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Singh KP, Pallett LJ, Singh H, Chen A, Otano I, Duriez M, Rombouts K, Pinzani M, Crane M, Fusai G, Avihingsanon A, Lewin SR, Maini MK. Pro-fibrogenic role of alarmin high mobility group box 1 in HIV-hepatitis B virus coinfection. AIDS 2023; 37:401-411. [PMID: 36384811 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver disease is accelerated in people with HIV (PWH) with hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection. We hypothesized that liver fibrosis in HIV-HBV is triggered by increased hepatocyte apoptosis, microbial translocation and/or HIV/HBV viral products. DESIGN Sera from PWH with HBV coinfection versus from those with HBV only or putative mediators were used to examine the pathogenesis of liver disease in HIV-HBV. METHODS We applied sera from PWH and HBV coinfection versus HBV alone, or putative mediators (including HMGB1), to primary human hepatic stellate cells (hHSC) and examined pro-fibrogenic changes at the single cell level using flow cytometry. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels in the applied sera were assessed according to donor fibrosis stage. RESULTS Quantitative flow cytometric assessment of pro-fibrogenic and inflammatory changes at the single cell level revealed an enhanced capacity for sera from PWH with HBV coinfection to activate hHSC. This effect was recapitulated by lipopolysaccharide, HIV-gp120, hepatocyte conditioned-media and the alarmin HMGB1. Induction of hepatocyte cell death increased their pro-fibrogenic potential, an effect blocked by HMGB1 antagonist glycyrrhizic acid. Consistent with a role for this alarmin, HMGB1 levels were elevated in sera from PWH and hepatitis B coinfection compared to HBV alone and higher in those with HIV-HBV with liver fibrosis compared to those without. CONCLUSIONS Sera from PWH and HBV coinfection have an enhanced capacity to activate primary hHSC. We identified an increase in circulating HMGB1 which, in addition to HIV-gp120 and translocated microbial products, drove pro-fibrogenic changes in hHSC, as mechanisms contributing to accelerated liver disease in HIV-HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasha P Singh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Harsimran Singh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antony Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Itziar Otano
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marion Duriez
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Crane
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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Ding X, Li S, Zhu L. Potential effects of HMGB1 on viral replication and virus infection-induced inflammatory responses: A promising therapeutic target for virus infection-induced inflammatory diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 62:54-61. [PMID: 34503914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses, characterized by the overproduction of numerous proinflammatory mediators by immune cells, is essential to protect the host against invading pathogens. Excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines is a key pathogenic factor accounting for severe tissue injury and disease progression during the infection of multiple viruses, which are therefore termed as "cytokine storm". High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a ubiquitous DNA-binding protein released either over virus-infected cells or activated immune cells, may act as a proinflammatory cytokine with a robust capacity to potentiate inflammatory response and disease severity. Moreover, HMGB1 is a host factor that potentially participates in the regulation of viral replication cycles with complicated mechanisms. Currently, HMGB1 is regarded as a promising therapeutic target against virus infection. Here, we provide an overview of the updated studies on how HMGB1 is differentially manipulated by distinct viruses to regulate viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Ding
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Liqian Zhu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Wardani IS, Hatta M, Mubin RH, Bukhari A, Mulyanto, Massi MN, Djaharuddin I, Bahar B, Aminuddin, Wahyuni S. Serum vitamin D receptor and High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) levels in HIV-infected patients with different immunodeficiency status: A cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 63:102174. [PMID: 33664952 PMCID: PMC7900012 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-AIDS patients typically have hypovitaminosis D. Vitamin D is a key mediator in inflammatory and infectious diseases, which VDR mediates its biological effect. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) modulates HIV-1 replication in vitro. Vitamin D played a role in inhibiting HMGB1 secretion in the animal study. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine differences and correlation of vitamin D receptor and HMGB1 protein levels in HIV patients with mild and severe immunodeficiency and healthy control participants. METHODS This study using a cross-sectional design conducted at Volunteer Counseling and Testing (VCT) Clinic in Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, from January to June 2020. Three groups of study participants were classified as HIV patients with severe immune deficiency (SID), HIV patients with mild immune deficiency (MID), and healthy controls (HC). RESULTS Mean level of vitamin D receptor in SID HIV group was 25.89 ± 3.95 ng/ml, lower than those in MID-HIV group; 33.72 ± 1.69 ng/ml and in HC group; 50.65 ± 3.64 ng/ml. Mean levels of HMGB1 protein in the SID HIV group were 3119.81 ± 292.38 pg/ml higher than those in the MID HIV group 1553.55 ± 231.08 pg/ml and HC 680.82 ± 365.51 pg/ml. There was a significant and strong negative correlation (r = -0.932) between vitamin D receptor and HMGB1 levels (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Strong negative correlation between VDR and HMGB1 in different immunodeficiency statuses suggesting an important role of vitamin D in inflammation control in HIV infection. However, it needs to be confirmed in a further prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indah Sapta Wardani
- Post Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Hatta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Risna Halim Mubin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Agussalim Bukhari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Mulyanto
