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Jellinge ME, Hansen F, Coia JE, Song Z. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Pneumonia-A Review. J Intensive Care Med 2021; 36:1398-1402. [PMID: 33926298 DOI: 10.1177/0885066620965941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is uncommon but can be seen in immunocompromised patients and has been associated with poor prognosis in this population. AIM The aim was to study the results, outcome and mortality of HSV pneumonia in immunocompromised patients and patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, it has been unclear whether to initiate prophylactic treatment with acyclovir or not. METHODS We have conducted a literature search using the keywords herpes simplex pneumonia, critically ill patients and intensive care unit for identification of relevant publications. FINDINGS HSV pneumonia can cause severe infection or even death in immunocompromised patients and critically ill patients. A clear diagnosis of HSV pneumonia can be difficult to establish. Respiratory condition may improve after initiation of acyclovir but data is scarce. CONCLUSION HSV pneumonia should be considered in the immunocompromised patient and/or the intensive care patient who continues to deteriorate despite appropriate treatment. The value of prophylactic treatment with acyclovir is unproven but should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Ersgaard Jellinge
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, 91941Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Frank Hansen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, 91941Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - John Eugenio Coia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, 91941Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Zhijun Song
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, 91941Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
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2
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Davidson KR, Ha DM, Schwarz MI, Chan ED. Bronchoalveolar lavage as a diagnostic procedure: a review of known cellular and molecular findings in various lung diseases. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:4991-5019. [PMID: 33145073 PMCID: PMC7578496 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a commonly used procedure in the evaluation of lung disease as it allows for sampling of the lower respiratory tract. In many circumstances, BAL differential cell counts have been reported to be typical of specific lung disorders. In addition, more specific diagnostic tests including molecular assays such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, special cytopathologic stains, or particular microscopic findings have been described as part of BAL fluid analysis. This review focuses on common cellular and molecular findings of BAL in a wide range of lung diseases. Since the performance of the first lung irrigation in 1927, BAL has become a common and important diagnostic tool. While some pulmonary disorders have a highly characteristic signature of BAL findings, BAL results alone often lack specificity and require interpretation along with other clinical and radiographic details. Development of new diagnostic assays is certain to reinforce the utility of BAL in the future. Our review of the BAL literature is intended to serve as a resource to assist clinicians in the care of patients with lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Davidson
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Duc M Ha
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marvin I Schwarz
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward D Chan
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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3
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Li TH, Lai CC, Wang WH, Chen WS, Tsao YP, Tsai CY, Chang YS. Risk of severe herpes simplex virus infection in systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of epidemiology and risk factors analysis in Taiwan. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:941-946. [PMID: 30954968 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are susceptible to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, which occasionally leads to severe complications including meningoencephalitis and keratitis. However, few attempts to analyse the associated incidence and risk factors have been made. METHODS We enrolled patients with SLE recorded between 1997 and 2012 and compared the incidence rate (IR) of severe HSV infection, including meningoencephalitis, septicaemia, ocular and visceral involvement, and other specific complications demanding hospitalisation, with that of a non-SLE cohort. A Cox multivariate proportional hazards model was applied to analyse the risk factors of severe HSV infection in patients with SLE. RESULTS A total of 122 520 subjects (24 504 patients with SLE and 98 016 age-matched and sex-matched non-SLE controls) were included, and a higher IR of severe HSV infection was revealed in the SLE group (IR ratio=3.93, p<0.001). In patients with SLE, previous oral and genital infection (HR=2.29, p=0.049), intravenous steroid pulse therapy (HR=5.32, p<0.001) and daily oral dose of over 7.5 mg of prednisolone (HR=1.59, p=0.024) were independent risk factors for severe HSV infection, whereas age of ≤18 (HR=0.45, p=0.029) was a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS Patients with SLE are at higher risk of severe HSV infection, and related risk factors include being older than 18 years, having a history of HSV mucocutaneous infection, recent receipt of steroid pulse therapy and a daily oral dose of steroid over 7.5 mg prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hao Li
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Lai
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Divisionof Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiu Wang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Sanzhi, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Chen
- Divisionof Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Po Tsao
- Divisionof Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Youh Tsai
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Divisionof Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan .,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Bagdonaite I, Wandall HH. Global aspects of viral glycosylation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:443-467. [PMID: 29579213 PMCID: PMC7108637 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses encompass some of the most common human pathogens causing infections of different severity, ranging from no or very few symptoms to lethal disease as seen with the viral hemorrhagic fevers. All enveloped viruses possess an envelope membrane derived from the host cell, modified with often heavily glycosylated virally encoded glycoproteins important for infectivity, viral particle formation and immune evasion. While N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is well characterized with respect to location, structure and site occupancy, information on mucin-type O-glycosylation of these proteins is less comprehensive. Studies on viral glycosylation are often limited to analysis of recombinant proteins that in most cases are produced in cell lines with a glycosylation capacity different from the capacity of the host cells. The glycosylation pattern of the produced recombinant glycoproteins might therefore be different from the pattern on native viral proteins. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on analysis of viral glycosylation, and summarize known roles of glycans in the biology of enveloped human viruses. In addition, we describe how to overcome the analytical limitations by using a global approach based on mass spectrometry to identify viral O-glycosylation in virus-infected cell lysates using the complex enveloped virus herpes simplex virus type 1 as a model. We underscore that glycans often pay important contributions to overall protein structure, function and immune recognition, and that glycans represent a crucial determinant for vaccine design. High throughput analysis of glycosylation on relevant glycoprotein formulations, as well as data compilation and sharing is therefore important to identify consensus glycosylation patterns for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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5
