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Ito A, Shime N, Fujishima S, Fujitani S, Komiya K, Schuetz P. An algorithm for PCT-guided antimicrobial therapy: a consensus statement by Japanese experts. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:407-411. [PMID: 36453810 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, a national antimicrobial resistance (AMR) action plan was adopted in 2016, advocating a 20% reduction in antibiotic consumption by 2020. However, there is still room for improvement to accomplish this goal. Many randomized controlled trials have reported that procalcitonin (PCT)-guided antimicrobial therapy could help to reduce antibiotic consumption without negative health effects, specifically in acute respiratory infections. In September 2018, some experts in Europe and the USA proposed algorithms for PCT-guided antimicrobial therapy in mild to moderate infection cases outside the ICU and severe cases in the ICU (the international experts consensus). Thereafter, a group of Japanese experts, including specialists in intensive care medicine, emergency medicine, respiratory medicine and infectious diseases, created a modified version of a PCT-guided algorithm (Japanese experts consensus). This modified algorithm was adapted to better fit Japanese medical circumstances, since PCT-guided therapy is not widely used in daily clinical practice in Japan. The Japanese algorithm has three specific characteristics. First, the target patients are limited to only hospitalized ICU or non-ICU patients. Second, pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Legionella species are excluded. Finally, a different timing of PCT follow-up measurement was proposed to meet restrictions of the Japanese medical insurance system. The adapted algorithms has high potential to further improve the safe reduction in antibiotic consumption in Japan, while reducing the spread of AMR pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ohara Healthcare Foundation, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shime
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seitaro Fujishima
- Center for General Medicine Education, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Fujitani
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosaku Komiya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Philipp Schuetz
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Aarau, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Grant J, Saux NL. Duration of antibiotic therapy for common infections. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CANADA = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE ET L'INFECTIOLOGIE CANADA 2021; 6:181-197. [PMID: 36337760 PMCID: PMC9615468 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2021-04-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Grant
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver Costal Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicole Le Saux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Aliberti S, Cook GS, Babu BL, Reyes LF, H Rodriguez A, Sanz F, Soni NJ, Anzueto A, Faverio P, Sadud RF, Muhammad I, Prat C, Vendrell E, Neves J, Kaimakamis E, Feneley A, Swarnakar R, Franzetti F, Carugati M, Morosi M, Monge E, Restrepo MI. International prevalence and risk factors evaluation for drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. J Infect 2019; 79:300-311. [PMID: 31299410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent bacterial pathogen isolated in subjects with Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) worldwide. Limited data are available regarding the current global burden and risk factors associated with drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) in CAP subjects. We assessed the multinational prevalence and risk factors for DRSP-CAP in a multinational point-prevalence study. DESIGN The prevalence of DRSP-CAP was assessed by identification of DRSP in blood or respiratory samples among adults hospitalized with CAP in 54 countries. Prevalence and risk factors were compared among subjects that had microbiological testing and antibiotic susceptibility data. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify risk factors independently associated with DRSP-CAP. RESULTS 3,193 subjects were included in the study. The global prevalence of DRSP-CAP was 1.3% and continental prevalence rates were 7.0% in Africa, 1.2% in Asia, and 1.0% in South America, Europe, and North America, respectively. Macrolide resistance was most frequently identified in subjects with DRSP-CAP (0.6%) followed by penicillin resistance (0.5%). Subjects in Africa were more likely to have DRSP-CAP (OR: 7.6; 95%CI: 3.34-15.35, p<0.001) when compared to centres representing other continents. CONCLUSIONS This multinational point-prevalence study found a low global prevalence of DRSP-CAP that may impact guideline development and antimicrobial policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Aliberti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, and University of Milan, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan Italy
| | - Grayden S Cook
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bettina L Babu
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Luis F Reyes
- Department of microbiology, Universidad de la Sabana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Alejandro H Rodriguez
- Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Rovira & Virgili University and CIBERes (Biomedical Research Network of Respiratory disease), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisco Sanz
- Pulmonology Department, Consorci Hospital General Universitari de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nilam J Soni
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Antonio Anzueto
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Paola Faverio
- Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, University of Milan Bicocca, Respiratory Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST di Monza, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Irfan Muhammad
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi-74800, Pakistan
| | - Cristina Prat
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | - Joao Neves
- Serviço de Medicina, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Andrew Feneley
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Fabio Franzetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Carugati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Morosi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Monge
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcos I Restrepo
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Méndez R, Menéndez R, Cillóniz C, Amara-Elori I, Amaro R, González P, Posadas T, Gimeno A, España PP, Almirall J, Torres A. Initial Inflammatory Profile in Community-acquired Pneumonia Depends on Time since Onset of Symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198:370-378. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201709-1908oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Méndez
