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Cilento ME, Wen X, Reeve AB, Ukah OB, Snyder AA, Carrillo CM, Smith CP, Edwards K, Wahoski CC, Kitzler DR, Kodama EN, Mitsuya H, Parniak MA, Tedbury PR, Sarafianos SG. HIV-1 Resistance to Islatravir/Tenofovir Combination Therapy in Wild-Type or NRTI-Resistant Strains of Diverse HIV-1 Subtypes. Viruses 2023; 15:1990. [PMID: 37896768 PMCID: PMC10612037 DOI: 10.3390/v15101990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and islatravir (ISL, 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadensine, or MK-8591) are highly potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Resistance to TDF and ISL is conferred by K65R and M184V, respectively. Furthermore, K65R and M184V increase sensitivity to ISL and TDF, respectively. Therefore, these two nucleoside analogs have opposing resistance profiles and could present a high genetic barrier to resistance. To explore resistance to TDF and ISL in combination, we performed passaging experiments with HIV-1 WT, K65R, or M184V in the presence of ISL and TDF. We identified K65R, M184V, and S68G/N mutations. The mutant most resistant to ISL was S68N/M184V, yet it remained susceptible to TDF. To further confirm our cellular findings, we implemented an endogenous reverse transcriptase assay to verify in vitro potency. To better understand the impact of these resistance mutations in the context of global infection, we determined potency of ISL and TDF against HIV subtypes A, B, C, D, and circulating recombinant forms (CRF) 01_AE and 02_AG with and without resistance mutations. In all isolates studied, we found K65R imparted hypersensitivity to ISL whereas M184V conferred resistance. We demonstrated that the S68G polymorphism can enhance fitness of drug-resistant mutants in some genetic backgrounds. Collectively, the data suggest that the opposing resistance profiles of ISL and TDF suggest that a combination of the two drugs could be a promising drug regimen for the treatment of patients infected with any HIV-1 subtype, including those who have failed 3TC/FTC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Cilento
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Wen
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aaron B. Reeve
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Obiaara B. Ukah
- CS Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Alexa A. Snyder
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ciro M. Carrillo
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cole P. Smith
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kristin Edwards
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Claudia C. Wahoski
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Deborah R. Kitzler
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eiichi N. Kodama
- Division of Infectious Disease, International Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Michael A. Parniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Philip R. Tedbury
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Cantão NM, Fogaça de Almeida L, Rodrigo Wolf I, Oliveira Almeida R, Alves de Almeida Cruz A, Nunes C, Barbosa AN, Valente GT, de Moura Campos Pardini MI, Grotto RMT. HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Protease Genes Variability Can Be a Biomarker Associated with HIV and Hepatitis B or C Coinfection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8280. [PMID: 29844604 PMCID: PMC5974300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability of the HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) genes has been used as indicators of drug resistance and as a mean to evaluate phylogenetic relationships among circulating virus. However, these studies have been carried in HIV mono-infected populations. The goal of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the HIV PR and RT sequences from HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infected patients. HIV PR and RT genes were amplificated and sequenced to resistance analysis. The bioinformatics analysis was performed to infer about sequences clustering and molecular evolution. The results showed that the most frequent amino acid substitutions in RT were L214F (67.6%), I135T (55.9%), and in PR was V15I (41.2%). The molecular clock analysis showed that the HIV circulating in co-infected patients were separated in two clusters in the years 1999-2000. Some patients included as HIV mono-infected according patients' medical records and inside the co-infected cluster were, in fact, co-infected by PCR analysis. Analysis of the decision trees showed susceptibility to lamivudine and emtricitabine were important attribute to characterize co-infected patients. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study suggest, for the first time, that HIV RT and PR genes variability could be a genetic biomarker to coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Mirele Cantão
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Medical School, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Lauana Fogaça de Almeida
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agriculture (FCA), Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Ivan Rodrigo Wolf
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agriculture (FCA), Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Oliveira Almeida
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agriculture (FCA), Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Nunes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Medical School, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Targino Valente
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agriculture (FCA), Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | - Rejane Maria Tommasini Grotto
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Medical School, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agriculture (FCA), Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil.
