgical oncological techniques for malignant tumors of the rectum, anal canal and vulva, reconstructive procedures after oncological interventions in the perianal region represent a cornerstone in the postoperative quality of life of patients. Modern treatment modalities for rectal cancer with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy increase the survival rate and simultaneously reduce the risk of local recurrence to 5-10%, especially by cylindrical extralevatory extirpation of the rectum. The price for increased surgical radicality and improved oncological safety is the acceptance of larger tissue defects. Simple suture closure of perineal wounds often does not primarily heal, resulting in wound dehiscence, surgical site infections and formation of chronic fistulas and sinuses. The interdisciplinary one-stage or two-stage reconstruction of the perianal region with well-vascularized tissue has proven to be a reliable procedure to prevent or control such complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymund E Horch
- Plastisch- und Handchirurgische Klinik und Labor für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.
| | - Ingo Ludolph
- Plastisch- und Handchirurgische Klinik und Labor für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Plastisch- und Handchirurgische Klinik und Labor für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schellerer VS, Bartholomé L, Langheinrich MC, Grützmann R, Horch RE, Merkel S, Weber K. Donor Site Morbidity of Patients Receiving Vertical Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap for Perineal, Vaginal or Inguinal Reconstruction. World J Surg 2020; 45:132-140. [PMID: 32995931 PMCID: PMC7752873 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Management of donor site closure after harvesting a vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap is discussed heterogeneously in the literature. We aim to analyze the postoperative complications of the donor site depending on the closure technique. Methods During a 12-year period (2003–2015), 192 patients in our department received transpelvic VRAM flap reconstruction. Prospectively collected data were analyzed retrospectively. Results 182 patients received a VRAM flap reconstruction for malignant, 10 patients for benign disease. The median age of patients was 62 years. 117 patients (61%) received a reconstruction of donor site by Vypro® mesh, 46 patients (24%) by Vicryl® mesh, 23 patients (12%) by direct closure and 6 patients (3%) by combination of different meshes. 32 patients (17%) developed in total 34 postoperative complications at the donor site. 22 complications (11%) were treated conservatively, 12 (6%) surgically. 17 patients (9%) developed incisional hernia during follow-up, with highest incidence in the Vicryl® group (n = 8; 17%) and lowest in the Vypro® group (n = 7; 6%). Postoperative parastomal hernias were found in 30 patients (16%) including three patients with simultaneous hernia around an urostomy and a colostomy. The highest incidence of parastomal hernia was found in patients receiving primary closure of the donor site (n = 6; 26%), the lowest incidence in the Vypro® group (n = 16; 14%). Conclusion The use of Vypro® mesh for donor site closure appears to be associated with a low postoperative incidence of complications and can therefore be recommended as a preferred technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera S Schellerer
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Lenka Bartholomé
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melanie C Langheinrich
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Merkel
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Weber
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Complications and Impact on Quality of Life of Vertical Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flaps for Reconstruction in Pelvic Exenteration Surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2020; 63:1225-1233. [PMID: 33216493 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pelvic exenteration for malignancy sometimes necessitates flap reconstruction. OBJECTIVE This study's aim was to investigate flap-related morbidity. DESIGN A prospective database was reviewed from 2003 to 2016. All medical charts, correspondence, and outpatient follow-up records up to May 2017 were reviewed. SETTINGS This study was conducted at a tertiary referral unit. PATIENTS Patients who underwent pelvic exenteration surgery were selected. INTERVENTIONS Reconstruction was performed with a vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome was flap-related complications (short or long term >3 months). Secondary outcomes were hospital stay, readmission, mortality, and quality of life (Short Form-36, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy for patients with colorectal cancer). RESULTS Of 519 patients undergoing pelvic exenteration surgery, 87 (17%) underwent flap reconstruction. Median follow-up was 20 months (interquartile range, 8-39 months). Median age was 60 years (interquartile range, 51-66). Flap-related complications were found in 59 patients (68%), with minor recipient-site complications diagnosed in 33 patients (38%). In the short term, 15 patients experienced major recipient-site complications (17%), including flap separation (n = 7) and partial (n = 3) or complete necrosis (n = 4). Flap removal was required in 1 patient. Obesity was the single independent risk factor for short-term flap-related complications (p = 0.02). Hospital admission was significantly longer in patients with short-term major flap complications (median 65 days, p < 0.001) compared with patients without or with minor complications. There was no 90-day mortality. Patients who required flap reconstruction reported lower baseline quality-of-life scores than patients without flap reconstruction, but both recovered over time. In the long term, minor flap-related complications occurred in 12 patients, and 11 patients had major donor-site complications. Fourteen patients developed major recipient-site complications (16%), including sacral collections, enterocutaneous fistulas, perineal ulcer, or hernia. LIMITATIONS This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. CONCLUSIONS Vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps in pelvic exenteration surgery have a high incidence of morbidity that has significant impact on hospital stay and a temporary impact on quality of life. Flap reconstruction should be used selectively in pelvic exenteration surgery. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B274. COMPLICACIONES E IMPACTO EN LA CALIDAD DE VIDA DE LOS COLGAJOS MIOCUTÁNEOS DE MUSCULO RECTO DEL ABDOMEN EN CASOS DE RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE EXENTERACIÓN PÉLVICA: La exenteración pélvica (EP) para malignidad a veces requiere reconstrucción con colgajos musculares.El propósito del presente estudio fue investigar la morbilidad relacionada con los colagajos musculares.Revisión de una base de datos prospectiva de 2003-2016. Se evaluaron todas las historias clínicas, la correspondencia y los registros de seguimiento de pacientes ambulatorios hasta mayo de 2017.Unidad de referencia terciaria.Todos aquellas personas con cirugía de exenteración pélvica.Reconstrucción con colgajo miocutáneo de musculo recto vertical del abdomen.El resultado primario fueron las complicaciones relacionadas con el colgajo (a corto o largo plazo >3 meses). Los resultados secundarios fueron la estadía hospitalaria, la readmisión, la mortalidad y la calidad de vida (QOL; SF-36, FACT-C).De 519 pacientes sometidos a EP, 87 (17%) se sometieron a reconstrucción con colgajos miocutáneos. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 20 meses (RIC 8-39 meses). La mediana de edad fue de 60 años (IQR 51-66). Se encontraron complicaciones relacionadas con el colgajo en 59 pacientes (68%), con complicaciones menores en el sitio del receptor diagnosticadas en 33 pacientes (38%). A corto plazo, quince pacientes sufrieron complicaciones mayores en el sitio del receptor (17%), incluida la separación del colgajo (n = 7), necrosis parcial (n = 3) o necrosis completa (n = 4). Se requirió la extracción del colgajo en un paciente. La obesidad fue el único factor de riesgo independiente para complicaciones relacionadas con el colgajo a corto plazo (p = 0.02). El ingreso hospitalario fue significativamente mayor en pacientes con complicaciones de colgajos mayores a corto plazo (mediana 65 días p <0.001) en comparación con pacientes sin complicaciones menores o con complicaciones menores. No hubo mortalidad a los 90 días. Los pacientes que requirieron reconstrucción con colgajo informaron puntajes de calidad de vida basales más bajos que los pacientes sin reconstrucción con colgajo, pero ambos se recuperaron con el tiempo. A largo plazo, ocurrieron complicaciones menores relacionadas con el colgajo en 12 pacientes y 11 pacientes tuvieron complicaciones mayores en el sitio donante. Catorce pacientes desarrollaron complicaciones mayores en el sitio del receptor (16%), incluidas colecciones sacras, fístulas enterocutáneas, úlceras perineales o herniación.Análisis retrospectivo de datos recolectados prospectivamente.Los colgajos miocutáneos del musculo recto vertical del abdomen en casos de cirugía de exenteración pélvica tienen una alta incidencia de morbilidad conllevando a un impacto significativo en la estadía hospitalaria y un impacto temporal en la calidad de vida. Las reconstrucciones con colgajos deben aplicarse muy selectivamente en la cirugía de exenteración pélvica. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B274.
Collapse
|
22
|
Horch RE, Ludolph I, Cai A, Weber K, Grützmann R, Arkudas A. Interdisciplinary Surgical Approaches in Vaginal and Perineal Reconstruction of Advanced Rectal and Anal Female Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:719. [PMID: 32477947 PMCID: PMC7237715 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsing or far advanced rectal and anal cancers remain difficult to treat and require interdisciplinary approaches. Due to modern standard protocols all patients receive irradiation and neoadjuvant chemotherapy-and in case of a relapse a second irradiation-rendering the surgical site prone to surgical site infections and oftentimes long lasting sinus and septic complications after exenteration in the pelvis. Despite an improved overall survival rate in these patients the downside of radical tumor surgery in the pelvis is a major loss of quality of life, especially in women when parts of the vagina need to be resected. Derived from our experince with over 300 patients receiving pelvic and perineal reconstruciton with a transpelvic vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (tpVRAM) flap we studied the impact of this surgical technique on the outcomes of female patients with or without vaginal reconstruction following pelvic exenteration. We found out that the tpVRAM flap is reliably perfused and helps to reduce long term wound healing desasters in the irradiated perineal/vaginal/gluteal region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen-Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Ludolph
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen-Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aijia Cai
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen-Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Weber