- Department of Imunobiology and Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Nasrum Massi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Irawaty Djaharuddin
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Burhanuddin Bahar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Aminuddin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Siti Wahyuni
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Milani A, Baesi K, Agi E, Bolhassani A. Detection of Anti-IgGs against Heat Shock Proteins 27 and 20, HP91 Peptide, and HIV-1 Polypeptides in HIV-Positive and Negative Patients. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.8.3.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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de Carvalho GC, Borget MY, Bernier S, Garneau D, da Silva Duarte AJ, Dumais N. RAGE and CCR7 mediate the transmigration of Zika-infected monocytes through the blood-brain barrier. Immunobiology 2019; 224:792-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Carr DF, Wang CW, Bellón T, Ressel L, Nwikue G, Shrivastava V, Bergfeld W, Jorgensen AL, Chung WH, Pirmohamed M. Serum and blister-fluid elevation and decreased epidermal content of high-mobility group box 1 protein in drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:166-174. [PMID: 30613954 PMCID: PMC6617791 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular-pattern protein. Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are serious, immune-mediated skin-blistering conditions. OBJECTIVES To determine serum and/or blister-fluid total HMGB1 levels in SJS/TEN cohorts, and HMGB1 expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) SJS/TEN skin vs. healthy and maculopapular exanthema (MPE) skin. Methods Serum HMGB1 was quantified in Malawian nevirapine-induced hypersensitivity, Taiwanese SJS/TEN and Spanish SJS/TEN cohorts. FFPE skin (healthy skin, MPE, SJS/TEN) was stained and assessed for HMGB1 expression. RESULTS Serum total HMGB1 was not significantly elevated in patients with nevirapine-induced SJS/TEN (3·98 ± 2·17 ng mL-1 ), MPE (3·92 ± 2·75 ng mL-1 ) or drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (4·73 ± 3·00 ng mL-1 ) vs. tolerant controls (2·97 ± 3·00 ng mL-1 ). HMGB1 was significantly elevated in Taiwanese patients with SJS/TEN, highest during the acute phase (32·6 ± 26·6 ng mL-1 ) vs. the maximal (19·7 ± 23·2 ng mL-1 ; P = 0·007) and recovery (24·6 ± 25·3 ng mL-1 ; P = 0·027) phases. In blister fluid from Spanish patients with SJS/TEN, HMGB1 (486·8 ± 687·9 ng mL-1 ) was significantly higher than in serum (8·8 ± 7·6 ng mL-1 ; P <0·001). Preblistered SJS/TEN skin showed decreased epidermal nuclear HMGB1 expression in upper epidermis vs. healthy or MPE skin but retained basal/suprabasal expression. CONCLUSIONS Epidermal HMGB1 expression was decreased in SJS/TEN skin. Retained basal/suprabasal epidermal HMGB1 expression may exacerbate localized injury in SJS/TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Carr
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - C-W Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Linkou, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - T Bellón
- La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Ressel
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - G Nwikue
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - V Shrivastava
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA, U.S.A
| | - W Bergfeld
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatopathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, U.S.A
| | - A L Jorgensen
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - W-H Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Linkou, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces concurrent elevation of High Mobility Group Box-1 protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines in experimentally infected piglets. Cytokine 2019; 113:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yaghouti N, Boostani R, Mohamamdi A, Poursina Z, Rezaee SA, Vakili V, Valizadeh N, Shams A, Rafatpanah H. Role of Receptors for Advanced Glycation End Products and High-Mobility Group Box 1 in the Outcome of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Type 1 Infection. Viral Immunol 2018; 32:89-94. [PMID: 30585773 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic viral neuroinflammatory disease, which leads to damage of the central nervous system. Inflammatory responses and mediators are both involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and in determining its outcome. High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a chromatin-associated nuclear protein acting as a signaling molecule in cells after binding to its receptors. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a transmembrane multiligand receptor that binds to HMGB1. HMGB1-RAGE signaling has an important role in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Inhibition of HMGB1 activity reduces the inflammation in immune-associated diseases. In the present study, we examined the gene expressions and plasma levels of HMGB1 and its receptor RAGE in HAM/TSP patients, HTLV-1-infected asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from all the groups and complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. HMGB-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) TaqMan method, and plasma levels of HMGB1 and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression of HMGB1 was the same among the groups (p > 0.05). No significant difference in the plasma levels of HMGB1 was observed between the groups (p > 0.05). The plasma levels of sRAGE were higher in ACs than HAM/TSP patients, and a significant difference was observed between the two groups (p < 0.001). Our results showed that sRAGE could play a potential role in the control of inflammatory response in HTLV-1 carriers through the inhibition of HMGB1 signaling and potentially could be used as an indicator for evaluation of HAM/TSP developing in HTLV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafise Yaghouti
- 1 Department of Immunology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- 2 Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mohamamdi
- 3 Immunology Research Centre, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Poursina
- 3 Immunology Research Centre, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- 3 Immunology Research Centre, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Veda Vakili
- 4 Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- 3 Immunology Research Centre, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shams