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Stirrup OT, Dunn DT, Tostevin A, Sabin CA, Pozniak A, Asboe D, Cox A, Orkin C, Martin F, Cane P. Risk factors and outcomes for the Q151M and T69 insertion HIV-1 resistance mutations in historic UK data. AIDS Res Ther 2018; 15:11. [PMID: 29661246 PMCID: PMC5902836 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-018-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral therapies (ART) has declined in high-income countries over recent years, but drug resistance remains a substantial concern in many low and middle-income countries. The Q151M and T69 insertion (T69i) resistance mutations in the viral reverse transcriptase gene can reduce susceptibility to all nucleoside/tide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, motivating the present study to investigate the risk factors and outcomes associated with these mutations. Methods We considered all data in the UK HIV Drug Resistance Database for blood samples obtained in the period 1997–2014. Where available, treatment history and patient outcomes were obtained through linkage to the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort study. A matched case–control approach was used to assess risk factors associated with the appearance of each of the mutations in ART-experienced patients, and survival analysis was used to investigate factors associated with viral suppression. A further analysis using matched controls was performed to investigate the impact of each mutation on survival. Results A total of 180 patients with Q151M mutation and 85 with T69i mutation were identified, almost entirely from before 2006. Occurrence of both the Q151M and T69i mutations was strongly associated with cumulative period of virological failure while on ART, and for Q151M there was a particular positive association with use of stavudine and negative association with use of boosted-protease inhibitors. Subsequent viral suppression was negatively associated with viral load at sequencing for both mutations, and for Q151M we found a negative association with didanosine use but a positive association with boosted-protease inhibitor use. The results obtained in these analyses were also consistent with potentially large associations with other drugs. Analyses were inconclusive regarding associations between the mutations and mortality, but mortality was high for patients with low CD4 at detection. Conclusions The Q151M and T69i resistance mutations are now very rare in the UK. Our results suggest that good outcomes are possible for people with these mutations. However, in this historic sample, viral load and CD4 at detection were important factors in determining prognosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12981-018-0198-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Schneider A, Corona A, Spöring I, Jordan M, Buchholz B, Maccioni E, Di Santo R, Bodem J, Tramontano E, Wöhrl BM. Biochemical characterization of a multi-drug resistant HIV-1 subtype AG reverse transcriptase: antagonism of AZT discrimination and excision pathways and sensitivity to RNase H inhibitors. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2310-22. [PMID: 26850643 PMCID: PMC4797301 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed a multi-drug resistant (MR) HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), subcloned from a patient-derived subtype CRF02_AG, harboring 45 amino acid exchanges, amongst them four thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) relevant for high-level AZT (azidothymidine) resistance by AZTMP excision (M41L, D67N, T215Y, K219E) as well as four substitutions of the AZTTP discrimination pathway (A62V, V75I, F116Y and Q151M). In addition, K65R, known to antagonize AZTMP excision in HIV-1 subtype B was present. Although MR-RT harbored the most significant amino acid exchanges T215Y and Q151M of each pathway, it exclusively used AZTTP discrimination, indicating that the two mechanisms are mutually exclusive and that the Q151M pathway is obviously preferred since it confers resistance to most nucleoside inhibitors. A derivative was created, additionally harboring the TAM K70R and the reversions M151Q as well as R65K since K65R antagonizes excision. MR-R65K-K70R-M151Q was competent of AZTMP excision, whereas other combinations thereof with only one or two exchanges still promoted discrimination. To tackle the multi-drug resistance problem, we tested if the MR-RTs could still be inhibited by RNase H inhibitors. All MR-RTs exhibited similar sensitivity toward RNase H inhibitors belonging to different inhibitor classes, indicating the importance of developing RNase H inhibitors further as anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schneider
- Universität Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Biopolymere und Forschungszentrum für Bio-Makromoleküle, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Imke Spöring
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Strasse 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Jordan
- Universität Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Biopolymere und Forschungszentrum für Bio-Makromoleküle, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernd Buchholz
- Universität Heidelberg, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, I-00185, Italy
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Strasse 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Birgitta M Wöhrl