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen-Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen-Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen-Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Proctor MJ, Westwood DA, Donahoe S, Chauhan A, Lynch AC, Heriot AG, Sent-Doux K, Creagh T, Frizelle FA, Wakeman CJ. Morbidity associated with the immediate vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap reconstruction after radical pelvic surgery. Colorectal Dis 2020; 22:562-568. [PMID: 31713965 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Patients who undergo radical pelvic surgery often have problems with perineal wound healing and pelvic collections. While there is recognition of the perineal morbidity, there also remains uncertainty around the benefit of vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous (VRAM) flaps due to the balance between primary healing and the complications associated with this form of reconstruction. This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with significant flap and donor site related complications following VRAM flap reconstruction for radical pelvic surgery. METHOD A retrospective analysis of VRAM flap related complications was undertaken from prospectively maintained databases for all patients undergoing radical pelvic surgery (2001- 2017) in two cancer centres. RESULTS In all, 154 patients were identified [median age 62 years (range 26-89 years), 80 (52%) men]. Thirty-three (21%) patients experienced significant donor or flap related complications. Major complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3) related to the abdominal donor site occurred in nine (6%) patients, while those related to the flap or perineal site occurred in 28 (18%) patients. Only smoking (P = 0.003) and neoadjuvant radiotherapy (P = 0.047) were associated with the development of significant flap related complications on univariate analysis. Flap related complications resulted in a significantly longer hospital stay (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Careful patient selection is required to balance the risks vs the benefits of VRAM flap reconstruction. Immediate VRAM reconstruction in patients undergoing radical pelvic surgery can achieve early healing and stable perineal closure; it has a low but significant morbidity. Major flap related complications are significantly associated with smoking status and neoadjuvant radiotherapy and result in a prolonged length of hospital stay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Proctor
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - D A Westwood
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - S Donahoe
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCullam Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - A Chauhan
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCullam Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - A C Lynch
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCullam Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - A G Heriot
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCullam Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - K Sent-Doux
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - T Creagh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - F A Frizelle
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.,University Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - C J Wakeman
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.,University Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pelvic/Perineal Reconstruction: Time to Consider the Anterolateral Thigh Flap as a First-line Option? PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e2733. [PMID: 32440406 PMCID: PMC7209827 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Abdominoperineal resection (APR) and pelvic exenteration continue to be common procedures for the treatment of colorectal malignancy. The workhorse flap for reconstruction in these instances has been the vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. The associated donor site morbidity, however, cannot be ignored. Here, we provide a review of the literature and present the senior author’s (A.M.) experience using the pedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap for reconstruction of soft tissue defects following APR and pelvic exenteration. Methods: Patients who underwent pelvic/perineal reconstruction with pedicled ALT flaps between 2017 and 2019 were included in the study. Parameters of interest included age, gender, body mass index, comorbidities, history of radiation, extent of ablative surgery, and postoperative complication rate. Results: A total of 23 patients (16 men and 7 women) with a median age and body mass index of 66 years (inter-quartile range [IQR]: 49–71 years) and 24.9 kg/m2 (IQR: 24.2–26.7 kg/m2) were included in the study, respectively. Thirteen (56.5%) patients presented with rectal cancer, 5 (21.7%) with anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 4 (17.4%) with Crohn’s disease, and 1 (4.3%) with Paget’s disease. Nineteen patients (82.6%) received neoadjuvant radiation. Nine (39.1%) patients experienced 11 complications (2 major and 9 minor). The most common complication was partial perineal wound dehiscence (N = 6 [26.1%]). Stable soft tissue coverage was achieved in all but one patient. Conclusions: The ALT flap allows for stable soft tissue coverage following APR and pelvic exenteration without being associated with abdominal donor site morbidity. Consideration to its use as a first-line reconstructive option should be given in pelvic/perineal reconstruction.
