Rosai-Dorfman Disease-Utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT for Initial Evaluation and Follow-up

Fourth Ventricular Rosai-Dorfman Disease Mimicking Intraventricular Tumor in Young Adult: A Rare Case Report

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) or sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy can present with or without systemic disease. It is a benign histioproliferative disorder characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, weakness, anemia, and rarely extranodal involvement. While RDD most commonly affects lymph nodes, extranodal involvement of multiple organs has been reported, including the central nervous system (CNS). However, CNS involvement in RDD is rare and is not well characterized. Isolated involvement of the fourth ventricle is even rarer. Such lesions may be mistaken for intraventricular tumors such as ependymoma or medulloblastoma. This report highlights the necessity to consider RDD as a differential diagnosis in case of intraventricular space-occupying lesion.

Rosai-Dorfman disease involving the entire esophagus

We present a case of Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) occurred in a 6-year-old male child, characterized by extensive involvement of the esophagus. Eight months ago, the child presented with persistent fever and a diffuse dark red rash. MRI revealed a mass occupying the left nasal cavity and septal sinus and biopsy pathology confirmed the diagnosis of RDD. Following dexamethasone and prednisone treatment, the child experienced dysphagia. 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed multiple lesions with increased metabolism in the left nasal sinus, lymph nodes, widespread skin lesions, and the entire esophagus. Subsequent biopsies of lymph nodes, abdominal skin, and esophageal lesions was consistent with RDD involvement. The child is presently undergoing six cycles of VCR+Ara-c+Dex chemotherapy and the treatment is going well.

Clinical value of [18F]F-FDG PET/CT in patients with suspected paraneoplastic dermatoses: Diagnostic performance and impact on clinical management

PURPOSE

We retrospectively evaluate the diagnostic performance of 2-deoxy-2[18F]fuoro-D-glucose([18F]F-FDG) PET/CT and its impact on clinical management in patients with suspected paraneoplastic dermatoses (PD).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From an institutional PET/CT database (2014-2022), we retrospectively analyzed patients who were clinically suspected with PD and underwent [18F]F-FDG PET/CT for screening an underlying malignancy. For all scans, positive mucocutaneous lesions and PET-indicated malignancies were assessed, and the degree of FDG avidity among different dermatoses were quantified. The final diagnoses of dermatoses and neoplasms were based on pathologic results, international diagnostic standard and follow-up. We assessed the recommended and applied therapies before and after [18F]F-FDG PET/CT and noted whether the patient management changed on the basis of the [18F]F-FDG PET/CT results.

RESULTS

We analyzed 60 patients with 10 types of dermatoses in this study. Finally, 19 of the 60 patients who had both of specific dermatosis and contemporaneous neoplasm were diagnosed with PD. [18F]F-FDG PET could identify the underlying neoplasms in 18/19 (94.7%) PD patients, and led to a change of the management in 9/19 (47.4%) PD patients. In addition, the mucocutaneous manifestations of [18F]F-FDG PET/CT associated with several specific dermatoses were characteristic.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlighted the value of [18F]F-FDG PET/CT as a useful tool for evaluation of patients with suspected PD to unveil the underlying culprit tumor, and profoundly supports the clinical management of PD patients.

Characterizing Rosai-Dorfman disease with [18F]FDG PET/CT: a retrospective analysis of a single-center study

OBJECTIVES

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytic proliferative disorder. We performed a retrospective study to characterize the clinical and [18F]FDG PET/CT features of RDD.

METHODS

We retrospectively recruited 38 RDD patients with [18F]FDG PET/CT scan in our center. [18F]FDG PET/CT features were assessed, and clinical and follow-up data were recorded.