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Ph.D. Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario Menéndez
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias CB06/06/0028, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catia Cillóniz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias CB06/06/0028, Madrid, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Clínic/Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Amara-Elori
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosanel Amaro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias CB06/06/0028, Madrid, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Clínic/Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula González
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tomás Posadas
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandra Gimeno
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro P. España
- Pneumology Department, Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo, Galdakao, Spain; and
| | - Jordi Almirall
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias CB06/06/0028, Madrid, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Clínic/Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Aliberti S, Ramirez J, Giuliani F, Wiemken T, Sotgiu G, Tedeschi S, Carugati M, Valenti V, Marchioni M, Camera M, Piro R, Del Forno M, Milani G, Faverio P, Richeldi L, Deotto M, Villani M, Voza A, Tobaldini E, Bernardi M, Bellone A, Bassetti M, Blasi F. Individualizing duration of antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:191-201. [PMID: 28666965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
International experts suggest tailoring antibiotic duration in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) according to patients' characteristics. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of an individualized approach to antibiotic duration based on time in which CAP patients reach clinical stability during hospitalization. In a multicenter, non-inferiority, randomized, controlled trial hospitalized adult patients with CAP reaching clinical stability within 5 days after hospitalization were randomized to a standard vs. individualized antibiotic duration. In the Individualized group, antibiotics were discontinued 48 h after the patient reached clinical stability, with at least five days of total antibiotic treatment. Early failure within 30 days was the primary composite outcome. 135 patients were randomized to the Standard group and 125 to the Individualized group. The trial was interrupted by the safety committee because of an apparent inferiority of the Individualized group over the Standard treatment: 14 (11.2%) patients in the Individualized group experienced early failure vs. 10 (7.4%) patients in the Standard group, p = 0.200, at the intention-to-treat analysis. 30-day mortality rate was four-time higher in the Individualized group than the Standard group. Shortening antibiotic duration according to patients' characteristics still remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Aliberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Internal Medicine Department, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Julio Ramirez
- University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Fabio Giuliani
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Internal Medicine Department, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy Wiemken
- University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari - Research, Medical Education and Professional Development Unit, AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Tedeschi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Carugati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Valenti
- Department of Health Bioscience, University of Milan - Respiratory Unit, Policlinico di San Donato, IRCCS - San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Camera
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, DIPMI, DISSAL, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Pulmonology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Manuela Del Forno
- Respiratory and Critical Care, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Milani
- UO Pneumologia, ASST Lariana Ospedale S.Anna, S. Fermo della Battaglia, Como, Italy
| | - Paola Faverio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Richeldi
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Mailpoint 813, LE75 E Level, South Academic Block, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Martina Deotto
- Division of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Villani
- Dipartimento Cardio-Respiratorio, Unità Operativa di Pneumologia, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Via Pio II, 3, 20153 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Voza
- U.O. di Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d'Urgenza, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Tobaldini
- Fondazione IRCSS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Bernardi
- Semeiotica Medica, Policlinico Sant'Orsola Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Bellone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Anna Hospital, San Fermo della Battaglia, Como, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Santa Maria Misericordia University Hospital, Infectious Diseases Division, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Internal Medicine Department, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Sparham S, Charles PG. Controversies in diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia. Med J Aust 2017; 206:316-319. [PMID: 28403766 DOI: 10.5694/mja16.01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common condition; however, it appears to be overdiagnosed. Diagnosing CAP too frequently may be adding to the problems of overuse of antibiotics, such as bacterial resistance in the community and greater costs and complications in individuals. Data support that most patients with non-severe CAP can be treated for 3-5 days; however, most patients with CAP are receiving much longer courses of therapy. Macrolides such as azithromycin have the potential to prolong the QT interval, although large population studies show that this does not appear to result in excess cardiac mortality. CAP is associated with an increase in a variety of cardiac complications, most notably infarctions and worsening cardiac failure, so clinicians should be vigilant for signs and symptoms of these complications, particularly in patients with a history of ischaemic cardiac disease or the presence of cardiac risk factors. Cardiac risk factors should be assessed and managed in patients with CAP over 40 years of age, although there are yet to be data to show that this approach reduces deaths. Corticosteroids may have a slight effect on reducing deaths in patients with severe CAP, but this must be balanced against the significant potential for side effects.