Collapse
|
25
|
Laporte GA, Zanini LAG, Zanvettor PH, Oliveira AF, Bernado E, Lissa F, Coelho MJP, Ribeiro R, Araujo RLC, Barrozo AJJ, da Costa AF, de Barros Júnior AP, Lopes A, Santos APM, Azevedo BRB, Sarmento BJQ, Marins CAM, Loureiro CMB, Galhardo CAV, Gatelli CN, Quadros CA, Pinto CV, Uchôa DNAO, Martins DRS, Doria-Filho E, Ribeiro EKMA, Pinto ERF, Dos Santos EAS, Gozi FAM, Nascimento FC, Fernandes FG, Gomes FKL, Nascimento GJS, Cucolicchio GO, Ritt GF, de Oliveira GG, Ayala GP, Guimarães GC, Ianaze GC, Gobetti GA, Medeiros GM, Güth GZ, Neto HFC, Figueiredo HF, Simões JC, Ferrari JC, Furtado JPR, Vieira LJ, Pereira LF, de Almeida LCF, Tayeh MRA, Figueiredo PHM, Pereira RSAV, Macedo RO, Sacramento RMM, Cardoso RM, Zanatto RM, Martinho RAM, Araújo RG, Pinheiro RN, Reis RJ, Goiânia SBS, Costa SRP, Foiato TF, Silva TC, Carneiro VCG, Oliveira VR, Casteleins WA. Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Oncologic Surgery for pelvic exenteration in the treatment of cervical cancer. J Surg Oncol 2019; 121:718-729. [PMID: 31777095 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The primary treatment for locally advanced cases of cervical cancer is chemoradiation followed by high-dose brachytherapy. When this treatment fails, pelvic exenteration (PE) is an option in some cases. This study aimed to develop recommendations for the best management of patients with cervical cancer undergoing salvage PE. METHODS A questionnaire was administered to all members of the Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology. Of them, 68 surgeons participated in the study and were divided into 10 working groups. A literature review of studies retrieved from the National Library of Medicine database was carried out on topics chosen by the participants. These topics were indications for curative and palliative PE, preoperative and intraoperative evaluation of tumor resectability, access routes and surgical techniques, PE classification, urinary, vaginal, intestinal, and pelvic floor reconstructions, and postoperative follow-up. To define the level of evidence and strength of each recommendation, an adapted version of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Health Service rating system was used. RESULTS Most conducts and management strategies reviewed were strongly recommended by the participants. CONCLUSIONS Guidelines outlining strategies for PE in the treatment of persistent or relapsed cervical cancer were developed and are based on the best evidence available in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Enio Bernado
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lissa
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Reitan Ribeiro
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Andre Lopes
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cláudio V Pinto
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric R F Pinto
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gunther P Ayala
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Z Güth
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - João C Simões
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José C Ferrari
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucas F Pereira
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ramon O Macedo
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosilene J Reis
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tyrone C Silva
- Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wamalwa AO, Khainga SO. VRAM flap for an above knee amputation stump. JPRAS Open 2019; 23:11-18. [PMID: 32158900 PMCID: PMC7061674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpra.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although routinely utilized in reconstruction of groin, perineal and thigh defects, the pedicled vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap has only once been previously reported for coverage of above knee amputation (AKA) stumps. A 36 year old man sustained a traumatic above knee amputation after stepping on an improvised explosive device (IED). Following several sessions of debridement, an ipsilateral pedicled VRAM flap was utilized to provide padded soft tissue coverage and maintain bone length (6 cm below the greater trochanter), avoiding both a debilitating hip disarticulation and a need for a free flap. We describe this procedure, report the outcomes and discuss considerations for utilizing this flap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A O Wamalwa
- Plastic Surgeon, Plastic Surgery & Burns Unit, Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O. Box 2572-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S O Khainga
- Department of Surgery (Plastic), University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 2212-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Discussion: Comparison of Effective Cost and Complications after Abdominoperineal Resection: Primary Closure versus Flap Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144:876e-877e. [PMID: 31688767 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
Immediate Reconstruction of Oncologic Spinal Wounds Is Cost-Effective Compared with Conventional Primary Wound Closure. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144:1182-1195. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
29
|
Complex Reconstruction of a Pelvic Marjolin's Ulcer Arising from Hidradenitis Suppurativa. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2054. [PMID: 31333918 PMCID: PMC6571324 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The chronic inflammation of hidradenitis suppurativa can cause painful nodules, draining abscesses, sinus tracts, and fibrous scars. This long-term cutaneous inflammation in rare circumstances can lead to malignant transformation producing an aggressive cutaneous malignancy referred to as a Marjolin’s ulcer. Particularly when a Marjolin’s ulcer involves the sacral region, resection and reconstruction can be challenging. We present the case of a patient with a recurrent Marjolin’s ulcer originating from a hidradenitis wound bed overlying and involving the sacrum. Previous radiation, large defect size, and sacral and perianal involvement necessitated the use of a multiflap approach. An extended transpelvic vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, bilateral gluteal advancement flaps, and a delayed transverse back flap were used to reconstruct the defect after abdominoperineal resection and nerve-sparing partial sacrectomy. Flap choice was derived by dividing the defect into anatomic subunits and considering intrapelvic defect volume, creating a systematic approach that led to successful reconstruction and functional restoration.