RESULTS

In the recruited patients, 20/38 (52.6%) patients had single-system disease, while others (18/38, 47.4%) had disease affecting multiple system. RDD most commonly involved the upper respiratory tract (47.4%), followed by cutaneous/subcutaneous lesion (39.5%), lymph node (36.8%), bone (31.6%), central nervous system (28.9%), and cardiovascular system (13.2%) in the recruited patients. In PET/CT, the RDD lesions were FDG-avid, and the SUVmax of the hottest lesion in an individual patient was positively correlated with C-reactive protein levels (r = 0.418, p = 0.014), and negatively correlated with hemoglobin levels (r =  -0.359, p = 0.036). The overall response rate of the first-line treatment was 80.8% in newly diagnosed RDD patients, and for patients with relapsed/progressive RDD, the overall response rate was 72.7%.

CONCLUSION

[18F]FDG PET/CT could be a useful tool for evaluating RDD.

KEY POINTS

• About half of the patients with Rosai-Dorfman disease had single-system disease, while others had disease affecting multiple system. Rosai-Dorfman disease most commonly involved the upper respiratory tract, followed by cutaneous/subcutaneous lesion, lymph node, bone, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system. • In [18F]FDG PET/CT, Rosai-Dorfman disease was usually hypermetabolic, and the SUVmax of the hottest lesion in an individual patient was positively correlated with C-reactive protein levels. • Rosai-Dorfman disease usually has a high overall response rate after treatment.

A Rare Case of Pseudo-Malignant Paranasal Extranodal Rosai-Dorfman Disease

Rosai-Dorfman disease is a very rare disease characterized by histiocytic accumulation in the head and neck region and lymph node enlargement. We report a rare pseudo-malignant paranasal extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease. A 69-year-old-man presented nasal bleeding and nasal obstruction. Paranasal mass was detected in the left nasal cavity and computed tomography (CT) findings are the sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus, and ethmoid sinus were involved with inconstant bone thickening, however, no bone destruction was detected. Magnetic resonance imaging scans show iso-intensity signal in T1-weighed image and T2-weighed image. Positron emission tomography/CT fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in posterior ethmoid sinus and sphenoid sinus, bilateral cervical lymph node, clavicle, and sternum. Based on the above results, we considered malignant lymphoma and performed a biopsy. After pathological examination, a diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease was established.

Rare Extranodal Manifestation of Rosai-Dorfman Disease Presenting as Nasal Obstruction and its Management

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare and benign lymphoproliferative disorder that commonly presents as painless, bilateral neck swelling. Extranodal presentations are considered rare, but the most common extranodal locations involved include skin, subcutaneous followed by nasal/paranasal sinuses. Although it is a benign condition, it may be mistaken as a malignant lesion and requires a biopsy for diagnostic confirmation. In this study, we report a rare case of RDD with bilateral neck node and nasal/paranasal sinus involvement which initially presented with bilateral nasal obstruction. And, we reviewed the management in this unusual case and discussed the helpful role imaging studies play in the further workup and subsequent follow-up to treatment response.

The value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the systemic evaluation of patients with Rosai-Dorfman disease: a retrospective study and literature review

BACKGROUND

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytic disease. The aim of this study was to review the characteristics of RDD using ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT and determine its efficacy in the disease management.

RESULTS

A total of 28 RDD patients underwent 33 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scans for systematic assessment and follow-up. The common involved sites included the lymph nodes (17, 60.7%), upper respiratory tract (11, 39.3%), and skin (9, 32.1%). Five patients had more lesions detected in PET/CT images than in CT and/or MRI, including inapparent nodules (n = 5) and bone destruction (n = 3). After thorough treatment evaluation using PET/CT, the treatment strategies of 14 patients (14/16, 87.5%) were changed. Five patients underwent PET/CT twice during follow-up and the SUVs were significantly decreased (15.3 ± 3.4 vs. 4.4 ± 1.0, p = 0.02), which demonstrated disease improvement.

CONCLUSIONS

¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT contributed to displaying the holistic characteristics of RDD, in particular during initial assessment, treatment strategy adjustment, or efficacy evaluation, and could compensate for some disadvantages of CT and MRI images.

