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Ormseth BH, ElHawary H, Huayllani MT, Weber KD, Blake P, Janis JE. Comparing Migraine Headache Index versus Monthly Migraine Days after Headache Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:1201e-1211e. [PMID: 37285213 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve deactivation surgery for the treatment of migraine has evolved rapidly over the past 2 decades. Studies typically report changes in migraine frequency (attacks/month), attack duration, attack intensity, and their composite score-the Migraine Headache Index-as primary outcomes. However, the neurology literature predominantly reports migraine prophylaxis outcomes as change in monthly migraine days (MMD). The goal of this study was to foster common communication between plastic surgeons and neurologists by assessing the effect of nerve deactivation surgery on MMD and motivating future studies to include MMD in their reported outcomes. METHODS An updated literature search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Scopus, and Embase were systematically searched for relevant articles. Data were extracted and analyzed from studies that met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS A total of 19 studies were included. There was a significant overall reduction in MMDs [mean difference (MD), 14.11; 95% CI, 10.95 to 17.27; I 2 = 92%], total migraine attacks per month (MD, 8.65; 95% CI, 7.84 to 9.46; I 2 = 90%), Migraine Headache Index (MD, 76.59; 95% CI, 60.85 to 92.32; I 2 = 98%), migraine attack intensity (MD, 3.84; 95% CI, 3.35 to 4.33; I 2 = 98%), and migraine attack duration (MD, 11.80; 95% CI, 6.44 to 17.16; I 2 = 99%) at follow-up (range, 6 to 38 months). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the efficacy of nerve deactivation surgery on the outcomes used in both the plastic and reconstructive surgery and neurology literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan ElHawary
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, McGill University Health Center
| | | | - Kevin D Weber
- Neurology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
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Stearns SA, Xun H, Haddad A, Rinkinen J, Bustos VP, Lee BT. Therapeutic Options for Migraines in the Microsurgical Patient: A Scoping Review. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:988e-1001e. [PMID: 37337332 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There exists an increasing array of treatments proposed to prevent, alleviate, and abort symptoms of a migraine; however, for patients who undergo reconstructive microsurgery, caution must be taken to preserve vascular integrity. This study is the first-to-date scoping review of vascular and bleeding risk of current migraine therapies, with the purpose of identifying potential therapeutic agents for postoperative migraine management appropriate for microsurgical patients. METHODS Currently available migraine therapeutics were compiled from the UpToDate software system and the American Academy of Family Physicians. A PubMed literature review was performed for each therapeutic's effect on bleeding or vascular involvement. Data were compiled into tables of abortive, symptom-controlling and prophylactic, and nonpharmacologic treatments. Expert microsurgeons reviewed the data to provide recommendations for optimized patient care. RESULTS Triptans and other ergot derivatives demonstrated strong evidence of vasoconstriction and were greatly advised against for immediate postmicrosurgical use. Novel pharmaceutical therapies such as lasmiditan and calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists have no literature indicating potential for vasoconstriction or hematoma and remain an investigational option for abortive medical treatment. For symptom control, acetaminophen appears the safest option, with clinical judgment and further research needed for use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Alternative treatment techniques may include migraine prophylaxis with botulinum toxin injection or nutraceutical treatment by means of magnesium supplementation or coenzyme Q10 administration, minimizing the need for additional medication in the postoperative setting. CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing reconstructive microsurgery have a unique medical profile limiting the therapeutic options available to treat migraines. This review provides preliminary evidence to be considered as a guide for prescribing therapeutics for migraine in the postoperative setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Xun
- the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Anthony Haddad
- the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Jacob Rinkinen
- the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Valeria P Bustos
- the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Bernard T Lee
- the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