Collapse
|
30
|
Humphries EL, Kroon HM, Dudi-Venkata NN, Thomas ML, Moore JW, Sammour T. Short- and long-term outcomes of selective pelvic exenteration surgery in a low-volume specialized tertiary setting. ANZ J Surg 2019; 89:E226-E230. [PMID: 31067602 DOI: 10.1111/ans.15212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most published data on pelvic exenteration comes from high-volume quaternary units, with limited data available from outside of this setting. This study reports outcomes of selective pelvic exenteration performed in a low-volume tertiary unit with multidisciplinary support. METHODS A retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent pelvic exenteration surgery for rectal/anal carcinoma, or gynaecological malignancy at Royal Adelaide Hospital between June 2008 and September 2018. Descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier analysis of 5-year disease-free and overall survival for patients treated with curative intent were performed. RESULTS A total of 54 patients who underwent pelvic exenteration were included. Most patients presented with primary rectal adenocarcinoma, and posterior and total pelvic exenterations were the most common operations performed (>90%). Median total operating time was 323 min, median hospital stay was 15 days, and the readmission rate was 14.8%. The overall complication rate (per patient) was 70.4%, and the re-intervention rate was 20.4%. Thirteen percent of patients required intensive care unit-admission, and there was one postoperative death (1.9%). R0 resection margins were achieved in 81.5% of patients, with R1 and R2 margins in 13.0 and 5.6% of patients, respectively. Estimated 5-year disease-free survival was 38.8%, and 5-year overall survival was 65.7%. CONCLUSION Short- and long-term outcomes of selective pelvic exenteration surgery are acceptable in a low-volume specialized tertiary setting with suitable multidisciplinary expertise. If the required expertise is not readily available, then outside referral is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Humphries
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hidde M Kroon
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nagendra N Dudi-Venkata
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle L Thomas
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James W Moore
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tarik Sammour
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lago V, Poveda I, Padilla-Iserte P, Simón-Sanz E, García-Granero Á, Pontones JL, Matute L, Domingo S. Pelvic exenteration in gynecologic cancer: complications and oncological outcome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s10397-019-1055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Pelvic exenteration (PE) is indicated in cases of unresponsive, recurrent pelvic cancer or for palliative intent. Despite the fact that the surgery is associated with a high rate of morbidity, it is currently the only real option that can effect a cure.
Material and methods
Patients who underwent PE between January 2011 and July 2017 in our centre were retrospectively reviewed. Data related to surgery, complications and outcomes were recorded.
Results
Twenty-three patients were included. PE was performed due to recurrent gynaecological cancer, persistence of disease and after first diagnosis in 19 (82%), 2 (9%) and 2 patients (9%), respectively. Total PE was performed in 15 cases (65%), followed by anterior PE in 5 cases (22%) and posterior PE in 3 cases (13%). Early grade II, III and IV complications occurred in 15 (65%), 5 (22%) and 2 patients (9%), respectively. No mortality was observed within 30 days. Medium-late grade II, III, IV and V complications occurred in 15 (65%), 11 (48%), 3 (13%) and 2 cases (9%), respectively. Two patients died after > 30-day period from surgery-related complications. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) at 48 months after PE was 41.6% and 30.8% respectively.
Conclusions
PE provides about a 40% 4-year survival chance in a selected group of patients. The early-complications rate and 30-day mortality were acceptable. Nevertheless, the medium-late complication grades II–V were 65, 48, 18 and 9%, respectively. We must focus on identifying those patients who could potentially benefit most from PE.
Collapse
|
32
|
Combined Gluteus and Pudendal Thigh Flap Reconstruction of Vaginal Defects following Robotic Abdominoperineal Resection. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1500. [PMID: 29062664 PMCID: PMC5640370 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Low-lying rectal cancers are being treated more frequently with robotic-assisted abdominoperineal resection, obviating the need for laparotomy and the ability to raise vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps. For female patients, posterior vaginectomy often accompanies the resection. Combined pudendal thigh flaps as an extension of bilateral gluteus advancement flaps allow for posterior vaginal resurfacing with thin pliable fasciocutaneous flaps, which rest on the gluteal flap soft-tissue bulk that obliterates the pelvic dead space. For patients with advanced cancers who have had neoadjuvant chemoradiation, the pudendal skin paddle can be planned more laterally to bring in healthier medial thigh skin. The donor incisions lie within the gluteal cleft and crease and groin creases recapitulating normal perineal anatomy and aesthetics.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sammour T, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Skibber JM. Locally Recurrent Disease Related to Anal Canal Cancers. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2016; 26:115-125. [PMID: 27889030 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Surgery for anal cancer is usually reserved for patients with persistent disease or local recurrence after definitive chemoradiation therapy. Patients with local recurrence should be re-evaluated for evidence of metastatic disease using positron emission tomography-computed tomography, and the local anatomy should be delineated with MRI. Eligible patients should undergo tailored surgery with the aim of achieving an R0 resection. Management is best undertaken within a specialized multidisciplinary setting. Careful patient selection and shared decision making are paramount for achieving acceptable patient-centered outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Sammour
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, P.O. Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA
| | - Miguel A Rodriguez-Bigas
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, P.O. Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA
| | - John M Skibber
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, P.O. Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior radiation therapy, pelvic dead space, and a dependent location contribute to perineal dehiscence rates as high as 66 percent after primary closure of pelvic wounds. Various regional flaps have been described to reconstruct pelvic defects, but an algorithmic pairing of individual flaps to specific anatomical regions has not been described. METHODS A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed to identify consecutive pelvic reconstructions from 2010 to 2013 with at least 6 months' follow-up. Pelvic defects and resulting flaps were described by anatomical subunits involved: anterolateral thigh flap for mons, gracilis flap for labia majora and introitus, vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for vagina and/or perineal raphe, and gluteus musculocutaneous flap for isolated perianal defects. RESULTS Twenty-seven women and three men underwent consecutive pelvic reconstruction with a mean age of 60 years (range, 26 to 83 years) and a mean body mass index of 28 kg/m(2) (range, 17 to 40 kg/m(2)). Twenty-one patients (70 percent) had prior radiation therapy. In total, 45 flaps were performed according to the subunit principle. Three patients had a minor dehiscence (<5 cm), one patient had a major dehiscence, and one required reoperation for abscess. There were two partial flap losses necessitating débridement and readvancement of the flap. Twenty-five percent of female patients were sexually active after vaginal reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS The pelvic subunit principle provides an effective algorithm for choosing the ideal pedicled flap for each region involved in acquired pelvic defects. This algorithm is based on individual attributes that make each flap most appropriate for each subunit. Complications were minimal and patient satisfaction with appearance and function was excellent.