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Ticinesi A, Lauretani F, Nouvenne A, Porro E, Fanelli G, Maggio M, Meschi T. C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement in geriatric patients hospitalized for acute infection. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 37:7-12. [PMID: 27594414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The physiology of inflammatory response is modified by the aging process and is substantially affected by multimorbidity and disability. Infection is the most frequent cause of acute inflammation in both adult and older subjects. C-reactive protein (CRP) is the most used biomarker of inflammation, and a substantial amount of literature has demonstrated its importance and clinical usefulness in adult subjects. However, the clinical significance of serum CRP determination has not been completely clarified in older subjects with acute infection, especially in the light of the age-related rearrangements in immunity and cytokine production. Thus, in the present review, we focus on the existing knowledge about serum CRP level interpretation in geriatric patients hospitalized with acute infection. Our aims were to determine the significance of CRP measurement at hospital admission for establishing a diagnosis of infection and/or a prognosis and to evaluate whether it is indicated to repeat hs-CRP measurements during hospital stay for monitoring disease course and, possibly, guiding the discharge timing. We concluded that CRP dosage at hospital admission is helpful to detect acute infection, and particularly sepsis, in geriatric patients, and that CRP elevation may provide valuable short-term prognostic information. At the current state of art, serial CRP measurements are instead not indicated to monitor disease course and plan hospital discharge in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ticinesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy; Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Medicine Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Lauretani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy; Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Medicine Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Nouvenne
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy; Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Medicine Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Porro
- Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Medicine Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Italy
| | - Guido Fanelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Parma, Italy; Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy; Clinical Geriatrics Unit, Medicine Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Italy
| | - Tiziana Meschi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy; Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Medicine Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Italy
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Falcone M, Concia E, Giusti M, Mazzone A, Santini C, Stefani S, Violi F. Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in internal medicine wards: old and new drugs. Intern Emerg Med 2016; 11:637-48. [PMID: 27084183 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-016-1450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a common cause of hospital admission among elderly patients, and traditionally have been divided into complicated and uncomplicated SSTIs. In 2010, the FDA provided a new classification of these infections, and a new category of disease, named acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs), has been proposed as an independent clinical entity. ABSSSIs include three entities: cellulitis and erysipelas, wound infections, and major cutaneous abscesses This paper revises the epidemiology of SSTIs and ABSSSIs with regard to etiologies, diagnostic techniques, and clinical presentation in the hospital settings. Particular attention is owed to frail patients with multiple comorbidities and underlying significant disease states, hospitalized on internal medicine wards or residing in nursing homes, who appear to be at increased risk of infection due to multi-drug resistant pathogens and treatment failures. Management of ABSSSIs and SSTIs, including evaluation of the hemodynamic state, surgical intervention and treatment with appropriate antibiotic therapy are extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Falcone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ercole Concia
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Violi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Di Pasquale M, Aliberti S, Mantero M, Bianchini S, Blasi F. Non-Intensive Care Unit Acquired Pneumonia: A New Clinical Entity? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:287. [PMID: 26927074 PMCID: PMC4813151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections, responsible for great morbidity and mortality worldwide. The majority of studies on HAP have been conducted in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU), as mechanical ventilation represents a major risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia and specifically for ventilator-associated pneumonia. However, epidemiological data seem to be different between patients acquiring HAP in the ICU vs. general wards, suggesting the importance of identifying non ICU-acquired pneumonia (NIAP) as a clinical distinct entity in terms of both etiology and management. Early detection of NIAP, along with an individualized management, is needed to reduce antibiotic use and side effects, bacterial resistance and mortality. The present article reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of NIAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Di Pasquale
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Cà Granda, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, AO San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi 33, Monza 20090, Italy.
