1
|
Strategy for Calculating Magnesium Sulfate Dose in Obese Patients: A Randomized Blinded Trial. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2022; 2022:8424670. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8424670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Magnesium sulfate has analgesic properties during the postoperative period. However, there is a knowledge gap in pharmacology related to the use of the real, ideal, or corrected ideal body weight to calculate its dose in obese patients. This trial compared postoperative analgesia using actual and corrected ideal body weight. Methods. Seventy-five obese patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic gastroplasty or cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to three groups. The patients in the control group did not receive magnesium sulfate; the other two groups received magnesium sulfate at 40 mg·kg−1 of actual body weight or corrected ideal body weight. Results. In patients with body mass index >30 mg·kg−2 (mean body mass index ranging from 32.964 kg·m−2 to 33.985 kg·m−2, according to the groups) scheduled for video laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there were no differences in the blood magnesium concentrations in the groups receiving magnesium sulfate throughout the study, regardless of whether the strategy to calculate its dose was based on total or corrected ideal body weight. Patients in the groups receiving magnesium sulfate showed a significant reduction in morphine consumption (
) and pain scores (
) in the postoperative period compared to those in the control group. There were no significant differences in morphine consumption (
) or pain scores (
) between the two groups receiving magnesium sulfate. There were no differences in the total duration of neuromuscular block induced by cisatracurium among the three groups (
). Conclusions. Magnesium sulfate decreased postoperative pain and morphine consumption without affecting the recovery time of cisatracurium in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Strategies to calculate the dose based on the actual or corrected ideal body weight had similar outcomes related to analgesia and the resulting blood magnesium concentration. However, as the sample in this trial presented body mass indices ranging from 30.11 kg·m−2 to 47.11 kg/m−2, further studies are needed to confirm these findings in more obese patients, easily found in centers specialized.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuniholm J, Coote C, Henderson AJ. Defective HIV-1 genomes and their potential impact on HIV pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2022; 19:13. [PMID: 35764966 PMCID: PMC9238239 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective HIV-1 proviruses represent a population of viral genomes that are selected for by immune pressures, and clonally expanded to dominate the persistent HIV-1 proviral genome landscape. There are examples of RNA and protein expression from these compromised genomes which are generated by a variety of mechanisms. Despite the evidence that these proviruses are transcribed and translated, their role in HIV pathogenesis has not been fully explored. The potential for these genomes to participate in immune stimulation is particularly relevant considering the accumulation of cells harboring these defective proviruses over the course of antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV. The expression of defective proviruses in different cells and tissues could drive innate sensing mechanisms and inflammation. They may also alter antiviral T cell responses and myeloid cell functions that directly contribute to HIV-1 associated chronic comorbidities. Understanding the impact of these defective proviruses needs to be considered as we advance cure strategies that focus on targeting the diverse population of HIV-1 proviral genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kuniholm
- Department of Microbiology, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Carolyn Coote
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Andrew J Henderson
- Department of Microbiology, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02116, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02116, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Unconventional viral gene expression mechanisms as therapeutic targets. Nature 2021; 593:362-371. [PMID: 34012080 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the human genome that comprises mostly noncoding and regulatory sequences, viruses have evolved under the constraints of maintaining a small genome size while expanding the efficiency of their coding and regulatory sequences. As a result, viruses use strategies of transcription and translation in which one or more of the steps in the conventional gene-protein production line are altered. These alternative strategies of viral gene expression (also known as gene recoding) can be uniquely brought about by dedicated viral enzymes or by co-opting host factors (known as host dependencies). Targeting these unique enzymatic activities and host factors exposes vulnerabilities of a virus and provides a paradigm for the design of novel antiviral therapies. In this Review, we describe the types and mechanisms of unconventional gene and protein expression in viruses, and provide a perspective on how future basic mechanistic work could inform translational efforts that are aimed at viral eradication.