Nasal Presentations of Rosai-Dorfman Disease: Clinical Manifestation and Treatment Outcomes

PURPOSE

There has been a lack of evidence-based management strategies on the nasal presentations of Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD). We aim to investigate the clinical manifestation, treatment, and outcomes in patients with nasal RDD.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed available medical records of patients diagnosed with nasal RDD from 2014 to 2021 at our department.

RESULTS

A total of 26 patients were included with a marked female preponderance (2.25:1). The most common symptom and affected sites were nasal congestion (31%) and nasal cavity (73%), respectively. The average times of biopsies was 1.5 times (range: 1-3). The histiocytes were positive about S100 and CD68 and negative for CD1a with common emperipolesis. The mean duration of follow-up was 34 months (range, 3-87). One patient with concomitant nasal small B-cell lymphoma achieved complete remission after chemoradiotherapy. Recommended treatments were endoscopic resection (92%) and oral corticosteroids (21%). Surgery was performed to remove the resectable lesion as completely as possible. Corticosteroids induced almost 100% overall remission. Of the relapses, two patients achieved an overall response and one remained in progressive stage after subsequent excision. Two patients only received dissection biopsy that responded to oral corticosteroid administration and combined therapies of lenalidomide and dexamethasone, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Diffuse lesions in nasal cavity and sinuses, and even widely affected nasal skull base, laryngopharynx, orbit, and cavernous sinus, should be considered the possibility of Rosai-Dorfman disease. Characteristic immunohistochemical staining is helpful for the diagnosis. Endoscopic surgical therapy remains the mainstream treatment for patients enduring an unbearable course. Oral corticosteroid administration serves as an adjuvant therapy for first-line treatments.

The Impact of PET/CT on Paediatric Oncology

This review paper will discuss the use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in paediatric oncology. Functional imaging with PET/CT has proven useful to guide treatment by accurately staging disease and limiting unnecessary treatments by determining the metabolic response to treatment. ¹⁸F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (2-[¹⁸F]FDG) PET/CT is routinely used in patients with lymphoma. We highlight specific considerations in the paediatric population with lymphoma. The strengths and weaknesses for PET/CT tracers that compliment Meta-[¹²³I]iodobenzylguanidine ([¹²³I]mIBG) for the imaging of neuroblastoma are summarized. 2-[¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT has increasingly been used in the staging and evaluation of disease response in sarcomas. The current recommendations for the use of PET/CT in sarcomas are given and potential future developments and highlighted. 2-[¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in combination with conventional imaging is currently the standard for disease evaluation in children with Langerhans-cell Histiocytosis (LCH) and the non-LCH disease spectrum. The common pitfalls of 2-[¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in this setting are discussed.

Radiological features of Rosai-Dorfman disease: case series and review of the literature

AIM

To improve the accuracy of diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) by summarising the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The clinical manifestations, imaging findings, and pathological characteristics of 14 patients with histopathologically confirmed RDD were analysed retrospectively and a literature review was undertaken.

RESULTS

Of the 14 patients, nine had multiple lesions and five had single lesions. Eight patients had extranodal lesions, while six had mixed-type lesions. In patients with head and neck lesions, plain CT/MRI revealed irregularly shaped, well-defined, homogeneous, and mainly progressive lesions, with marked homogeneous enhancement on multiphasic contrast-enhanced imaging. One patient had dural lesions, one of which iso-intense to grey matter, with patchy hypo-intensity on T2-weighted imaging, meningeal tail signs, and characteristic crabfoot-like enhancement. Three patients with skeletal system involvement exhibited osteolytic bone destruction without sclerosis at the edges, associated soft-tissue masses, or periosteal reactions. Two patients had well-defined subcutaneous lesions, inhomogeneous density, and progressive parenchymal enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT. One patient had multiple intestinal lesions with inhomogeneous nodular thickening of the blind ascending colon and ileum, with marked and progressive enhancement.