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Guyuron B, Alessandri Bonetti M, Caretto AA. Comprehensive Criteria for Differential Diagnosis and a Surgical Management Algorithm for Occipital Neuralgia and Migraine Headaches. JPRAS Open 2024; 39:212-216. [PMID: 38288373 PMCID: PMC10823029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpra.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The differential diagnoses and nuances of the surgical management of occipital migraine and occipital neuralgia have not been clearly discussed in the available literature. This study aims to highlight additional diagnostic features and offers an algorithm for the surgical treatment of occipital migraine and occipital neuralgia based on the vast experience of the senior author spanning over 23 years. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to review the number and distribution of patients who underwent surgical treatment for occipital migraine headaches and neuralgia and the signs and symptoms observed. Among the 660 patients who underwent surgical treatment for headaches within the territory of the greater occipital nerves, 86 patients underwent isolated deactivation of the greater occipital site (site IV) or combined greater and lesser occipital sites (site IV and site VI surgical). Within the isolated occipital headache group, 43 patients met the criteria for migraine headaches and 43 for occipital neuralgia. Our additional observation on the differences between the occipital neuralgia and migraine groups included that occipital neuralgia is more commonly unilateral, less commonly familial, and more commonly associated with a whiplash-type injury. In addition, the patient with occipital neuralgia can consistently identify the distinct point of pain using the index finger. An ultrasound Doppler signal can also be detected at the pain site and a pulse is often palpable in the site identified by the patient. Occipital neuralgia is also commonly continuous and unrelenting, with occasional spikes of shooting pain, and is less likely to respond to botulinum toxin-A injection. Patients with occipital neuralgia often have a single-site headache while patients with migraine headaches often suffer from headaches in multiple sites. Additional clinical criteria are offered for the differential diagnosis of occipital migraine headaches and occipital neuralgia based on the vast experience of the senior author and the developed surgical management algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Guyuron
- Zeeba Clinic, 29017 Cedar Road Lyndhurst, Cleveland, OH, 44124, USA
| | - Mario Alessandri Bonetti
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Amelia Caretto
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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Amirlak B, Lu KB, Chung MH, Sanniec K. Endoscope-Assisted Greater Occipital Nerve Decompression for Migraines, Occipital Neuralgia, and New Daily Persistent Headaches. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 152:641-643. [PMID: 36780354 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY In the occipital trigger site for migraine, the greater occipital nerve (GON) is thought to be irritated by surrounding structures, including the semispinalis capitis muscle and occipital artery (OA), producing headaches in the back of the neck. Thus, standard decompression involves removal of surrounding tissue and dissection away from the vessel. The authors noticed a consistent pattern between the GON and OA more distally: the OA approaching laterally and diving under the GON, the OA looping back over the GON and intertwining with the medial branch of the GON, and lastly the OA traveling parallel to the GON. The technique described uses a modified endoscopic approach with a counter incision, endoscopic assistance, and radical artery lysis to address distal sites in addition to the standard release. At the counter incision, distal intertwining between vessel and nerve was released. A high-definition endoscope was used to address dynamic compression points more proximally, including hidden areas where the vessel dives under the GON, as well as to facilitate cautery and removal of the vessel. Without the use of an endoscope and counterincision, it is difficult to achieve complete decompression of the nerve distally without injury to the proximal body of the nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bardia Amirlak
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Karen B Lu
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | | | - Kyle Sanniec
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
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Evans AG, Hill DS, Grush AE, Downer MA, Ibrahim MM, Assi PE, Joseph JT, Kassis SH. Outcomes of Surgical Treatment of Migraines: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis. Plast Surg (Oakv) 2023; 31:192-205. [PMID: 37188139 PMCID: PMC10170648 DOI: 10.1177/22925503211036701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Migraine surgery at 1 of 6 identified "trigger sites" of a target cranial sensory nerve has rapidly grown in popularity since 2000. This study summarizes the effect of migraine surgery on headache severity, headache frequency, and the migraine headache index score which is derived by multiplying migraine severity, frequency, and duration. Materials and Methods: This is a PRISMA-compliant systematic review of 5 databases searched from inception through May 2020 and is registered under the PROSPERO ID: CRD42020197085. Clinical trials treating headaches with surgery were included. Risk of bias was assessed in randomized controlled trials. Meta-analyses were performed on outcomes using a random effects model to determine the pooled mean change from baseline and when possible, to compare treatment to control. Results: 18 studies met criteria including 6 randomized controlled trials, 1 controlled clinical trial, and 11 uncontrolled clinical trials treated 1143 patients with pathologies