Collapse
|
4
|
Martin MD, Jensen IJ, Ishizuka AS, Lefebvre M, Shan Q, Xue HH, Harty JT, Seder RA, Badovinac VP. Bystander responses impact accurate detection of murine and human antigen-specific CD8 T cells. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3894-3908. [PMID: 31219804 DOI: 10.1172/jci124443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of memory CD8 T cells is important for controlling infections such as malaria HIV/AIDS, and for cancer immunotherapy. Accurate assessment of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8 T-cells is critical for vaccine optimization and defining correlates of protection. However, conditions for determining Ag-specific CD8 T-cell responses ex-vivo using ICS may be variable, especially in humans with complex antigens. Here, we used an attenuated whole parasite malaria vaccine model in humans and various experimental infections in mice to show that the duration of antigenic stimulation and timing of brefeldin A (BFA) addition influences the magnitude of Ag-specific and bystander T cell responses. Indeed, following immunization with an attenuated whole sporozoite malaria vaccine in humans, significantly higher numbers of IFN-γ producing memory CD8 T-cells comprised of antigen specific and bystander responses were detected by increasing the duration of Ag-stimulation prior to addition of BFA. Mechanistic analyses of virus-specific CD8 T-cells in mice revealed that the increase in IFNg producing CD8 T-cells was due to bystander activation of Ag-experienced memory CD8 T-cells, and correlated with the proportion of Ag-experienced CD8 T-cells in the stimulated populations. Incubation with anti-cytokine antibodies (ex. IL-12) improved accuracy in detecting bona-fide memory CD8 T-cell responses suggesting this as the mechanism for the bystander activation. These data have important implications for accurate assessment of immune responses generated by vaccines intended to elicit protective memory CD8 T-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac J Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mitchell Lefebvre
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology and.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology and.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peng BJ, Carlson JM, Liu MKP, Gao F, Goonetilleke N, McMichael AJ, Borrow P, Gilmour J, Heath SL, Hunter E, Bansal A, Goepfert PA. Antisense-Derived HIV-1 Cryptic Epitopes Are Not Major Drivers of Viral Evolution during the Acute Phase of Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:e00711-18. [PMID: 30021907 PMCID: PMC6146806 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00711-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
While prior studies have demonstrated that CD8 T cell responses to cryptic epitopes (CE) are readily detectable during HIV-1 infection, their ability to drive escape mutations following acute infection is unknown. We predicted 66 CE in a Zambian acute infection cohort based on escape mutations occurring within or near the putatively predicted HLA-I-restricted epitopes. The CE were evaluated for CD8 T cell responses for patients with chronic and acute HIV infections. Of the 66 predicted CE, 10 were recognized in 8/32 and 4/11 patients with chronic and acute infections, respectively. The immunogenic CE were all derived from a single antisense reading frame within pol However, when these CE were tested using longitudinal study samples, CE-specific T cell responses were detected but did not consistently select for viral escape mutations. Thus, while we demonstrated that CE are immunogenic in acute infection, the immune responses to CE are not major drivers of viral escape in the initial stages of HIV infection. The latter finding may be due to either the subdominant nature of CE-specific responses, the low antigen sensitivity, or the magnitude of CE responses during acute infections.IMPORTANCE Although prior studies demonstrated that cryptic epitopes of HIV-1 induce CD8 T cell responses, evidence that targeting these epitopes drives HIV escape mutations has been substantially limited, and no studies have addressed this question following acute infection. In this comprehensive study, we utilized longitudinal viral sequencing data obtained from three separate acute infection cohorts to predict potential cryptic epitopes based on HLA-I-associated viral escape. Our data show that cryptic epitopes are immunogenic during acute infection and that many of the responses they elicit are toward translation products of HIV-1 antisense reading frames. However, despite cryptic epitope targeting, our study did not find any evidence of early CD8-mediated immune escape. Nevertheless, improving cryptic epitope-specific CD8 T cell responses may still be beneficial in both preventative and therapeutic HIV-1 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binghao J Peng
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Michael K P Liu