- 1 Department of Immunology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- 3 Immunology Research Centre, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Tian RR, Zhang MX, Zhang LT, Zhang P, Ma JP, Liu M, Devenport M, Zheng P, Zhang XL, Lian XD, Ye M, Zheng HY, Pang W, Zhang GH, Zhang LG, Liu Y, Zheng YT. CD24 and Fc fusion protein protects SIVmac239-infected Chinese rhesus macaque against progression to AIDS. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:9-17. [PMID: 29983395 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation are underlying causes of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Products of virus replication and microbial translocation, co-infection or opportunistic pathogens, and danger-associated molecular patterns have been reported to contribute to chronic immune activation and inflammation in human immunodeficiency virus type-1/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/SIV) infection or other disease. To develop new strategies and therapies for HIV-1/AIDS, we tested if the CD24 and Fc fusion protein (CD24Fc), which interacts with danger-associated molecular patterns and sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin to attenuate inflammation, can protect Chinese rhesus macaques (ChRMs) with SIV infection. We found that CD24Fc treatment decreased weight loss, wasting syndrome, intractable diarrhea, and AIDS morbidity and mortality, while it was well tolerated by SIV-infected animals. Corresponding to the elimination of intractable diarrhea, CD24Fc significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell and inflammation in the ileum, colon and rectum based on the reduction of inflammatory cells, pathological scores and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, although CD24Fc did not restore CD4+ T cell number or significantly change T cell subsets or CD4+ T cell activation, it maintained low levels of plasma soluble CD14, CD8+ T cell activation, viral load and proviral load in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and marrow. These results suggested that CD24Fc confers protection to SIV-infected ChRMs against progression to AIDS. It was also implied that CD24Fc may be a potential therapeutic approach for the control of HIV-1/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Lin-Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | | | - Pan Zheng
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA; OncoImmune, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xiao-Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Mei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Gao-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Li-Guo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA; OncoImmune, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; The National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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Gougeon ML. Alarmins and central nervous system inflammation in HIV-associated neurological disorders. J Intern Med 2017; 281:433-447. [PMID: 27862491 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist in infected individuals with adequate immunological and virological status. Risk factors for cognitive impairment include hepatitis C virus co-infection, host genetic factors predisposing to HAND, the early establishment of the virus in the CNS and its persistence under HAART; thus, the CNS is an important reservoir for HIV. Microglial cells are permissive to HIV-1, and NLRP3 inflammasome-associated genes were found expressed in brains of HIV-1-infected persons, contributing to brain disease. Inflammasomes can be triggered by alarmins or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which directly stimulate the production of proinflammatory mediators by glial cells, contribute to blood-brain barrier injury through induction of release of various proteases and allow the passage of infected macrophages, and trigger IL-1β release from primed cells. Amongst alarmins involved in HIV-1-induced neuropathogenesis, IL-33 and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are of particular interest. Neurocognitive alterations were recently associated with dysregulation of the IL-33/ST2 axis in the CNS, leading to the induction of neuronal apoptosis, decrease in synaptic function and neuroinflammation. Specific biomarkers, including HMGB1 and anti-HMGB1 antibodies, have been identified in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with HAND, correlated with immune activation and identifying a very early stage of neurocognitive impairment that precedes changes in metabolites detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, HMGB1 plays a crucial role in HIV-1 persistence in dendritic cells and in the constitution of viral reservoirs. In this review, the mechanisms whereby alarmins contribute to HIV-1-induced CNS inflammation and neuropathogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Gougeon
- Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
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The Initial Months of Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Influence on AGEs, HMGB1, and sRAGE Levels in Asymptomatic HIV-Infected Individuals. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2909576. [PMID: 28042203 PMCID: PMC5155112 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2909576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the typical comorbidities of aging which currently affects people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) can be partially ascribed to the persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation characterizing these individuals. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect exerted by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) administration on plasma levels of HMGB1 (high mobility group box protein-1), AGEs (advanced glycation end products), their soluble receptor sRAGE, cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and some metabolic markers in asymptomatic PLWHA. Analyses were performed longitudinally in 30 PLWHA, before and about 6–12 months after cART initiation. We observed that lower levels of AGEs in post-cART group were accompanied by an increase of CRP and triglyceride levels already in the early months of therapy. Because of the current ever-earlier recommendations to start cART and its prolonged use, these and other markers should be investigated in order to monitor and postpone the appearance of non-AIDS comorbidities in PLWHA.