including migraine, occipital migraine, frontal migraine, occipital nerve triggered headache, frontal headache, occipital neuralgia, and cervicogenic headache. Migraine surgery reduced headache frequency at 1 year postoperative by 13.0 days per month as compared to baseline (I2 = 0%), reduced headache severity at 8 weeks to 5 years postoperative by 4.16 points on a 0 to 10 scale as compared to baseline (I2 = 53%), and reduced migraine headache index at 1 to 5 years postoperative by 83.1 points as compared to baseline (I2 = 2%). These meta-analyses are limited by a small number of studies that could be analyzed, including studies with high risk of bias. Conclusion: Migraine surgery provided a clinically and statistically significant reduction in headache frequency, severity, and migraine headache index scores. Additional studies, including randomized controlled trials with low risk-of-bias should be performed to improve the precision of the outcome improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Evans
- School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dorian S. Hill
- School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew E. Grush
- School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
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Evans AG, Joseph KS, Samouil MM, Hill DS, Ibrahim MM, Assi PE, Joseph JT, Kassis SA. Nerve blocks for occipital headaches: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2023; 39:170-180. [PMID: 37564833 PMCID: PMC10410037 DOI: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_62_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine surgeons have identified six "trigger sites" where cranial nerve compression may trigger a migraine. This study investigates the change in headache severity and frequency following nerve block of the occipital trigger site. This PRISMA-compliant systematic review of five databases searched from database inception through May 2020 is registered under the PROSPERO ID: CRD42020199369. Only randomized controlled trials utilizing injection treatments for headaches with pain or tenderness in the occipital scalp were included. Pain severity was scored from 0 to 10. Headache frequency was reported as days per week. Included were 12 RCTs treating 586 patients of mean ages ranging from 33.7 to 55.8 years. Meta-analyses of pain severity comparing nerve blocks to baseline showed statistically significant reductions of 2.88 points at 5 to 20 min, 3.74 points at 1 to 6 weeks, and 1.07 points at 12 to 24 weeks. Meta-analyses of pain severity of nerve blocks compared with treatment groups of neurolysis, pulsed radiofrequency, and botulinum toxin type A showed similar headache pain severity at 1 to 2 weeks, and inferior improvements compared with the treatment groups after 2 weeks. Meta-analyses of headache frequency showed statistically significant reductions at 1 to 6-week follow-ups as compared with baseline and at 1 to 6 weeks as compared with inactive control injections. The severity and frequency of occipital headaches are reduced following occipital nerve blocks. This improvement is used to predict the success of migraine surgery. Future research should investigate spinous process injections with longer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Evans
- School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Marc M. Samouil
- School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dorian S. Hill
- School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Patrick E. Assi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy T. Joseph
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Salam Al Kassis
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Migraine Surgery and Determination of Success over Time by Trigger Site: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 151:120e-135e. [PMID: 36251961 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000009775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine headache is a debilitating disorder that produces high costs and compromises patient quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate surgery success and the longevity of the surgical benefit by trigger site. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed by querying the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The keywords "surgery," "migraine," "outcomes," "headache index," and synonyms in titles and abstracts were used to perform the search. RESULTS A total of 17 articles published between 2009 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria. Six studies were prospective and 11 were retrospective. Most of the studies (77.8%, 77.8%, and 80%, respectively) reported success of migraine surgery at 12-month follow-up for trigger sites I, II, and III, respectively. For trigger site IV, the greatest Migraine Headache Index reduction (93.4%) was observed at 12-month follow-up, and the earliest Migraine Headache Index reductions (80.3% and 74.6%) were observed at 6-month follow-up. All studies that evaluated trigger sites V and VI identified surgery success at 12-month follow-up. Migraine surgery was found to remain beneficial at 22 months for trigger sites I, II, III, and IV. CONCLUSIONS The symptomatic improvement may initially be evident at 6 months for trigger site IV and at 12 months for trigger sites I, II, III, V, and VI. Surgical benefit in trigger sites I, II, III, and IV can persist after 22 months. Further studies are required to evaluate results at longer follow-up.