Collapse
|
35
|
Contralateral Component Separation Technique for Abdominal Wall Closure in Patients Undergoing Vertical Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap Transposition for Pelvic Exenteration Reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 77:90-2. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
36
|
Mori S, Sassaroli C, Di Monta G, Romano GM. Transpelvic Rectus Abdominis Flap Reconstruction Following Abdominoperineal Resection. Updates Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-5767-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Brodbeck R, Horch RE, Arkudas A, Beier JP. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in the Treatment of Oncological Perineal and Genital Defects. Front Oncol 2015; 5:212. [PMID: 26500887 PMCID: PMC4597132 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects of the perineum may result from ablative procedures of different malignancies. The evolution of more radical excisional surgery techniques resulted in an increase in large defects of the perineum. The perineogenital region per se has many different functions for urination, bowel evacuation, sexuality, and reproduction. Up-to-date individual and interdisciplinary surgical treatment concepts are necessary to provide optimum oncological as well as quality of life outcome. Not only the reconstructive method but also the timing of the reconstruction is crucial. In cases of postresectional exposition of e.g., pelvic or femoral vessels or intrapelvic and intra-abdominal organs, simultaneous flap procedure is mandatory. In particular, the reconstructive armamentarium of the plastic surgeon should include not only pedicled flaps but also free microsurgical flaps so that no compromise in terms of the extent of the oncological resection has to be accepted. For intra-abdominally and/or pelvic tumors of the rectum, the anus, or the female reproductive system, which were resected through an abdominally and a sacrally surgical access, simultaneous vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap reconstruction is recommendable. In terms of soft tissue sarcoma of the pelvic/caudal abdomen/proximal thigh region, two-stage reconstructions are possible. This review focuses on the treatment of perineum, genitals, and pelvic floor defects after resection of malignant tumors, giving a distinct overview of the different types of defects faced in this region and describing a number of reconstructive techniques, especially VRAM flap and pedicled flaps like antero-lateral thigh flap or free flaps. Finally, this review outlines some considerations concerning timing of the different operative steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Brodbeck
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Justus P Beier
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg , Erlangen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ferron G, Gangloff D, Querleu D, Frigenza M, Torrent JJ, Picaud L, Gladieff L, Delannes M, Mery E, Boulet B, Balague G, Martinez A. Vaginal reconstruction with pedicled vertical deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (diep) after pelvic exenteration. A consecutive case series. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 138:603-8. [PMID: 26121919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaginal reconstruction after pelvic exenteration (PE) represents a challenge for the oncologic surgeon. Since the introduction of perforator flaps, using pedicled vertical DIEP (deep inferior epigastric perforator) flap allows to reduce the donor site complication rate. From November 2012 to December 2014, 27 PEs were performed in our institution. 13 patients who underwent PE with vaginal reconstruction and programmed DIEP procedure for gynecologic malignancies were registered. Nine patients underwent PE for recurrent disease and four for primary treatment. Six of the 13 patients have a preoperative fistula. Anterior PE was performed in 10 patients, and total PE in 3 patients. A vertical DIEP flap was performed in 10 patients using one or two medial perforators. The reasons for abortion of vertical DIEP flap procedure were: failure to localizing perforator vessels in two cases, and unavailability of plastic surgeon in one case. A vertical fascia-sparring rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap was then harvested. Median length of surgery was 335min, and 60min for DIEP harvesting and vaginal reconstruction. No flap necrosis occurred. One patient in the VRAM (vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous) group experienced a late incisional hernia and one patient in the DIEP flap group required revision for vaginal stenosis. In our experience, DIEP flap represents our preferred choice of flap for circumferential vaginal reconstruction after PE. To achieve a high reproducibility, the technically demanding pedicled vertical DIEP flap has to be harvested by a trained surgeon, after strict evaluation of the preoperative imaging with identification and localization of perforator vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwénael Ferron
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Dimitri Gangloff
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Denis Querleu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France; Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Bergonie, 229, cours de l'Argonne, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Melanie Frigenza
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Juan Jose Torrent
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France; Departement of Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias y Pujol, Carretera de Canyet, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laetitia Picaud
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Laurence Gladieff
- Departement of Medical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Martine Delannes
- Departement of Radiation Therapy, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Eliane Mery
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Berenice Boulet