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anju Bansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Creech AL, Ting YS, Goulding SP, Sauld JF, Barthelme D, Rooney MS, Addona TA, Abelin JG. The Role of Mass Spectrometry and Proteogenomics in the Advancement of HLA Epitope Prediction. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700259. [PMID: 29314742 PMCID: PMC6033110 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A challenge in developing personalized cancer immunotherapies is the prediction of putative cancer-specific antigens. Currently, predictive algorithms are used to infer binding of peptides to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) heterodimers to aid in the selection of putative epitope targets. One drawback of current epitope prediction algorithms is that they are trained on datasets containing biochemical HLA-peptide binding data that may not completely capture the rules associated with endogenous processing and presentation. The field of MS has made great improvements in instrumentation speed and sensitivity, chromatographic resolution, and proteogenomic database search strategies to facilitate the identification of HLA-ligands from a variety of cell types and tumor tissues. As such, these advances have enabled MS profiling of HLA-binding peptides to be a tractable, orthogonal approach to lower throughput biochemical assays for generating comprehensive datasets to train epitope prediction algorithms. In this review, we will highlight the progress made in the field of HLA-ligand profiling enabled by MS and its impact on current and future epitope prediction strategies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu D, Wang C, Hora B, Zuo T, Goonetilleke N, Liu MKP, Berrong M, Ferrari G, McMichael AJ, Bhattacharya T, Perelson AS, Gao F. A strongly selected mutation in the HIV-1 genome is independent of T cell responses and neutralizing antibodies. Retrovirology 2017; 14:46. [PMID: 29017536 PMCID: PMC5634943 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations rapidly accumulate in the HIV-1 genome after infection. Some of those mutations are selected by host immune responses and often cause viral fitness losses. This study is to investigate whether strongly selected mutations that are not associated with immune responses result in fitness losses. Results Strongly selected mutations were identified by analyzing 5′-half HIV-1 genome (gag/pol) sequences from longitudinal samples of subject CH0131. The K43R mutation in the gag gene was first detected at day 91 post screening and was fixed in the viral population at day 273 while the synonymous N323tc mutation was first detected at day 177 and fixed at day 670. No conventional or cryptic T cell responses were detected against either mutation sites by ELISpot analysis. However, when fitness costs of both mutations were measured by introducing each mutation into their cognate transmitted/founder (T/F) viral genome, the K43R mutation caused a significant fitness loss while the N323tc mutation had little impact on viral fitness. Conclusions The rapid fixation, the lack of detectable immune responses and the significant fitness cost of the K43R mutation suggests that it was strongly selected by host factors other than T cell responses and neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donglai Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Dr., 244 Sands Building, DUMC 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Division II of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Dr., 244 Sands Building, DUMC 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Dr., 244 Sands Building, DUMC 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Tao Zuo
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Dr., 244 Sands Building, DUMC 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael K P Liu
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Mark Berrong
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | | | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China. .,Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Dr., 244 Sands Building, DUMC 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Starck SR, Shastri N. Nowhere to hide: unconventional translation yields cryptic peptides for immune surveillance. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:8-16. [PMID: 27319338 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Effective immune surveillance by CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells of intracellular microbes and cancer depends on the antigen presentation pathway. This pathway produces an optimal peptide repertoire for presentation by major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules (pMHCs I) on the cell surface. We have known for years that the pMHC I repertoire is a reflection of the intracellular protein pool. However, many studies have revealed that pMHCs I present peptides not only from precursors encoded in open-reading frames of mRNA transcripts but also cryptic peptides encoded in apparently 'untranslated' regions. These sources vastly increase the availability of peptides for presentation and immune evasion. Here, we review studies on the composition of the cryptic pMHC I repertoire, the immunological significance of these pMHC I, and the novel translational mechanisms that generate cryptic peptides from unusual sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley R Starck
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,NGM Biopharmaceuticals Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nilabh Shastri
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|