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The occipital artery: a meta-analysis of its anatomy with clinical correlations. Anat Sci Int 2023; 98:12-21. [PMID: 36350498 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The occipital artery arises as one of the main branches of the external carotid artery. The goal of the present meta-analysis was to provide a detailed analysis of the complete anatomy of the occipital artery using the available data in the literature. The main online medical databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were used to gather all studies on anatomical variations, course, branches, and the close anatomical area of the occipital artery. A total of 65 studies were indicated, evaluated, and included in this meta-analysis. The occipital artery was found to run in the groove with a prevalence of 83.93% (95% confidence intervals: 50.53-100.00%). The occipital artery forming a common trunk with another artery had a prevalence of 13.91% (95% confidence intervals: 9.15-19.47%). The mean maximal diameter of the occipital artery was set to 2.26 mm (standard error = 0.15). The mean maximal diameter of the occipital segment of the occipital artery was found to be 1.24 mm (standard error = 0.15). The mean occipital artery length was set to 131.93 mm (standard error = 3.02). In conclusion, the authors of the present study believe that this is the most accurate and up-to-date meta-analysis regarding the anatomy of the occipital artery. Knowledge about this structure can be of great use when performing revascularization procedures, such as the occipital artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass, or reconstructive procedures, such as the occipital artery fascial flap.
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Henriques S, Almeida A, Peres H, Costa-Ferreira A. Current Evidence in Migraine Surgery: A Systematic Review. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 89:113-120. [PMID: 34611094 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine headache is a widespread neurovascular disorder with an enormous social and economic impact. A subgroup of patients cannot be managed with pharmacological therapy. Although surgical decompression of extracranial sensory nerves has been proposed as a valid alternative treatment option, the medical community remains reluctant to accept it. MATERIALS AND METHODS This systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. An electronic search was performed in September 2020 on PubMed, ScienceDirect, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar databases for original articles reporting outcomes on migraine surgery. RESULTS The search strategy revealed a total of 922 studies, of which 52 were included in the review. Significant improvement was reported in 58.3% to 100% and complete elimination in 8.3% to 86.8% of patients across studies. No major complications were reported. DISCUSSION This systematic review demonstrates that migraine surgery is an effective and safe procedure, with a positive impact in patients' quality of life and a reduction in long-term costs. CONCLUSION There is considerable scientific evidence suggesting extracranial migraine surgery is an effective and safe procedure. This surgery should be considered in properly selected migraineurs refractory to medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Henriques
- From the Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University
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10
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The Greater Occipital Nerve and Its Dynamic Compression Points: Implications in Migraine Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:1321-1324. [PMID: 35383686 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000009094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The greater occipital nerve is a common compression site for migraine or chronic headache, and variable relationships with the occipital artery have been shown in anatomical studies. Despite surgical decompression, there are still a subset of patients who have an incomplete response. In this article, the authors describe an observed clear and very consistent pattern between the nerve and artery, including both dynamic and static compression points, that must be evaluated for adequate treatment. METHODS Seventy-one patients underwent occipital nerve decompression with high-definition videos and photographs, and the dynamic relationship between the greater occipital nerve and the occipital artery was recorded in a retrospective review. RESULTS A consistent pattern existed in 92 percent of patients, as follows: (1) hidden proximal dynamic compression of the bottom surface of the nerve as the occipital artery comes laterally to dive under the greater occipital nerve; (2) more apparent dynamic compression on the upper surface of the nerve as the occipital artery loops back on top of the greater occipital nerve; (3) intertwining compression after the bifurcation of the greater occipital nerve as the artery wraps around the medial branch; and (4) parallel travel of the terminal branch of the greater occipital nerve with the occipital artery in close proximity. CONCLUSIONS There is a consistent pattern in the relationship between the greater occipital nerve and the occipital artery after its exit from the trapezius fascia. It is possible that this relationship creates dynamic compression points, including hidden areas, that can only be deactivated by radical excision of the vessel.