- Universität Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Biopolymere und Forschungszentrum für Bio-Makromoleküle, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Megens S, Vaira D, De Baets G, Dekeersmaeker N, Schrooten Y, Li G, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F, Vandamme AM, Moutschen M, Van Laethem K. Horizontal gene transfer from human host to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confers drug resistance and partly compensates for replication deficits. Virology 2014; 456-457:310-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dimonte S, Babakir-Mina M, Aquaro S, Perno CF. Natural polymorphisms of HIV-1 subtype-C integrase coding region in a large group of ARV-naïve infected individuals. Infection 2013; 41:1097-102. [PMID: 23620062 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-013-0464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell. Still now, few data are available with detailed analysis of the natural IN polymorphisms of HIV-1 subtype-C in datasets retrieved from antiretroviral-naïve patients; this study focuses on these polymorphisms. METHODS The analysis included 335 HIV-1 subtype-C IN sequences (one per patient). Multi-alignment of IN sequences was performed, and for the definition of a polymorphism, only amino acid changes with prevalence ≥3 % among treatment-naïve patients were considered. RESULTS Seventy IN amino acid positions were fully conserved. Differently, forty-six IN amino acid polymorphic positions were observed, 12 within the N-terminal domain and 13 within the C-terminal domain. In the DDE-catalytic motif, only one mutation per site (D64G/D116G/E152K) was found, while a low variability (<1 %) was observed for IN positions interacting with LEDGF/p75. A major drug resistance mutation for raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG), Q148H, was retrieved from one patient and another RAL primary resistance mutation, Y143H, was also retrieved from another patient. CONCLUSIONS The results from the IN sequences analyzed underlined that some unexpected baseline substitutions affecting the susceptibility to RAL/EVG could be detected in drug-naïve individuals, and, therefore, it should be genotyped before the consideration of HIV-1 IN inhibitors (INIs). The impact of these mutations on the baseline drug susceptibility of HIV-1 subtype-C to INIs may need to be addressed prior to the introduction of these drugs in some Asiatic and African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dimonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy,
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von Wyl V, Cambiano V, Jordan MR, Bertagnolio S, Miners A, Pillay D, Lundgren J, Phillips AN. Cost-effectiveness of tenofovir instead of zidovudine for use in first-line antiretroviral therapy in settings without virological monitoring. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42834. [PMID: 22905175 PMCID: PMC3414499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The most recent World Health Organization (WHO) antiretroviral treatment guidelines recommend the inclusion of zidovudine (ZDV) or tenofovir (TDF) in first-line therapy. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis with emphasis on emerging patterns of drug resistance upon treatment failure and their impact on second-line therapy. Methods We used a stochastic simulation of a generalized HIV-1 epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa to compare two strategies for first-line combination antiretroviral treatment including lamivudine, nevirapine and either ZDV or TDF. Model input parameters were derived from literature and, for the simulation of resistance pathways, estimated from drug resistance data obtained after first-line treatment failure in settings without virological monitoring. Treatment failure and cost effectiveness were determined based on WHO definitions. Two scenarios with optimistic (no emergence; base) and pessimistic (extensive emergence) assumptions regarding occurrence of multidrug resistance patterns were tested. Results In the base scenario, cumulative proportions of treatment failure according to WHO criteria were higher among first-line ZDV users (median after six years 36% [95% simulation interval 32%; 39%]) compared with first-line TDF users (31% [29%; 33%]). Consequently, a higher proportion initiated second-line therapy (including lamivudine, boosted protease inhibitors and either ZDV or TDF) in the first-line ZDV user group 34% [31%; 37%] relative to first-line TDF users (30% [27%; 32%]). At the time of second-line initiation, a higher proportion (16%) of first-line ZDV users harboured TDF-resistant HIV compared with ZDV-resistant viruses among first-line TDF users (0% and 6% in base and pessimistic scenarios, respectively). In the base scenario, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio with respect to quality adjusted life years (QALY) was US$83 when TDF instead of ZDV was used in first-line therapy (pessimistic scenario: US$ 315), which was below the WHO threshold for high cost effectiveness (US$ 2154). Conclusions Using TDF instead of ZDV in first-line treatment in resource-limited settings is very cost-effective and likely to better preserve future treatment options in absence of virological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor von Wyl
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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