Preaortic iliac confluence (marsupial vena cava): report of 4 cases

Paraaortic Lymphadenectomy in Gynecologic Oncology—Significance of Vessels Variations

Lymphadenectomy has been an essential part of the surgical treatment in surgical oncology, as the lymphatic channels and nodes are the main dissemination pathway for most of the gynecological cancers. Pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy are frequent surgical procedures in gynecologic oncology. Paraaortic lymph node dissection facilitates staging, prognosis, surgical and postoperative management of patients. It is one of the most challenging retroperitoneal surgeries. A comprehensive knowledge of the paraaortic region is mandatory. Intraoperative bleeding is the most common complication during lymphadenectomy due to direct vascular injury, poor tissue handling, exuberant retraction and possible anatomical variations of the vessels in the paraaortic region. Approximately, one-third of women will have at least one anatomic variation in the paraaortic region. It must be stressed that anomalous vessels may be encountered in every woman who will undergo surgery. Consequently, detailed knowledge of anatomical vessels variations is required in order to prevent iatrogenic vessel injury. The importance of these variations is well described in urology, vascular and general surgery. Conversely, in oncogynecological surgery, there are few articles, which described some of the vessels variations in the paraaortic region. The present article aims to propose a surgical classification and to describe the majority of vessels variation, which could be encountered during paraaortic lymphadenectomy in gynecologic oncology. Moreover, surgical considerations in order to prevent anomalous vessels injury are well described.

Infected Aortic Aneurysm with Infective Spondylitis in a Patient with Pre-Aortic Confluence of the Iliac Veins: An Unusual Triple Combination

It is uncommon for infective spondylitis to coexist with an infected aneurysm of the adjacent abdominal aorta. Also, pre-aortic confluence of the iliac veins or marsupial vena cava is a rare anatomical variant, which increases the potential for venous injury and hemorrhage during an emergency operation. Herein, we report the case of a 57-year-old male with these three pathologies, who was successfully treated with emergency open surgery. During surgery, we noted this anomaly and extensive destruction of the lumbar vertebral bodies. We discuss options to treat these rare pathologies with literature review.

Various congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: review of cross-sectional imaging findings and report of a new variant

The inferior vena cava (IVC) is an important structure receiving a large amount of venous return and is associated with various congenital disorders. Advances in diagnostic imaging and its increasing accessibility have led to an increase in the incidental detection of IVC anomalies. Congenital anomalies of the IVC are not uncommon and are occasionally critical to treatment planning. However, they are frequently overlooked in abdominal imaging. The IVC is composed of four segments (intrahepatic, suprarenal, renal, and infrarenal), and each segment arises from different embryonic structures in a complex process. Anomalies of the IVC can be classified according to the involved segment. Familiarity with the variety of IVC anomalies seen on imaging is vital for correctly diagnosing and managing patients in daily practice.

Right Double Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) with Preaortic Iliac Confluence - Case Report and Review of Literature

Anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are uncommon and most of them remain asymptomatic. Though rare, anomalies of IVC can lead to severe hemorrhagic complications especially during aortoiliac surgery. Prior knowledge of these variations facilitates proper interpretation of radiological images and safe performance of interventional procedures and surgeries. During routine anatomical dissection of abdomen in a female cadaver we observed the presence of right sided duplication of IVC. Both IVCs were present on the right side of abdominal aorta, one ventral and the other more dorsal in position and named ventral right IVC and dorsal right IVC. The ventrally and medially placed IVC, which appeared to be the main IVC was formed by the union of two common iliac veins in front of the right common iliac artery (Preaortic iliac confluence-"Marsupial Cava"). The right external iliac vein continued as the more dorsally and laterally placed dorsal right IVC. The right internal iliac vein after receiving a transverse anastomotic vein from the external iliac continued as the right common iliac vein. This transverse anastomosis was present behind the right common iliac artery. The narrower dorsal right IVC joined the wider ventral right IVC just below the level of renal veins to form a single IVC. The abdominal aorta presented a convexity to the left.