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Efficacy and Safety of Migraine Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcomes and Complication Rates. Ann Surg 2022; 275:e315-e323. [PMID: 35007230 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study are to assess the efficacy and safety of peripheral nerve surgery for migraine headaches and to bibliometrically analyze all anatomical studies relevant to migraine surgery. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Migraines rank as the second leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite the availability of conservative management options, individuals suffer from refractive migraines which are associated with poor quality of life. Migraine surgery, defined as the peripheral nerve decompression/trigger site deactivation, is a relatively novel treatment strategy for refractory migraines. METHODS EMBASE and the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) were systematically searched for relevant articles according to the PRISMA guidelines. Data was extracted from studies which met the inclusion criteria. Pooled analyses were performed to assess complication rates. Meta-analyses were run using the random effects model for overall effects and within subgroup fixed-effect models were used. RESULTS A total of 68 studies (38 clinical, 30 anatomical) were included in this review. There was a significant overall reduction in migraine intensity (P < 0.001, SE = 0.22, I2 = 97.9), frequency (P < 0.001, SE = 0.17, I2 = 97.7), duration (P < 0.001, SE = 0.15, I2 = 97), and migraine headache index (MHI, P < 0.001, SE = 0.19, I2 = 97.2) at follow-up. A total of 35 studies reported on migraine improvement (range: 68.3%-100% of participants) and migraine elimination (range: 8.3%-86.5% of participants). 32.1% of participants in the clinical studies reported complications for which the most commonly reported complications being paresthesia and numbness, which was mostly transient, (12.11%) and itching (4.89%). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates improved migraine outcomes and an overall decrease in MHI as well as strong evidence for the safety profile and complication rate of migraine surgery.
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Wamsley CE, Chung M, Amirlak B. Occipital Neuralgia: Advances in the Operative Management. Neurol India 2021; 69:S219-S227. [PMID: 34003169 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.315980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a primary headache disorder characterized by sharp, shooting, or electric shock-like pain in the distribution of the greater, lesser, or third occipital nerves. Aim To review the existing literature on the management of ON and to describe our technique of an endoscopic-assisted approach to decompress the GON proximally in areas of fibrous and muscular compression, as well as distally by thorough decompression of the occipital artery from the nerve. Methods Relevant literature on the medical and surgical management of ON was reviewed. Literature on the anatomical relationships of occipital nerves and their clinical relevance were also reviewed. Results While initial treatment of ON is conservative, peripheral nerve blocks and many surgical management approaches are available for patients with pain refractory to the medical treatment. These include greater occipital nerve blocks, occipital nerve stimulation, Botulinum toxin injections locally, pulsed radiofrequency ablation, cryoneuroablation, C-2 ganglionectomy, and endoscopic-assisted ON decompression. Conclusion Patients of ON refractory to medical management can be benefitted by surgical approaches and occipital nerve blocks. Endoscopic-assisted ON decompression provides one such approach for the patients with vascular, fibrous or muscular compressions of occipital nerves resulting in intractable ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Wamsley
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Chung
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bardia Amirlak
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Identify patients who are candidates for headache surgery. 2. Counsel the patient preoperatively with regard to success rates, recovery, and complications. 3. Develop a surgical plan for primary and secondary nerve decompression. 4. Understand the surgical anatomy at all trigger sites. 5. Select appropriate International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and CPT codes. SUMMARY Headache surgery encompasses release of extracranial peripheral sensory nerves at seven sites. Keys to successful surgery include correct patient selection, detailed patient counseling, and meticulous surgical technique. This article is a practical step-by-step guide, from preoperative assessment to surgery and postoperative recovery. International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and CPT codes, in addition to complications and salvage procedures, are discussed. Intraoperative photographs, videos, and screening questionnaires are provided.
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Peripheral Occipital Nerve Decompression Surgery in Migraine Headache. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e3019. [PMID: 33173659 PMCID: PMC7647655 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Migraine headache in the occipital region is characterized by a recurrent pain of moderate to severe intensity. However, the diagnosis can be difficult because of the multitude of symptoms overlapping with similar disorders and a pathophysiology that is not well-understood. For this reason, the medical management is often complex and ineffective.
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A Comprehensive Review of Surgical Treatment of Migraine Surgery Safety and Efficacy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 146:187e-195e. [PMID: 32740592 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical experience with migraine surgery has demonstrated both the safety and the efficacy of operative decompression of the peripheral nerves in the face, head, and neck for the alleviation of migraine symptoms. Because of the perceived novelty of these procedures, and the paranoia surrounding a theoretical loss of clinical territory, neurologists have condemned the field of migraine surgery. The Patient Safety Subcommittee of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons ventured to investigate the published safety track record of migraine surgery in the existing body of literature. METHODS A comprehensive review of the relevant published literature was performed. The relevant databases and literature libraries were reviewed from the date of their inception through early 2018. These articles were reviewed and their findings analyzed. RESULTS Thirty-nine published articles were found that demonstrated a substantial, extensively replicated body of data that demonstrate a significant reduction in migraine headache symptoms and frequency (even complete elimination of headache pain) following trigger-site surgery. CONCLUSIONS Migraine surgery is a valid method of treatment for migraine sufferers when performed by experienced plastic surgeons following a methodical protocol. These operations are associated with a high level of safety. The safety and efficacy of migraine surgery should be recognized by plastic surgeons, insurance companies, and the neurology societies.