- Department of Radiology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Gisele Balague
- Department of Radiology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Alejandra Martinez
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 1 av Joliot Curie, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zheng L, Dong ZG, Zheng J. Deep inferior epigastric vessel-pedicled, muscle-sparing rectus abdominis myocutaneous (RAM) flap for reconstruction of soft tissue defects in pelvic area. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2015; 25:859-63. [PMID: 25633126 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-015-1599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Large soft tissue reconstruction in pelvic area is rare but remains challenging. Between August of 2000 and March of 2014, five patients underwent soft tissue reconstruction in pelvic area using deep inferior epigastric vessel-pedicled, muscle-sparing RAM flap. The soft tissue defects located in anterior iliac spine in three cases, lower buttock in one case, contralateral lower buttock and perineal region in one case. The size of the flaps ranged from 13 × 7 cm to 25 × 9 cm. All flaps were harvested in muscle-sparing form. Lateral two-thirds of rectus abdominis muscle and anterior sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle were harvested with the flap in disc or bar shape. All five flaps survived uneventfully. During the follow-up, no ventral hernias occurred in donor sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
|
42
|
Indications, techniques and outcomes for pelvic exenteration in gynecological malignancy. Curr Opin Oncol 2014; 26:514-20. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
43
|
Switzer NJ, Dykstra MA, Gill RS, Lim S, Lester E, de Gara C, Shi X, Birch DW, Karmali S. Endoscopic versus open component separation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2014; 29:787-95. [PMID: 25060687 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-014-3741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The component separation technique (CST) was developed to improve the integrity of abdominal wall reconstruction for large, complex hernias. Open CST necessitates large subcutaneous skin flaps and, therefore, is associated with significant ischemic wound complications. The minimally invasive or endoscopic component separation technique (MICST) has been suggested in preliminary studies to reduce wound complication rates post-operatively. In this study, we systematically reviewed the literature comparing open versus endoscopic component separation and performed a meta-analysis of controlled studies. METHODS A comprehensive search of electronic databases was completed. All English, randomized controlled trials, non-randomized comparison study, and case series were included. All comparison studies included in the meta-analysis were assessed independently by two reviewers for methodological quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tools. RESULTS 63 primary studies (3,055 patients) were identified; 7 controlled studies and 56 case series. The total wound complication rate was lower for MICST (20.6 %) compared to Open CST (34.6 %). MICST compared to open CST was shown to have lower rates of superficial infections (3.5 vs 8.9 %), skin dehiscence (5.3 vs 8.2 %), necrosis (2.1 vs 6.8 %), hematoma/seroma formation (4.6 vs 7.4 %), fistula tract formation (0.4 vs 1.0 %), fascial dehiscence (0.0 vs 0.4 %), and mortality (0.4 vs 0.6 %.) The open component CST did have lower rates of intra-abdominal abscess formation (3.8 vs 4.6 %) and recurrence rates (11.1 vs 15.1 %). The meta-analysis included 7 non-randomized controlled studies (387 patients). A similar suggestive overall trend was found favoring MICST, although most types of wound complications did not show to significance. MICST was associated with a significantly decreased rate of fascial dehiscence and was shown to be significantly shorter procedure. CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis comparing MICST to open CST suggests MICST is associated with decreased overall post-operative wound complication rates. Further prospective studies are needed to verify these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Switzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 2D2.08 WMC, University of Alberta Hospital, 84410-112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Alternatives to commonly used pelvic reconstruction procedures in gynecologic oncology. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134:172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
45
|
Horch RE, Hohenberger W, Eweida A, Kneser U, Weber K, Arkudas A, Merkel S, Göhl J, Beier JP. A hundred patients with vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap for pelvic reconstruction after total pelvic exenteration. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014; 29:813-23. [PMID: 24752738 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-014-1868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We analysed the outcomes of a series of 100 consecutive patients with anorectal cancer with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and abdominoperineal exstirpation or total pelvic exenteration, who received a transpelvic vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap for pelvic, vaginal and/or perineal reconstruction and compare a cohort to patients without VRAM flaps. METHODS Within a 10-year period (2003-2013) in our institution 924 patients with rectal cancer stage y0 to y IV were surgically treated. Data of those 100 consecutive patients who received a transpelvic VRAM flap were collected and compared to patients without flaps. RESULTS In 100 consecutive patients with transpelvic VRAM flaps, major donor site complications occurred in 6 %, VRAM-specific perineal wound complications were observed in 11 % of the patients and overall 30-day mortality was 2 %. CONCLUSIONS The VRAM flap is a reliable and safe method for pelvic reconstruction in patients with advanced disease requiring pelvic exenteration and irradiation, with a relatively low rate of donor and recipient site complications. In this first study, to compare a large number of patients with VRAM flap reconstruction to patients without pelvic VRAM flap reconstruction, a clear advantage of simultaneous pelvic reconstruction is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
