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Zhu Z, Feng J, Dong Y, Jiang B, Wang X, Li F. Cerebral infarct induced by severe leptospirosis-a case report and literature review. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:506. [PMID: 36581810 PMCID: PMC9798630 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-03021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most leptospirosis is mild, the severe form can cause multiple complications, with a fatality rate of over 50% even with ICU support. The clinical manifestations of leptospirosis vary depending on organs and tissues involved. Both cerebral artery and coronary artery can be damaged by leptospirosis. Although cerebral arteritis induced by leptospirosis has been reported, cerebral infarction caused by leptospirosis is rarely reported. CASE PRESENTATION We report the case of a 79-year-old man admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) because of 3 days duration of fever, bloody sputum and dyspnea. Five days before he was admitted to hospital, he had harvested rice in flooded fields. After admission, leptospira interrogans DNA sequence was identified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) showed the serum antibody of Mini serovars was 1,600 and Hebdomadis serovars was 800. On the eighth day of admission, the patient noted left hemiplegia. Cranial CT scan revealed low-density shadow in the right basal ganglia, so cerebral infarction was diagnosed. The patient's condition rapidly deteriorated and he died on the eleventh day of admission despite penicillin treatment, invasive mechanical ventilation and continuous renal replacement support. CONCLUSION Neurologic leptospirosis manifested as cerebral occlusion, although rare, might be deadly and should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Zhu
- Department of critical care medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, 270 Tianhui Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083 China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of critical care medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, 270 Tianhui Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083 China
| | - Yong Dong
- Department of critical care medicine, Dazhu County People’s Hospital, 99 Qingnian Road, Sichuan Dazhou, 635199 China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of critical care medicine, Dazhu County People’s Hospital, 99 Qingnian Road, Sichuan Dazhou, 635199 China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, 270 Tianhui Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083 China
| | - Fuxiang Li
- Department of critical care medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, 270 Tianhui Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083 China
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2
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Li D, Liang H, Yi R, Xiao Q, Zhu Y, Chang Q, Zhou L, Liu B, He J, Liu T, Fan Z, Cheng W, Wang W, Zhang Y, Pan P. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patient with leptospirosis: A multicenter retrospective analysis in south of China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1014530. [PMID: 36325463 PMCID: PMC9618720 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1014530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. However, there is currently no consensual definition or diagnostic criteria for severe and different forms of leptospirosis. Therefore, more insight on clinical manifestations, risk factors, and outcomes of leptospirosis is warranted. The identification of leptospirosis with distinct clinical manifestations and prognosis in our population. Methods Multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical classification on principal components were presented to identify different clinical types of leptospirosis. The outcomes were clinical phenotypes, laboratory and imaging findings, and prognosis. Results The 95 enrolled patients had median values of 54.0 years (39.0-65.0) for age, 9.0 (7.0-14.0) for total hospital stay lengths, of whom 86.3% was male and 40.0% was transferred to ICU. Three clinical types were distinguished: mild leptospirosis (n=43, 45.3%) with less organ dysfunction and shorter hospital stays; respiratory leptospirosis (n=28, 29.5%) with hemoptysis, and respiratory and circulatory failure; and hepato-renal leptospirosis (n=24, 25.3%) with worst liver and kidney dysfunction. Total hospital mortality was 15.8% and was associated with dyspnea and high levels of neutrophil counts. Conclusions The identification of leptospirosis with distinct clinical manifestations and prognosis in our population may assist clinicians to distinguish leptospirosis-like disease. Moreover, dyspnea and neutrophil count were found to be independent risk factors for severe leptospirosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianwu Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Huaying Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Yi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqun Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qinyu Chang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, China
| | - Junjun He
- Department of General Surgery, Shaoyang Central Hospital, Shaoyang, China
| | - Tianxing Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yongzhou Central Hospital, Yongzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Fan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liuyang People’s Hospital, Liuyang, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Respiratory, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weizhong Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Pinhua Pan, ; Yan Zhang,
| | - Pinhua Pan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Pinhua Pan, ; Yan Zhang,