CONCLUSION

RDD involvement is mainly multifocal, primarily in the head and neck regions. Plain CT/MRI revealed well-defined, irregularly shaped lesions with homogeneous density/signal, with marked and progressive enhancement on multiphasic contrast-enhanced imaging; however, histopathology is still required to confirm the diagnosis of RDD.

FDG PET/CT in Isolated Thoracic Vertebral Rosai-Dorfman Disease

ABSTRACT

Isolated osseous Rosai-Dorfman disease is rare. We describe FDG PET/CT findings of solitary thoracic vertebral Rosai-Dorfman disease without extraosseous involvement. The vertebral lesion caused osteolytic destruction of the vertebral body and showed intense FDG uptake.

Rosai-Dorfman Disease of Bone and Soft Tissue

Context.—

Rosai-Dorfman disease is a rare histiocytic proliferative disorder of unknown pathogenesis that may be diagnostically difficult in extranodal sites. It is commonly an unsuspected diagnosis when arising in bone and soft tissue, especially when it presents without associated lymphadenopathy. Its variable clinical presentation and nonspecific imaging findings make the diagnosis quite challenging, particularly in small biopsies. The problem is compounded by its less-characteristic histomorphologic features in comparison with nodal disease. Awareness of the potential diagnostic pitfalls in Rosai-Dorfman disease of bone and soft tissue should raise the degree of diagnostic accuracy.

Objective.—

To review the clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, and histomorphologic features of Rosai-Dorfman disease of bone and soft tissue along with a brief discussion of its differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, and current management.

Data Sources.—

Thorough review of the literature with focus on clinical manifestations, imaging findings, key histomorphologic features, pathogenesis, and treatment.

Conclusions.—

The diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease of bone and soft tissue may be quite challenging because of its variable clinical presentation and nonspecific imaging findings. It may be asymptomatic without systemic manifestations or associated lymphadenopathy. The definitive diagnosis relies on histopathologic identification of the characteristic S-100–positive histiocytes demonstrating emperipolesis. Bone and soft tissue lesions tend to have lower numbers of characteristic histiocytes and less conspicuous emperipolesis and often demonstrate areas of fibrosis or storiform spindle cell areas resembling fibrohistiocytic lesions. Awareness of these unusual features is necessary in order to consider Rosai-Dorfman disease in the differential diagnosis when confronting these rare and often misleading lesions.

Histiocytic Neoplasms, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology

Histiocytic neoplasms are rare hematologic disorders accounting for less than 1% of cancers of the soft tissue and lymph nodes. Clinical presentation and prognosis of these disorders can be highly variable, leading to challenges for diagnosis and optimal management of these patients. Treatment often consists of systemic therapy, and recent studies support use of targeted therapies for patients with these disorders. Observation ("watch and wait") may be sufficient for select patients with mild disease. These NCCN Guidelines for Histiocytic Neoplasms include recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of adults with the most common histiocytic disorders: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease, and Rosai-Dorfman disease.

Potential role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in a case of progressive Rosai Dorfman disease

Rosai Dorfman disease is a rare form of nonlangerhans cell histiocytosis, presenting with extensive lymphadenopathies. Treatment in most cases of nodal disease, involves close observation; however, extranodal involvement requires a more definitive treatment strategy. Herein, we report a case of extensive Rosai Dorfman disease in a 43-year-old woman presenting for evaluation of treatment response by 18F-FDG PET/CT after frequent relapses and disease progression. In addition to extensive lymphadenothapies in cervical, supraclavicular, superior mediastinum, axillary, abdominopelvic and inguinofemoral regions, the patient had metabolically active bone and subcutaneous lesions which were not previously recognized. Following this 18F-FDG PET/CT study, the patient management was changed to sirolimus and prednisolone. To choose the best treatment option for Rosai Dorfman patients, knowledge of the full extent of disease is important. Compared with conventional imaging, 18F-FDG PET/CT has the advantage of being a whole-body imaging modality and can recognize disease involvement prior to any anatomical changes.