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Resman Rus K, Fajs L, Korva M, Avšič-Županc T. HMGB1 Is a Potential Biomarker for Severe Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004804. [PMID: 27348219 PMCID: PMC4922654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) are common representatives of viral hemorrhagic fevers still often neglected in some parts of the world. Infection with Dobrava or Puumala virus (HFRS) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) can result in a mild, nonspecific febrile illness or as a severe disease with hemorrhaging and high fatality rate. An important factor in optimizing survival rate in patients with VHF is instant recognition of the severe form of the disease for which significant biomarkers need to be elucidated. To determine the prognostic value of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) as a biomarker for disease severity, we tested acute serum samples of patients with HFRS or CCHF. Our results showed that HMGB1 levels are increased in patients with CCHFV, DOBV or PUUV infection. Above that, concentration of HMGB1 is higher in patients with severe disease progression when compared to the mild clinical course of the disease. Our results indicate that HMGB1 could be a useful prognostic biomarker for disease severity in PUUV and CCHFV infection, where the difference between the mild and severe patients group was highly significant. Even in patients with severe DOBV infection concentrations of HMGB1 were 2.8-times higher than in the mild group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Our results indicated HMGB1 as a potential biomarker for severe hemorrhagic fevers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Resman Rus
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Fajs
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miša Korva
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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HMGB1 Is Involved in IFN-α Production and TRAIL Expression by HIV-1-Exposed Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Impact of the Crosstalk with NK Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005407. [PMID: 26871575 PMCID: PMC4752468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are innate sensors of viral infections and important mediators of antiviral innate immunity through their ability to produce large amounts of IFN-α. Moreover, Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and 9 (TLR9) ligands, such as HIV and CpG respectively, turn pDCs into TRAIL-expressing killer pDCs able to lyse HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. NK cells can regulate antiviral immunity by modulating pDC functions, and pDC production of IFN-α as well as cell–cell contact is required to promote NK cell functions. Impaired pDC-NK cell crosstalk was reported in the setting of HIV-1 infection, but the impact of HIV-1 on TRAIL expression and innate antiviral immunity during this crosstalk is unknown. Here, we report that low concentrations of CCR5-tropic HIV-1Ba-L promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-α, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12, and CCR5-interacting chemokines (MIP-1α and MIP-1β) in NK-pDCs co-cultures. At high HIV-1BaL concentrations, the addition of NK cells did not promote the release of these mediators, suggesting that once efficiently triggered by the virus, pDCs could not integrate new activating signals delivered by NK cells. However, high HIV-1BaL concentrations were required to trigger IFN-α-mediated TRAIL expression at the surface of both pDCs and NK cells during their crosstalk. Interestingly, we identified the alarmin HMGB1, released at pDC-NK cell synapse, as an essential trigger for the secretion of IFN-α and IFN-related soluble mediators during the interplay of HIV-1 exposed pDCs with NK cells. Moreover, HMGB1 was found crucial for mTRAIL translocation to the plasma membrane of both pDCs and NK cells during their crosstalk following pDC exposure to HIV-1. Data from serum analyses of circulating HMGB1, HMGB1-specific antibodies, sTRAIL and IP-10 in a cohort of 67 HIV-1+ patients argue for the in vivo relevance of these observations. Altogether, these findings identify HMGB1 as a trigger for IFN-α-mediated TRAIL expression at the surface of pDCs and NK cells, and they suggest a novel mechanism of innate control of HIV-1 infection. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the most potent IFN-α-producing cells and serve as an essential link between innate and adaptive immunity. Exposure of pDCs to HIV-1 triggers IFN-α production, which in turn upregulates TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), turning pDCs into killer pDCs, able to kill infected CD4+ T cells. At sites of infection, pDCs might activate or get activated by Natural killer (NK) cells, and pDC-NK cell-cell contact is required to promote the cytolytic potential of NK cells. Functional defects in the pDC and NK cell compartments were reported in the setting of HIV-1 infection, but the precise mechanisms by which HIV impairs NK cell and pDC crosstalk remain to be fully elucidated. To address this question, we developed an ex-vivo model of NK-pDC interaction, based on a short-term contact between sorted peripheral NK cells and purified pDCs exposed to HIV-1BaL. We found that the concentration of HIV-1 is critical to sustain the functional activation of both pDCs and NK cells. Moreover, we identified the alarmin HMGB1 as an essential trigger for the secretion of IFN-α and IFN-related soluble mediators during the interplay of HIV-1-exposed pDCs and NK cells. HMGB1 was also found crucial for HIV-1-induced translocation of TRAIL on both pDC and NK cell membrane. The in vivo relevance of the interdependency between HMGB1, IFN- and TRAIL is suggested by the strong positive correlations between circulating levels of these mediators in a cohort of 67 HIV-1 infected patients. Altogether these findings highlight a new function for HMGB1 and they suggest a novel mechanism of innate control of HIV infection.
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Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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15
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Huson MAM, Grobusch MP, van der Poll T. The effect of HIV infection on the host response to bacterial sepsis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 15:95-108. [PMID: 25459220 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial sepsis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV. HIV causes increased susceptibility to invasive infections and affects sepsis pathogenesis caused by pre-existing activation and exhaustion of the immune system. We review the effect of HIV on different components of immune responses implicated in bacterial sepsis, and possible mechanisms underlying the increased risk of invasive bacterial infections. We focus on pattern recognition receptors and innate cellular responses, cytokines, lymphocytes, coagulation, and the complement system. A combination of factors causes increased susceptibility to infection and can contribute to a disturbed immune response during a septic event in patients with HIV. HIV-induced perturbations of the immune system depend on stage of infection and are only in part restored by combination antiretroviral therapy. Immunomodulatory treatments currently under development for sepsis might be particularly beneficial to patients with HIV co-infection because many pathogenic mechanisms in HIV and sepsis overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaëla A M Huson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Learning from the messengers: innate sensing of viruses and cytokine regulation of immunity - clues for treatments and vaccines. Viruses 2013; 5:470-527. [PMID: 23435233 PMCID: PMC3640511 DOI: 10.3390/v5020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections are a major global public health concern, and only via substantial knowledge of virus pathogenesis and antiviral immune responses can we develop and improve medical treatments, and preventive and therapeutic vaccines. Innate immunity and the shaping of efficient early immune responses are essential for control of viral infections. In order to trigger an efficient antiviral defense, the host senses the invading microbe via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), recognizing distinct conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The innate sensing of the invading virus results in intracellular signal transduction and subsequent production of interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Cytokines, including IFNs and chemokines, are vital molecules of antiviral defense regulating cell activation, differentiation of cells, and, not least, exerting direct antiviral effects. Cytokines shape and modulate the immune response and IFNs are principle antiviral mediators initiating antiviral response through induction of antiviral proteins. In the present review, I describe and discuss the current knowledge on early virus–host interactions, focusing on early recognition of virus infection and the resulting expression of type I and type III IFNs, proinflammatory cytokines, and intracellular antiviral mediators. In addition, the review elucidates how targeted stimulation of innate sensors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and intracellular RNA and DNA sensors, may be used therapeutically. Moreover, I present and discuss data showing how current antimicrobial therapies, including antibiotics and antiviral medication, may interfere with, or improve, immune response.