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Shao JW, Wei YH, Yao XY, Chen HY, Liu H, Sun J, Chen SY. Pathogenic Leptospira Species Are Widely Disseminated among Wild Rodents in Urban Areas of Guangzhou, Southern China. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050873. [PMID: 35630318 PMCID: PMC9147055 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with global importance caused by pathogenic Leptospira. Rodents are considered the most significant reservoirs for both human and animal infection. Historically, Guangzhou has been an endemic region of human leptospirosis. Although the incidence in humans has significantly decreased in the past decades in China, the epidemiology of pathogenic Leptospira in wild rodents is of great significance for the prevention and control of human leptospirosis. In this study, a total of 296 wild rodents were trapped in urban areas of Guangzhou, in southern China, in 2020. Three pathogenic Leptospira species, i.e., Leptospira interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, and L. kirschneri, were detected by nested PCR in this wild rodent population with an overall prevalence of 9.5%. Additionally, L. interrogans was detected in three of the four captured rodent species, and the relative high prevalence suggests that L. interrogans probably represents the preponderant species of the pathogenic Leptospira circulating in Guangzhou. Taken together, this study reveals a high genetic diversity of pathogenic Leptospira disseminated among wild rodents in the urban areas of Guangzhou and emphasizes that the risk for the occurrence of human leptospirosis in Guangzhou remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Shao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (J.-W.S.); (X.-Y.Y.); (H.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Yue-Hong Wei
- Department of Parasitic Disease and Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.-H.W.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Xin-Yan Yao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (J.-W.S.); (X.-Y.Y.); (H.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Hai-Yan Chen
- Department of Parasitic Disease and Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.-H.W.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (J.-W.S.); (X.-Y.Y.); (H.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (J.-W.S.); (X.-Y.Y.); (H.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- Department of Parasitic Disease and Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.-H.W.); (H.-Y.C.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Correspondence:
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Cilia G, Bertelloni F, Coppola F, Turchi B, Biliotti C, Poli A, Parisi F, Felicioli A, Cerri D, Fratini F. Isolation of Leptospira serovar Pomona from a crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata, L., 1758). Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:985-991. [PMID: 32558332 PMCID: PMC7738739 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira is widespread in rodents, the most studied reservoir and the main hosts involved in its transmission. In Italy, among rodents, Hystrix cristata (crested porcupine) is the largest species and it is distributed all over the country. In this paper, the isolation and characterization of pathogenic Leptospira spp. from the kidney of H. cristata is reported for the first time. During Autumn 2018, Leptospira detection by real-time PCR and isolation were performed from kidneys of two died female porcupines (an adult and a porcupette). Only for porcupette kidney sample, real-time PCR for pathogenic Leptospira tested positive. The isolated strain was identified as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona serovar Pomona, using the three schemes of multilocus sequence typing. The results show that H. cristata could be a Leptospira host. The infection of serovars Pomona could be related to the habitat shared with wild boar, a typical reservoir host for this serovar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cilia
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | | | | | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Claudia Biliotti
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- CRASM “Semproniano”GrossetoItaly
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | | | | | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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Courdurie C, Le Govic Y, Bourhy P, Alexer D, Pailla K, Theodose R, Cesaire R, Rosine J, Hochedez P, Olive C. Evaluation of different serological assays for early diagnosis of leptospirosis in Martinique (French West Indies). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005678. [PMID: 28644889 PMCID: PMC5500375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a potentially life-threatening but curable zoonosis whose prognosis depends on accurate and timely diagnosis. Because of its non-specific clinical presentation, laboratory testing is essential to confirm the diagnosis. Here, we aimed to assess the performance of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (ELISA Serion and ELISA-Hb Pasteur) and one immunodot (GenBio) using quantitative PCR (qPCR) as gold standard, instead of the traditional microscopic agglutination test, for the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in an endemic area. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Between January 2011 and December 2012, a total of 122 patients were diagnosed with leptospirosis, as confirmed by qPCR at the University Hospital of Martinique. Among them, 103 had at least one serum sample available for analysis. Performance of each serological assay was evaluated according to days' post onset of symptoms (DPO) and local species diversity (which included L. santarosai, L. interrogans, L. kirschneri, L. borgpetersenii, L. noguchii, and L. kmetyi). Several thresholds were tested to optimize accuracy. When considering the manufacturer's threshold, the sensitivity of ELISA Serion, ELISA-Hb Pasteur and GenBio immunodot was 75%, 67% and 64%, while specificity was 92%, 98% and 100%, respectively. Moreover, the threshold optimization allowed a significant improvement in specificity for the ELISA Serion from 92% to 99% (p<0.05). During the first 5 DPO, sensitivities were 35%, 30% and 42% for ELISA Serion, ELISA-Hb Pasteur and GenBio immunodot, respectively. However, between 6─10 DPO, these sensitivities dramatically increased to reach 86%, 76% and 67%, respectively. Performances of the three assays were not affected by the species studied. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE All these serological assays showed the potential for diagnosing leptospirosis after (but not before) 6 days' post onset of symptoms. In a high prevalence setting, where highest specificities are needed, threshold optimizing should be performed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Courdurie
- Department of Bacteriology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Yohann Le Govic
- Department of Bacteriology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Pascale Bourhy
- Department of Spirochetes Biology, Pasteur Institute, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France
| | - Dorothee Alexer
- Department of Bacteriology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Karine Pailla
- Department of Bacteriology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Rafaelle Theodose
- Department of Bacteriology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Raymond Cesaire
- Department of Virology, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Jacques Rosine
- Interregional Epidemiology Unit, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Patrick Hochedez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies
| | - Claude Olive
- Department of Bacteriology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies
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Zhao J, Liao J, Huang X, Zhao J, Wang Y, Ren J, Wang X, Ding F. Mapping risk of leptospirosis in China using environmental and socioeconomic data. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:343. [PMID: 27448599 PMCID: PMC4957462 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a water-borne and widespread spirochetal zoonosis caused by pathogenic bacteria called leptospires. Human leptospirosis is an important zoonotic infectious disease with frequent outbreaks in recent years in China. Leptospirosis’s emergence has been linked to many environmental and ecological drivers of disease transmission. In this paper, we identified the environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with leptospirosis in China, and predict potential risk area of leptospirosis using predictive models. Methods Leptospirosis incidence data were derived from the database of China’s web-based infectious disease reporting system, a national surveillance network maintained by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. We built statistical relationship between occurrence of leptospirosis and nine environmental and socioeconomic risk factors using logistic regression model and Maxent model. Results Both logistic regression model and Maxent model have high performance in predicting the occurrence of leptospirosis, with AUC value of 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. Annual mean temperature (Bio1) and annual total precipitation (Bio12) are two most important variables governing the geographic distribution of leptospirosis in China. The geographic distributions of areas at risk of leptospirosis predicted from both models show high agreement. The risk areas are located mainly in seven provinces of China: Sichuan Province, Chongqing Municipality, Hunan Province, Jiangxi Province, Guangdong Province, Guangxi Province, and Hainan Province, where surveillance and control programs are urgently needed. Logistic regression model and Maxent model predicted that 403 and 464 counties are at very high risk of leptospirosis, respectively. Conclusions Our results highlight the importance of socioeconomic and environmental variables and predictive models in identifying risk areas for leptospirosis in China. The values of Geographic Information System and predictive models were demonstrated for investigating the geographic distribution, estimating socioeconomic and environmental risk factors, and enhancing our understanding of leptospirosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jishan Liao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Xu Huang
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yeping Wang
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghuan Ren
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, Stein C, Abela-Ridder B, Ko AI. Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003898. [PMID: 26379143 PMCID: PMC4574773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 955] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis, a spirochaetal zoonosis, occurs in diverse epidemiological settings and affects vulnerable populations, such as rural subsistence farmers and urban slum dwellers. Although leptospirosis is a life-threatening disease and recognized as an important cause of pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome, the lack of global estimates for morbidity and mortality has contributed to its neglected disease status. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted a systematic review of published morbidity and mortality studies and databases to extract information on disease incidence and case fatality ratios. Linear regression and Monte Carlo modelling were used to obtain age and gender-adjusted estimates of disease morbidity for countries and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and WHO regions. We estimated mortality using models that incorporated age and gender-adjusted disease morbidity and case fatality ratios. The review identified 80 studies on disease incidence from 34 countries that met quality criteria. In certain regions, such as Africa, few quality assured studies were identified. The regression model, which incorporated country-specific variables of population structure, life expectancy at birth, distance from the equator, tropical island, and urbanization, accounted for a significant proportion (R(2) = 0.60) of the variation in observed disease incidence. We estimate that there were annually 1.03 million cases (95% CI 434,000-1,750,000) and 58,900 deaths (95% CI 23,800-95,900) due to leptospirosis worldwide. A large proportion of cases (48%, 95% CI 40-61%) and deaths (42%, 95% CI 34-53%) were estimated to occur in adult males with age of 20-49 years. Highest estimates of disease morbidity and mortality were observed in GBD regions of South and Southeast Asia, Oceania, Caribbean, Andean, Central, and Tropical Latin America, and East Sub-Saharan Africa. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Leptospirosis is among the leading zoonotic causes of morbidity worldwide and accounts for numbers of deaths, which approach or exceed those for other causes of haemorrhagic fever. Highest morbidity and mortality were estimated to occur in resource-poor countries, which include regions where the burden of leptospirosis has been underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Costa
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - José E. Hagan
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Juan Calcagno
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Michael Kane
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paul Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudia Stein
- Division of Information, Evidence, Research and Innovation, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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8
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Costa F, Wunder EA, De Oliveira D, Bisht V, Rodrigues G, Reis MG, Ko AI, Begon M, Childs JE. Patterns in Leptospira Shedding in Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Brazilian Slum Communities at High Risk of Disease Transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003819. [PMID: 26047009 PMCID: PMC4457861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We address some critical but unknown parameters of individuals and populations of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) that influence leptospiral infection, maintenance and spirochetal loads shed in urine, which contaminates the environment ultimately leading to human infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our study, conducted in Salvador, Brazil, established the average load of leptospires in positive kidneys to be 5.9 x 10(6) per mL (range 3.1-8.2 x10(6)) genome equivalents (GEq), similar to the 6.1 x 10(6) per ml (range 2.2-9.4 x10(6)) average obtained from paired urines, with a significant positive correlation (R2=0.78) between the two. Based on bivariate and multivariate modeling, we found with both kidney and urine samples that leptospiral loads increased with the age of rats (based on the index of body length to mass), MAT titer and the presence of wounding/scars, and varied with site of capture. Some associations were modified by sex but trends were apparent. Combining with data on the demographic properties and prevalence of leptospiral carriage in rat populations in Salvador, we estimated that daily leptospiral loads shed in the urine of a population of 82 individuals exceeded 9.1 x 10(10) leptospires. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These factors directly influence the risk of leptospiral acquisition among humans and provide essential epidemiological information linking properties of rat populations with risk of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daiana De Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vimla Bisht
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gorete Rodrigues
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we introduce the epidemiological features, clinical types, laboratory diagnosis, and routine surveillance of leptospirosis in China. RECENT FINDINGS Leptospirosis has been prevalent sporadically in China in recent years, but its incidence has decreased, probably due to the lower leptospire-carrying rate in pigs. Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Lai is the most common pathogen in Chinese leptospirosis patients and Apodemus agrarius is its major animal host. At least 75% of Chinese leptospirosis patients suffer from the mild influenza-like type of leptospirosis that is caused by any serovars of L. interrogans. However, leptospirosis patients with the pulmonary diffuse hemorrhagic type have a high mortality (40-60%). L. interrogans serovar Lai is the causative agent in 75% of the pulmonary diffuse hemorrhagic leptospirosis patients. Several outer membrane protein antigens exist in all the L. interrogans serovars prevailing in China and predominant T- and B-cell combined epitopes in the outer membrane protein antigens have been identified that can be used for developing novel universal leptospirosis vaccines. SUMMARY Leptospirosis cases in the Chinese population have gradually decreased in recent years, but it is still an important zoonotic infectious disease. The development of universal vaccines is critical for the prevention and control of leptospirosis.
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