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Simonacci F, Lago G, Bertozzi N, Raposio E. Surgical deactivation of occipital migraine trigger site. Chirurgia (Bucur) 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0394-9508.19.05027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Raposio E, Simonacci F. Frontal Trigger Site Deactivation for Migraine Surgical Therapy. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e2813. [PMID: 32440458 PMCID: PMC7209873 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization ranked migraine as the 19th worldwide disease causing disability. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of migraine headache substantiate a neuronal hyperexcitability and inflammation involving compressed peripheral craniofacial nerves, and these trigger points can be eliminated by surgery. In this study, we report our experience with minimally invasive surgical procedures for frontal migraine headache treatment. METHODS From June 2011 to May 2019, we performed 70 frontal migraine decompression surgeries of both supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves (65 bilateral and 5 unilateral) by an endoscopic or transpalpebral approach. In 24 patients (34.2%), frontal migraine emerges as a secondary trigger point following primary occipital and/or temporal migraine surgery. RESULTS After a mean follow-up of 24 months (range, 3-97 months), patients with frontal trigger site migraine reported a 94% positive response to surgery (32% complete relief and 62% significant improvement); 6% had no change in their symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Based on our experience, the operation has not caused any serious complication or side effects, and surgical decompression of supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves might be recommended to patients who suffer from a moderate to severe chronic frontal migraine not responding to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Raposio
- From the Plastic Surgery Division, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics – DISC, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Simonacci
- From the Plastic Surgery Division, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics – DISC, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Trigger Site Inactivation for the Surgical Therapy of Occipital Migraine and Tension-type Headache: Our Experience and Review of the Literature. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 7:e2507. [PMID: 31942299 PMCID: PMC6908332 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Literature from the last decade has shown a correlation between resection of the occipital muscles and vessels and relief from migraine and tension-type headaches.
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The Cutting Edge of Headache Surgery: A Systematic Review on the Value of Extracranial Surgery in the Treatment of Chronic Headache. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144:1431-1448. [PMID: 31764666 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a debilitating neurologic condition, with a large socioeconomic impact. There is a subgroup of patients that does not adequately respond to pharmacologic management and may have underlying neuralgia. Surgical decompression of extracranial sensory nerves has been proposed as an alternative therapy. The aim of this article is to review the evidence for the surgical treatment of neuralgias. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to study the efficacy of decompression of extracranial sensory nerves as a treatment for neuralgia. Clinical studies were included that studied patients, aged 18 years or older, diagnosed with any definition of headache and were treated with extracranial nerve decompression surgery. Outcome parameters included intensity (on a 10-point scale), duration (in days), and frequency (of headaches per month). RESULTS Thirty-eight articles were found describing extracranial nerve decompression in patients with headaches. Postoperative decrease in headache intensity ranged from 2 to 8.2, reduction of duration ranged from 0.04 to 1.04 days, and reduction in frequency ranged between 4 and 14.8 headaches per month. Total elimination of symptoms was achieved in 8.3 to 83 percent of cases. A detailed summary of the outcome of single-site decompression is described. Statistical pooling and therefore meta-analysis was not possible, because of articles having the same surgeon and an overlapping patient database. CONCLUSIONS Nerve decompression surgery is an effective way of treating headaches in a specific population of patients with neuralgia. Although a meta-analysis of the current data was not possible, the extracranial decompression of peripheral head and neck sensory nerves has a high success rate.