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Allonso D, Vázquez S, Guzmán MG, Mohana-Borges R. High mobility group box 1 protein as an auxiliary biomarker for dengue diagnosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 88:506-9. [PMID: 23269659 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of many methods for rapid and early diagnosis of dengue, there is still a need to develop new approaches that not only combine low cost, specificity, and sensitivity, but also are capable of accurately detecting secondary infection in the early stages of the disease. We report the potential of the high mobility group box 1 protein as an auxiliary biomarker for early dengue diagnosis. We tested a 205-sample serum panel that included negative and positive samples from primary and secondary dengue cases, as well as samples from patients with dengue-like symptoms. We observed that high mobility group box 1 protein was generally detected only in dengue-positive samples for persons with primary and secondary infections. These results highlight the possibility of using this endogenous molecule as an auxiliary biomarker to aid in dengue detection and improve current methods for early diagnosis of dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Allonso
- Laboratory of Structural Genomics, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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18
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Allonso D, Belgrano FS, Calzada N, Guzmán MG, Vázquez S, Mohana-Borges R. Elevated serum levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in dengue-infected patients are associated with disease symptoms and secondary infection. J Clin Virol 2012; 55:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Saidi H, Jenabian MA, Belec L. Understanding factors that modulate HIV infection at the female genital tract mucosae for the rationale design of microbicides. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1485-97. [PMID: 22867060 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Women are now becoming the pivot of the epidemiological spread of HIV infection worldwide, especially in developing countries. Therefore, research to develop an efficient microbicide is now a priority for the prevention of HIV-1 acquisition in exposed women. However, recent disappointing failures in microbicide clinical trials revealed major gaps in basic and applied knowledge that hinder the development of effective microbicide formulations. Indeed, the inhibitory power of microbicide molecules may be affected by several physiological and immunological factors present in male and female genital tracts. Furthermore, mucosal crossing of HIV-1 to increase the ability to reach the submucosal target cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) may be modulated by supraepithelial factors such as seminal complement components (opsonized HIV-1), by epithelial factors released in the submucosal microenvironment such as antimicrobial soluble factors, cytokines, and chemokines, and by potent intraepithelial and submucosal innate immunity. The design of vaginal microbicide formulations should take into account an understanding of the intimate mechanisms involved in the crossing of HIV through the female genital mucosae, in the context of a mixture of both male and female genital fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Saidi
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service of the McGill University Health Centre, and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurent Belec
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, and Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Impact of HMGB1/TLR Ligand Complexes on HIV-1 Replication: Possible Role for Flagellin during HIV-1 Infection. Int J Microbiol 2012; 2012:263836. [PMID: 22719767 PMCID: PMC3375154 DOI: 10.1155/2012/263836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. We hypothesized that HMGB1 in complex with bacterial components, such as flagellin, CpG-ODN, and LPS, promotes HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, we studied the levels of antiflagellin antibodies during HIV-1-infection. Methods. Chronically HIV-1-infected U1 cells were stimulated with necrotic extract/recombinant HMGB1 in complex with TLR ligands or alone. HIV-1 replication was estimated by p24 antigen in culture supernatants 48–72 hours after stimulation. The presence of systemic anti-flagellin IgG was determined in 51 HIV-1-infected patients and 19 controls by immunoblotting or in-house ELISA. Results. Flagellin, LPS, and CpG-ODN induced stronger HIV-1 replication when incubated together with necrotic extract or recombinant HMGB1 than activation by any of the compounds alone. Moreover, the stimulatory effect of necrotic extract was inhibited by depletion of HMGB1. Elevated levels of anti-flagellin antibodies were present in plasma from HIV-1-infected patients and significantly decreased during 2 years of antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions. Our findings implicate a possible role of HGMB1-bacterial complexes, as a consequence of microbial translocation and cell necrosis, for immune activation in HIV-1 pathogenesis. We propose that flagellin is an important microbial product, that modulates viral replication and induces adaptive immune responses in vivo.