| | - Marco Mantero
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Cà Granda, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Sonia Bianchini
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Cà Granda, Milan 20122, Italy.
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10
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Bassetti M, Welte T, Wunderink RG. Treatment of Gram-negative pneumonia in the critical care setting: is the beta-lactam antibiotic backbone broken beyond repair? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2016; 20:19. [PMID: 26821535 PMCID: PMC4731981 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Beta-lactam antibiotics form the backbone of treatment for Gram-negative pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. However, this beta-lactam antibiotic backbone is increasingly under pressure from emerging resistance across all geographical regions, and health-care professionals in many countries are rapidly running out of effective treatment options. Even in regions that currently have only low levels of resistance, the effects of globalization are likely to increase local pressures on the beta-lactam antibiotic backbone in the near future. Therefore, clinicians are increasingly faced with a difficult balancing act: the need to prescribe adequate and appropriate antibiotic therapy while reducing the emergence of resistance and the overuse of antibiotics. In this review, we explore the burden of Gram-negative pneumonia in the critical care setting and the pressure that antibiotic resistance places on current empiric therapy regimens (and the beta-lactam antibiotic backbone) in this patient population. New treatment approaches, such as systemic and inhaled antibiotic alternatives, are on the horizon and are likely to help tackle the rising levels of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance. In the meantime, it is imperative that the beta-lactam antibiotic backbone of currently available antibiotics be supported through stringent antibiotic stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bassetti
- Santa Maria Misericordia University Hospital, Piazzale S. Maria Misericordia 15, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard G Wunderink
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North St. Clair Street, Arkes 14-015, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Day T, Read AF. Does High-Dose Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Prevent the Evolution of Resistance? PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004689. [PMID: 26820986 PMCID: PMC4731197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy has long been advocated as a means of controlling drug resistance in infectious diseases but recent empirical studies have begun to challenge this view. We develop a very general framework for modeling and understanding resistance emergence based on principles from evolutionary biology. We use this framework to show how high-dose chemotherapy engenders opposing evolutionary processes involving the mutational input of resistant strains and their release from ecological competition. Whether such therapy provides the best approach for controlling resistance therefore depends on the relative strengths of these processes. These opposing processes typically lead to a unimodal relationship between drug pressure and resistance emergence. As a result, the optimal drug dose lies at either end of the therapeutic window of clinically acceptable concentrations. We illustrate our findings with a simple model that shows how a seemingly minor change in parameter values can alter the outcome from one where high-dose chemotherapy is optimal to one where using the smallest clinically effective dose is best. A review of the available empirical evidence provides broad support for these general conclusions. Our analysis opens up treatment options not currently considered as resistance management strategies, and it also simplifies the experiments required to determine the drug doses which best retard resistance emergence in patients. The evolution of antimicrobial resistant pathogens threatens much of modern medicine. For over one hundred years, the advice has been to ‘hit hard’, in the belief that high doses of antimicrobials best contain resistance evolution. We argue that nothing in evolutionary theory supports this as a good rule of thumb in the situations that challenge medicine. We show instead that the only generality is to either use the highest tolerable drug dose or the lowest clinically effective dose; that is, one of the two edges of the therapeutic window. This approach suggests treatment options not currently considered, and simplifies the experiments required to identify the dose that best retards resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Day
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Jeffery Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- The Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew F. Read
- The Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Biology and Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Apley MD. Treatment of Calves with Bovine Respiratory Disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2015; 31:441-53, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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