O’Dowd V, Burke JP, Condon E, Waldron D, Ajmal N, Deasy J, McNamara DA, Coffey JC. Vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap and quality of life following abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer: a multi-institutional study. Tech Coloproctol 2014; 18:901-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10151-014-1156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
47
|
Kipling SL, Young K, Foster JD, Smart NJ, Hunter AE, Cooper E, Francis NK. Laparoscopic extralevator abdominoperineal excision of the rectum: short-term outcomes of a prospective case series. Tech Coloproctol 2013; 18:445-51. [PMID: 24081545 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-013-1071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic approaches for the resection of low rectal cancer and the extralevator technique for abdominoperineal excision are both becoming increasingly popular. There are little published data regarding the combined application of these techniques to the resection of low rectal tumours. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of such an approach and to appraise short-term outcomes in a consecutive series of patients undergoing laparoscopic extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE). METHODS Consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic ELAPE at our institution between 2008 and 2011 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. The abdominal phase of the operation was performed laparoscopically, and following extralevator resection, the perineum was reconstructed using a biologic mesh. All patients were enrolled in an enhanced recovery programme. RESULTS Of 166 patients undergoing radical resection of rectal cancer at our institution between 2008 and 2011, 28 underwent laparoscopic ELAPE. Median age was 70 years, median body mass index was 27.5 kg/m(2), and 71% were male. The conversion rate to laparotomy was 18%. Three patients (10.8%) had circumferential resection margins <1 mm; no intraoperative tumour perforation occurred. The median length of stay was 7 days, with a 30-day readmission rate of 21% and no 30-day mortality. Post-operative perineal wound complications occurred in 25%. At median 38-month follow-up (range 23-66 months), overall survival was 75%, disease-free survival was 71%, and there were three local recurrences (11%). CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic extralevator abdominoperineal excision can be safely performed without compromising short-term outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Kipling
- Department of General Surgery, Yeovil District Hospital, Higher Kingston, Yeovil, BA21 4AT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Morrison E, Shoukath S, Tansley P, Grinsell D. Donor site morbidity of an islanded inferior gluteal artery myocutaneous flap with vascularized fascia lata. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66:962-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
49
|
Sinna R, Alharbi M, Assaf N, Perignon D, Qassemyar Q, Gianfermi M, Deguines JB, Regimbeau JM, Mauvais F. Management of the perineal wound after abdominoperineal resection. J Visc Surg 2013; 150:9-18. [PMID: 23434360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although many options are available for the management of perineal wounds after abdominoperineal resection, ranging from direct closure to flap reconstruction, treatment remains challenging. A better understanding of the aims, drawbacks and progress in perineal wound management after abdominoperineal rectal resection can help the surgeon make better choices for each patient, but it is very difficult to propose a single, optimal, evidence-based procedure for the management of pelvic exenteration. Recent progress provided by the extralevator abdominoperineal resection technique and perforator flap concepts have changed our conception of reconstruction leading to the different technical options highlighted in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sinna
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Amiens University Medical Center, Hôpital Nord, place Victor-Pauchet, 80054 Amiens cedex 01, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selection of controls, a group of subjects who are identical to the treatment group in all aspects that affect the outcome except the intervention of interest, is a significant criterion for conducting a study in evidence-based medical research. Few studies emphasize the appropriate selection of control groups in the plastic surgery literature. METHODS The authors performed a literature search in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2011, for studies in which controls were needed. The number of studies using a control group, control selection criteria, and the characteristics of the control populations were evaluated. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-seven articles were obtained from our search using the keywords "case control studies" and "retrospective cohort studies." Among these studies, 121 articles were studies conducted in humans. All of these studies based on the study design required a control group, yet only 63 studies (52 percent) had a comparative control group. Of these studies, the authors found biases regarding the choice of controls, including selection bias, misclassification bias, and chronology bias. CONCLUSIONS The authors' review shows that 48 percent of the studies published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery that were required to have a control group failed to incorporate a well-defined control group. Specific details pertaining to the methods used and the success obtained with those methods in recruiting controls need to be stated explicitly in the article to ensure uniformity and to support the validity of the research.
Collapse
|