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Gougeon ML, Melki MT, Saïdi H. HMGB1, an alarmin promoting HIV dissemination and latency in dendritic cells. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:96-106. [PMID: 22033335 PMCID: PMC3252828 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate immune responses by transporting antigens and migrating to lymphoid tissues to initiate T-cell responses. DCs are located in the mucosal surfaces that are involved in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and they are probably among the earliest targets of HIV-1 infection. DCs have an important role in viral transmission and dissemination, and HIV-1 has evolved different strategies to evade DC antiviral activity. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding nuclear protein that can act as an alarmin, a danger signal to alert the innate immune system for the initiation of host defense. It is the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, and it can be secreted by innate cells, including DCs and natural killer (NK) cells. The fate of DCs is dependent on a cognate interaction with NK cells, which involves HMGB1 expressed at NK-DC synapse. HMGB1 is essential for DC maturation, migration to lymphoid tissues and functional type-1 polarization of naïve T cells. This review highlights the latest advances in our understanding of the impact of HIV on the interactions between HMGB1 and DCs, focusing on the mechanisms of HMGB1-dependent viral dissemination and persistence in DCs, and discussing the consequences on antiviral innate immunity, immune activation and HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and the alarmin high-mobility group box 1 protein. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011; 6:364-72. [DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328349b089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Elevated plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide and high mobility group box-1 protein are associated with high viral load in HIV-1 infection: reduction by 2-year antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2010; 24:1733-7. [PMID: 20502315 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833b254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate plasma levels of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), a marker of tissue necrosis and immune activation, as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a marker of bacterial translocation, in HIV-1-infected patients. DESIGN We studied 32 HIV-1-positive patients who had responded to antiretroviral therapy with undetectable viremia after 2 years, 10 nonresponders and 19 healthy controls. METHODS HMGB1 was analyzed by ELISA, and LPS by Lamilus colometric assay. Nonparametric statistics were applied. RESULTS In naive HIV-1 patients, HMGB1 and LPS were elevated as compared with controls (P < 0.001). LPS levels were higher in African and Oriental patients compared with whites (P = 0.007). Notably, viral load was two-fold higher in patients with LPS, and HMGB1 was above median as compared with other patients (P = 0.005). This association was largely driven by African patients, who had a five-fold increased viral load in the presence of elevated LPS and HMGB1. After 2 years of effective antiretroviral therapy, LPS was reduced to the same median level as in the control group (P < 0.001), and HMGB1 was also reduced (P = 0.001), whereas no reductions were seen in nonresponders. CONCLUSION The new findings are the association of elevated plasma levels of LPS and HMGB1 with high viral load, as well as the normalized levels of LPS, and the reduction of HMGB1 after 2 years of effective antiretroviral therapy. As LPS and HMGB1 tend to form immunologically active complexes in vitro, we propose that such complexes may be involved in the immune activation and pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.
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Melki MT, Saïdi H, Dufour A, Olivo-Marin JC, Gougeon ML. Escape of HIV-1-infected dendritic cells from TRAIL-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity during NK-DC cross-talk--a pivotal role of HMGB1. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000862. [PMID: 20419158 PMCID: PMC2855334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early stages of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection are associated with local recruitment and activation of important effectors of innate immunity, i.e. natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Immature DCs (iDCs) capture HIV-1 through specific receptors and can disseminate the infection to lymphoid tissues following their migration, which is associated to a maturation process. This process is dependent on NK cells, whose role is to keep in check the quality and the quantity of DCs undergoing maturation. If DC maturation is inappropriate, NK cells will kill them (“editing process”) at sites of tissue inflammation, thus optimizing the adaptive immunity. In the context of a viral infection, NK-dependent killing of infected-DCs is a crucial event required for early elimination of infected target cells. Here, we report that NK-mediated editing of iDCs is impaired if DCs are infected with HIV-1. We first addressed the question of the mechanisms involved in iDC editing, and we show that cognate NK-iDC interaction triggers apoptosis via the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-Death Receptor 4 (DR4) pathway and not via the perforin pathway. Nevertheless, once infected with HIV-1, DCHIV become resistant to NK-induced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. This resistance occurs despite normal amounts of TRAIL released by NK cells and comparable DR4 expression on DCHIV. The escape of DCHIV from NK killing is due to the upregulation of two anti-apoptotic molecules, the cellular-Flice like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (c-IAP2), induced by NK-DCHIV cognate interaction. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an alarmin and a key mediator of NK-DC cross-talk, was found to play a pivotal role in NK-dependent upregulation of c-FLIP and c-IAP2 in DCHIV. Finally, we demonstrate that restoration of DCHIV susceptibility to NK-induced TRAIL killing can be obtained either by silencing c-FLIP and c-IAP2 by specific siRNA, or by inhibiting HMGB1 with blocking antibodies or glycyrrhizin, arguing for a key role of HMGB1 in TRAIL resistance and DCHIV survival. These findings provide evidence for a new strategy developed by HIV to escape immune attack, they challenge the question of the involvement of HMGB1 in the establishment of viral reservoirs in DCs, and they identify potential therapeutic targets to eliminate infected DCs. Dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen presenting cells, are critical for host immunity by inducing specific immune responses against a broad variety of pathogens. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) has evolved ways to exploit DCs, thereby facilitating viral dissemination and allowing evasion of antiviral immunity. In particular, infected DCs may function as cellular reservoirs for HIV-1, thus contributing to viral persistence in lymphoid tissues. The mechanisms involved in the constitution of HIV reservoirs in DCs are poorly understood. In this study, we reveal that DCs infected with HIV-1 (DCHIV) become resistant to killing by natural killer (NK) cells, early effectors of innate immunity involved in the destruction of virus infected cells or cancer cells. This protection of DCHIV from NK cytotoxicity is induced through a cross-talk between NK cells and DCHIV, which induces the upregulation in DCHIV of two inhibitors of cell death, i.e. cellular-Flice like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (c-IAP2). The molecule responsible for the induction of these inhibitors is High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an alarmin involved in the functional maturation of DCs. Blocking HMGB1 restores DCHIV susceptibility to NK cell killing, arguing for a key role of HMGB1 in the persistence of DCHIV. These findings provide evidence of the crucial role of NK-DC cross-talk in promoting viral persistence, and they identify potential therapeutic targets to eliminate infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Thérèse Melki
- Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Paris, France
| | - Héla Saïdi
- Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Quantitative Image Analysis Unit, CNRS URA 2582, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Lise Gougeon
- Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Barqasho B, Nowak P, Abdurahman S, Walther-Jallow L, Sönnerborg A. Implications of the release of high-mobility group box 1 protein from dying cells during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in vitro. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1800-9. [PMID: 20200191 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.016915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma levels of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) are elevated during the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and the molecule has an impact on virus replication. This study investigated the mode of cell death and release of HMGB1 during HIV-1 infection in vitro. MT4 cells and primary CD4(+) T cells were infected with HIV-1 isolates, and HMGB1 release was monitored in relation to cytopathic effects (CPE) and apoptosis. HMGB1 release from cells was analysed by Western blotting. For MT4 cells, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay was adapted to measure the release during necrosis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was quantified using a commercial assay. Flow cytometry was used to determine the level of infection and apoptosis. MT4 cells were > or =90 % infected at 48 h post-infection (p.i.). CPE was first observed at 60 h and correlated with release of HMGB1, LDH activity and caspase-3 (C3) activation. HMGB1 spots were clearly detected by ELISPOT assay at 72 h p.i. Annexin V and C3 staining showed that apoptosis was substantially involved in HIV-1-related cell death. Addition of Z-VAD (a caspase inhibitor) in a single dose at 24 or 40 h p.i. decreased both the number of caspase-positive cells and the release of HMGB1. Infection of primary CD4(+) T cells showed a 22 % (median) infection rate at 96 h. Related CPE corresponded to LDH and HMGB1 release. Both necrosis and apoptosis contributed to HMGB1 liberation during HIV-1-induced cell death and the protein could induce tumour necrosis factor-alpha release from peripheral mononuclear blood cells. These data imply that passive HMGB1 release contributes to the excessive immune activation characteristic of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babilonia Barqasho
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Barqasho B, Nowak P, Tjernlund A, Kinloch S, Goh LE, Lampe F, Fisher M, Andersson J, Sönnerborg A. Kinetics of plasma cytokines and chemokines during primary HIV-1 infection and after analytical treatment interruption. HIV Med 2009; 10:94-102. [PMID: 19200172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are strong theoretical arguments for initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) to preserve HIV-1-specific T-cell responses and to decrease immune activation. METHODS We assessed the degree of immune activation during PHI and after analytical treatment interruption (ATI) in plasma samples from 22 subjects by measuring 13 cytokines/chemokines with the Luminex system. Subjects initiated quadruple ART at PHI (the QUEST cohort) and were classified as responders or nonresponders according to their HIV-1 viral load (VL) 6 months post-ATI. RESULTS During PHI, nonresponders had higher levels of HIV-1 RNA, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-10 and eotaxin than responders (P</=0.05). A positive correlation was found between VL and IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta, respectively. Post ATI, responders had higher levels of IFN-gamma, MIP-1beta and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 than nonresponders, while nonresponders had higher levels of HIV-1 RNA, IL-15 and eotaxin. Cytokine/chemokine levels were higher during PHI than post-ATI. CONCLUSIONS High levels of immune activation during PHI are associated with a worse virological outcome post-ATI. In contrast, VL post-ATI is negatively correlated with IFN-gamma and chemokines. Therefore, the degree of immune activation during PHI is associated with both the VL at PHI and the viral set-point post-ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barqasho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Virology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Saïdi H, Jenabian MA, Bélec L. Early events in vaginal HIV transmission: implications in microbicide development. Future Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models for HIV crossing through mucosae include direct infection of epithelial cells, transcytosis through epithelial cells, epithelial transmigration of infected donor cells, uptake by intraepithelial dendritic cells, and circumvention of the epithelial barrier through physical breaches. Mucosal crossing of HIV for further reaching of the submucosal target cells (macrophages, lymphocytes and dendritic cells) may be modulated by supraepithelial factors, such as seminal complement components (opsonized HIV), by epithelial factors released in the submucosal microenvironment, such as antimicrobial soluble factors, cytokines and chemokines, and by the potent intraepithelial and submucosal innate immunity. Poor understanding of the subtle and complex orchestration of the numerous virus and cell factors involved in HIV mucosal crossing renders the design of effective microbicide formulations difficult. Thus, there is currently no clear relationship between the success of preclinical development of microbicide formulations, using the available assays of anti-HIV efficacy and mucosal toxicity, and its efficacy against HIV acquisition in women enrolled in a large-scale Phase III trial. In addition, the proof of concept that a microbicide formulation may be efficient outside the laboratory has not yet been clearly demonstrated. Finally, there is an urgent need to better understand and modelize the early events occurring during the first hours of HIV contact with the female genital mucosae, especially considering the enormous gaps of knowledge in the understanding of the mechanisms of HIV mucosal crossing through female genital mucosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héla Saïdi