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Bagdonaite I, Vakhrushev SY, Joshi HJ, Wandall HH. Viral glycoproteomes: technologies for characterization and outlook for vaccine design. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3898-3920. [PMID: 29961944 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that surface proteins of most enveloped viruses are covered with glycans. It has furthermore been demonstrated that glycosylation is essential for propagation and immune evasion for many viruses. The recent development of high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques has enabled identification not only of the precise structures but also the positions of such post-translational modifications on viruses, revealing substantial differences in extent of glycosylation and glycan maturation for different classes of viruses. In-depth characterization of glycosylation and other post-translational modifications of viral envelope glycoproteins is essential for rational design of vaccines and antivirals. In this Review, we provide an overview of techniques used to address viral glycosylation and summarize information on glycosylation of enveloped viruses representing ongoing public health challenges. Furthermore, we discuss how knowledge on glycosylation can be translated to means to prevent and combat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Song B, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang R, Yang T, Han Z, Xu Y. Adenovirus-mediated shRNA interference against HSV-1 replication in vitro. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:799-807. [PMID: 27566181 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The UL29 and UL28 proteins encoded by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are critical for its replication and packaging, respectively. Research has demonstrated that synthesized siRNA molecules targeting the UL29 gene are able to suppress HSV-2 replication and the UL28-null HSV-1 gene cannot form infectious viruses in vitro. Silencing the UL28 and UL29 genes by RNAi might lead to the development of novel antiviral agents for the treatment of HSV-1 infections. Two kinds of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting the UL29 and UL28 genes were chemically synthesized and then delivered into cells by a replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (Adv5) vector. (-) shRNAs targeting none of the genome of HSV-1 were used as the control. Vero cells were inoculated with Ad-UL28shRNA or Ad-UL29shRNA at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 and challenged 24 h later with HSV-1 at an MOI of 0.01 to inhibit HSV-1 replication, as measured by the level of the corresponding RNA and proteins. In addition, the amount of progeny virus was assessed at daily intervals. The antiviral effects of Ad-shRNAs at ongoing HSV-1 infection were explored at 12 h after inoculation of the HSV-1. The results showed that the shRNAs delivered by Adv5 significantly suppressed HSV-1 replication in vitro, as determined by the levels of viral RNA transcription, viral protein synthesis, and viral production. The Ad-UL28shRNA and Ad-UL29shRNA suppressed the replication of HSV-1, respectively, compared with the control group (P < 0.001). When Ad-UL28shRNA and Ad-UL29shRNA were combined, a synergistic effect was observed. The antiviral effects could sustain for at least 4 days after the HSV-1 infection (P < 0.001). Furthermore, antiviral effects were achieved 12 h prior to inoculation of Adv5-shRNAs (P < 0.001). Our data demonstrated comparable antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus by shRNAs targeting either UL29 or UL28 sites in vitro and the effectiveness of using the Adv5 delivery of shRNAs. Therefore, the Adv5 delivery of shRNAs targeting the UL29 and UL28 sites probably may provide an alternative strategy for controlling HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Xinjing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
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7
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Bagdonaite I, Nordén R, Joshi HJ, King SL, Vakhrushev SY, Olofsson S, Wandall HH. Global Mapping of O-Glycosylation of Varicella Zoster Virus, Human Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12014-28. [PMID: 27129252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are among the most complex and widespread viruses, infection and propagation of which depend on envelope proteins. These proteins serve as mediators of cell entry as well as modulators of the immune response and are attractive vaccine targets. Although envelope proteins are known to carry glycans, little is known about the distribution, nature, and functions of these modifications. This is particularly true for O-glycans; thus we have recently developed a "bottom up" mass spectrometry-based technique for mapping O-glycosylation sites on herpes simplex virus type 1. We found wide distribution of O-glycans on herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins and demonstrated that elongated O-glycans were essential for the propagation of the virus. Here, we applied our proteome-wide discovery platform for mapping O-glycosites on representative and clinically significant members of the herpesvirus family: varicella zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. We identified a large number of O-glycosites distributed on most envelope proteins in all viruses and further demonstrated conserved patterns of O-glycans on distinct homologous proteins. Because glycosylation is highly dependent on the host cell, we tested varicella zoster virus-infected cell lysates and clinically isolated virus and found evidence of consistent O-glycosites. These results present a comprehensive view of herpesvirus O-glycosylation and point to the widespread occurrence of O-glycans in regions of envelope proteins important for virus entry, formation, and recognition by the host immune system. This knowledge enables dissection of specific functional roles of individual glycosites and, moreover, provides a framework for design of glycoprotein vaccines with representative glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Rickard Nordén
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Sarah L King
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans H Wandall
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
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