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Gfrerer L, Raposio E, Ortiz R, Austen WG. Surgical Treatment of Migraine Headache: Back to the Future. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 142:1036-1045. [PMID: 30252818 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000004795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the history and evolution of ideas is key to developing an understanding of complex phenomena and is the foundation for surgical innovation. This historical review on migraine surgery takes us back to the beginnings of interventional management for migraine centuries ago, and reflects on present practices to highlight how far we have come. From Al-Zahrawi and Ambroise Paré to Bahman Guyuron, two common themes of the past and present have emerged in the treatment of migraine headache. Extracranial treatment of both nerves and vessels is being performed and analyzed, with no consensus among current practitioners as to which structure is involved. Knowledge of past theories and new insights will help guide our efforts in the future. One thing is clear: Where we are going, there are no roads. At least not yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gfrerer
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and the Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma
| | - Edoardo Raposio
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and the Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma
| | - Ricardo Ortiz
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and the Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma
| | - William Gerald Austen
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and the Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma
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Wormald JCR, Luck J, Athwal B, Muelhberger T, Mosahebi A. Surgical intervention for chronic migraine headache: A systematic review. JPRAS Open 2019; 20:1-18. [PMID: 32158867 PMCID: PMC7061614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpra.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A focus on sound systematic review methodology to present an unbiased and scientific assessment of the body of knowledge for migraine surgery. Comprehensive search strategy included a range of study types to capture all relevant reports of primary clinical research, enabling a global evaluation of the topic. A descriptive analysis allowing an overview of the likely effect of a variety of surgical interventions, with a snapshot of the rates of recurrence and adverse events. Formalised assessment of methodological quality using the GRADE approach identifies specific flaws affecting the reliability of migraine surgery research to date. Limited by a paucity of methodological quality in included studies, heterogeneous interventions, inconsistent outcome reporting and variability in baseline data, intervention data and outcome data.
Aims Migraine is a global phenomenon, affecting more than 10% of the world's population. It is characterized by unilateral headache that may be accompanied by vomiting, nausea, photophobia and phonophobia. Some patients with chronic migraine respond to extra-cranial botulinum toxin type A injection, although the benefits observed are temporary. The rationale for surgical trigger site deactivation is to achieve lasting symptomatic improvement or permanent relief from migraine. Methods We performed a PRISMA-compliant systematic review of clinical studies evaluating surgical intervention for migraine by searching Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from inception to June 2017. Studies were independently screened by two authors. Data were extracted on study characteristics, migraine outcomes, adverse events and recurrence. The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. The review protocol was prospectively registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42017068577). Results The search strategy identified 789 articles; of them, 18 studies (4 RCTs and 14 case series) were eligible for analysis. Surgical interventions were heterogeneous and variably involved peripheral nerve decompression by myectomy or foraminotomy, nerve excision, artery resection and/or nasal surgery. All studies reported significant reductions in migraine intensity, frequency, duration and composite headache scores following surgery. Study heterogeneity precluded formal meta-analysis. Where reported, adverse event rates varied markedly between studies. The quality of included studies was consistently low or very low. Conclusion There is insufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of any specific surgical intervention for chronic migraine, especially with regard to permanent relief; however, all included studies report improvements in key outcomes following migraine surgery. A definitive, well-powered RCT with objective surgical and patient-reported outcome measures and robust adverse event reporting is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C R Wormald
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2DJ, United Kingdom.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire HP21 8AL, United Kingdom
| | - J Luck
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - B Athwal
- Department of Neurology, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - T Muelhberger
- Migraine Surgery Centre, Harley Street, London W1G 9PF, United Kingdom
| | - A Mosahebi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Surgical Therapy of Temporal Triggered Migraine Headache. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1980. [PMID: 30656098 PMCID: PMC6326627 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The auriculotemporal and zygomaticotemporal nerves are the 2 primary trigger points in the temporal area of migraine headache. Different surgical approaches are described in literature, either open or endoscopic ones. Methods We described and delineated the currently adopted strategies to treat temporal trigger points in migraine headache. Furthermore, we reported our personal experience in the field. Results Regardless of the type of approach, outcomes observed were similar and ranged from 89% to 67% elimination / >50% reduction rates. All procedures are minimally invasive and only minor complications are reported, with an incidence ranging from 1% to 5%. Conclusions Just like upper limb compressive neuropathies, migraine headache is believed to be caused by chronic compression of peripheral nerves (ie, the terminal branches of trigeminal nerve) caused by surrounding structures (eg, muscles, vessels, and fascial bands) the removal of which eventually results in improvement or elimination of migraine attacks. Particular attention should be paid to the close nerve/artery relationship often described in anatomical studies and clinical reports.