- Immunité antivirale biothérapie et vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France and, Université Paris Descartes (Paris V), France and, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Université Paris Descartes (Paris V), France and, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bélec
- Université Paris Descartes (Paris V), France and, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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Extracellular high mobility group box-1 inhibits R5 and X4 HIV-1 strains replication in mononuclear phagocytes without induction of chemokines and cytokines. AIDS 2009; 23:567-77. [PMID: 19194273 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328325a47e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear chromatin protein. Furthermore, it induces chemotaxis and inflammation once released in the extracellular milieu, and it has been reported to upregulate, but also to inhibit HIV-1 replication in different cell types. We here investigated the potential role of extracellular HMGB1 in both R5 and X4 HIV-1 replication in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and U937 promonocytic cells, respectively. DESIGN MDM or U937 cells were infected with R5 and X4 HIV-1 strains, respectively, in the presence or absence of endotoxin-free recombinant (r) HMGB1 or necrotic cell supernatants either containing or depleted of endogenous HMGB1. METHODS HIV replication was measured by means of virion-associated reverse transcriptase activity in culture supernatants and cell-associated viral protein expression. Cytokine and chemokine production were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; cell surface expression of CD4, CC chemokine receptor 5, receptor for advanced glycation end-products, Toll-like receptor-2 and Toll-like receptor-4 were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Both rHMGB1 and necrotic cell supernatant-associated HMGB1 inhibited replication of R5 HIV-1 in MDM. Surprisingly enough, no upregulation of CC chemokine receptor 5-binding chemokines or of other chemokines and cytokines was observed in rHMGB1-stimulated MDM. HMGB1 also induced chemotaxis and strongly inhibited the replication of X4 HIV-1 in the 'Minus' subset of U937 cell clones expressing high levels of putative HMGB1 receptors (receptor for advanced glycation end-products, Toll-like receptors 2 and 4). CONCLUSION Extracellular HMGB1 is a potent inhibitor of both R5 and X4 HIV-1 replication in mononuclear phagocytic cells without inducing the release of HIV-Modulatory chemokines or cytokines.
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HMGB1-dependent triggering of HIV-1 replication and persistence in dendritic cells as a consequence of NK-DC cross-talk. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3601. [PMID: 18974890 PMCID: PMC2571988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 has evolved ways to exploit DCs, thereby facilitating viral dissemination and allowing evasion of antiviral immunity. Recently, the fate of DCs has been found to be extremely dependent on the interaction with autologous NK cells, but the mechanisms by which NK-DC interaction controls viral infections remain unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of NK-DC cross-talk on maturation and functions of HIV-infected immature DCs. Methodology/Principal Findings Immature DCs were derived from primary monocytes, cultured in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF. In some experiments, DCs were infected with R5-HIV-1BaL or X4-HIV-1NDK, and viral replication, proviral HIV-DNA and the frequency of infected DCs were measured. Autologous NK cells were sorted and either kept unstimulated in the presence of suboptimal concentration of IL-2, or activated by a combination of PHA and IL-2. The impact of 24 h NK-DC cross-talk on the fate of HIV-1-infected DCs was analyzed. We report that activated NK cells were required for the induction of maturation of DCs, whether uninfected or HIV-1-infected, and this process involved HMGB1. However, the cross-talk between HIV-1-infected DCs and activated NK cells was functionally defective, as demonstrated by the strong impairment of DCs to induce Th1 polarization of naïve CD4 T cells. This was associated with the defective production of IL-12 and IL-18 by infected DCs. Moreover, the crosstalk between activated NK cells and HIV-infected DCs resulted in a dramatic increase in viral replication and proviral DNA expression in DCs. HMGB1, produced both by NK cells and DCs, was found to play a pivotal role in this process, and inhibition of HMGB1 activity by glycyrrhizin, known to bind specifically to HMGB1, or blocking anti-HMGB1 antibodies, abrogated NK-dependent HIV-1 replication in DCs. Conclusion These observations provide evidence for the crucial role of NK-DC cross-talk in promoting viral dissemination, and challenge the question of the in vivo involvement of HMGB1 in the triggering of HIV-1 replication and replenishment of viral reservoirs in AIDS.
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Fink MP. Bench-to-bedside review: High-mobility group box 1 and critical illness. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 11:229. [PMID: 17903310 PMCID: PMC2556731 DOI: 10.1186/cc6088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding protein that also exhibits proinflammatory cytokine-like activity. HMGB1 is passively released by necrotic cells and also is actively secreted by immunostimulated macrophages, dendritic cells, and enterocytes. Although circulating HMGB1 levels are increased relative to healthy controls in patients with infections and severe sepsis, plasma or serum HMGB1 concentrations do not discriminate reliably between infected and uninfected critically ill patients. Nevertheless, administration of drugs that block HMGB1 secretion or of anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibodies has been shown to ameliorate organ dysfunction and/or improve survival in numerous animal models of critical illness. Because HMGB1 tends to be released relatively late in the inflammatory response (at least in animal models of endotoxemia or sepsis), this protein is an attractive target for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of patients with various forms of critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell P Fink
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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