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In-Depth Review of Symptoms, Triggers, and Treatment of Occipital Migraine Headaches (Site IV). Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139:1333e-1342e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000003395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
The senior author (BG) introduced the modern concept of migraine surgery in 2000. Since then, over 40 articles have been published by eight centers across the US, Europe, and Asia, describing positive outcomes after surgery in 68-95% of cases. Surgeons, neurologists, and patients are increasingly interested in this new treatment method. However, the majority of publications on this topic are found in surgical literature, with few articles presented in neurology journals. This review is an introduction to migraine surgery for neurologists from a surgeons view. It discusses the surgical treatment of migraine headaches based on the discoveries made and articles published by the senior author. It outlines the current history of migraine surgery, presents evidence supporting its effectiveness, and tries to dispel claims that what we are seeing is a placebo effect. It further describes detection of trigger sites and outlines surgical techniques of peripheral nerve decompression. We hope that this review will generate a positive discussion between surgeons and neurologists and lead to more interdisciplinary collaboration for the benefit of the patients in the future.
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Tips for the surgical treatment of occipital nerve-triggered headaches. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-016-1249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Background In many patients suffering from primary headaches, the available pharmacological and behavioural treatments are not satisfactory. This is a review of (minimally) invasive interventions targeting pericranial nerves that could be effective in refractory patients. Methods The interventions we will cover have in common pericranial nerves as targets, but are distinct according to their rationale, modality and invasiveness. They range from nerve blocks/infiltrations to the percutaneous implantation of neurostimulators and surgical decompression procedures. We have critically analysed the published data (PubMed) on their effectiveness and tolerability. Results and conclusions There is clear evidence for a preventative effect of suboccipital injections of local anaesthetics and/or steroids in cluster headache, while evidence for such an effect is weak in migraine. Percutaneous occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) provides significant long-term relief in more than half of drug-resistant chronic cluster headache patients, but no sham-controlled trial has tested this. The evidence that ONS has lasting beneficial effects in chronic migraine is at best equivocal. Suboccipital infiltrations are quasi-devoid of side effects, while ONS is endowed with numerous, though reversible, adverse events. Claims that surgical decompression of multiple pericranial nerves is effective in migraine are not substantiated by large, rigorous, randomized and sham-controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Schoenen
- Headache Research Unit, University of Liège, Citadelle Hospital, Belgium
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Guyuron B. Is Migraine Surgery Ready for Prime Time? The Surgical Team's View. Headache 2015; 55:1464-73. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Guyuron
- Emeritus Professor of Plastic Surgery, Case School of Medicine; Cleveland OH USA
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Ambrosini A, D'Alessio C, Magis D, Schoenen J. Targeting pericranial nerve branches to treat migraine: Current approaches and perspectives. Cephalalgia 2015; 35:1308-22. [PMID: 25736180 DOI: 10.1177/0333102415573511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a highly prevalent neurological disorders and a major individual and societal burden. Migraine is not curable at the present time, but it is amenable to acute symptomatic and preventive pharmacotherapies. SUMMARY Since the latter are frequently unsatisfactory, other treatment strategies have been used or are being explored. In particular, interventions targeting pericranial nerves are now part of the migraine armamentarium. We will critically review some of them, such as invasive and noninvasive neurostimulation, therapeutic blocks and surgical decompressions. CONCLUSIONS Although current knowledge on migraine pathophysiology suggests a central nervous system dysfunction, there is some evidence that interventions targeting peripheral nerves are able to modulate neuronal circuits involved in pain control and that they could be useful in some selected patients. Larger, well-designed and comparative trials are needed to appraise the respective advantages, disadvantages and indications of most interventions discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delphine Magis
- Headache Research Unit, University of Liège, Citadelle Hospital, Belgium
| | - Jean Schoenen
- Headache Research Unit, University of Liège, Citadelle Hospital, Belgium
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Intraoperative anatomical variations during greater occipital nerve decompression. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66:1340-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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