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Meng Y, Li CX, Zhang X. Quantitative Evaluation of Oxygen Extraction Fraction Changes in the Monkey Brain during Acute Stroke by Using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1008. [PMID: 37109537 PMCID: PMC10146121 DOI: 10.3390/life13041008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) indicates the brain's oxygen consumption and can be estimated by using the quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) MRI technique. Recent studies have suggested that OEF alteration following stroke is associated with the viability of at-risk tissue. In the present study, the temporal evolution of OEF in the monkey brain during acute stroke was investigated using QSM. METHODS Ischemic stroke was induced in adult rhesus monkeys (n = 8) with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) by using an interventional approach. Diffusion-, T2-, and T2*-weighted images were conducted on day 0, day 2, and day 4 post-stroke using a clinical 3T scanner. Progressive changes in magnetic susceptibility and OEF, along with their correlations with the transverse relaxation rates and diffusion indices, were examined. RESULTS The magnetic susceptibility and OEF in injured gray matter of the brain significantly increased during the hyperacute phase, and then decreased significantly on day 2 and day 4. Moreover, the temporal changes of OEF in gray matter were moderately correlated with mean diffusivity (MD) (r = 0.52; p = 0.046) from day 0 to day 4. Magnetic susceptibility in white matter progressively increased (from negative values to near zero) during acute stroke, and significant increases were seen on day 2 (p = 0.08) and day 4 (p = 0.003) when white matter was significantly degenerated. However, significant reduction of OEF in white matter was not seen until day 4 post-stroke. CONCLUSION The preliminary results demonstrate that QSM-derived OEF is a robust approach to examine the progressive changes of gray matter in the ischemic brain from the hyperacute phase to the subacute phase of stroke. The changes of OEF in gray matter were more prominent than those in white matter following stroke insult. The findings suggest that QSM-derived OEF may provide complementary information for understanding the neuropathology of the brain tissue following stroke and predicting stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Meng
- EPC Imaging Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Chun-Xia Li
- EPC Imaging Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- EPC Imaging Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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2
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Cerebral perfusion disturbances in chronic mild traumatic brain injury correlate with psychoemotional outcomes. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1438-1449. [PMID: 32734434 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The study explored associations between hemodynamic changes and psychoemotional status in 32 patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and 31 age-matched healthy volunteers. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) values were obtained using Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in brain regions suspected to play a role in anxiety and depression. Patients were administered self-report measures of anxiety and depression symptoms and underwent neuropsychological assessment. As a group mTBI patients scored significantly below age- and education-adjusted population norms on multiple cognitive domains and reported high rates of anxiety and depression symptomatology. Significantly reduced CBF values were detected in the mTBI group compared to controls in dorsolateral prefrontal areas, putamen, and hippocampus, bilaterally. Within the mTBI group, depressive symptomatology was significantly associated with lower perfusion in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and higher perfusion in the putamen, bilaterally. The latter association was independent from verbal working memory capacity. Moreover, anxiety symptomatology was associated with lower perfusion in the hippocampus (after controlling for verbal episodic memory difficulties). Associations between regional perfusion and psychoemotional scores were specific to depression or anxiety, respectively, and independent of the presence of visible lesions on conventional MRI. Results are discussed in relation to the role of specific limbic and paralimbic regions in the pathogenesis of symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Gozt A, Hellewell S, Ward PGD, Bynevelt M, Fitzgerald M. Emerging Applications for Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in the Detection of Traumatic Brain Injury Pathology. Neuroscience 2021; 467:218-236. [PMID: 34087394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common but heterogeneous injury underpinned by numerous complex and interrelated pathophysiological mechanisms. An essential trace element, iron is abundant within the brain and involved in many fundamental neurobiological processes, including oxygen transportation, oxidative phosphorylation, myelin production and maintenance, as well as neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. Excessive levels of iron are neurotoxic and thus iron homeostasis is tightly regulated in the brain, however, many details about the mechanisms by which this is achieved are yet to be elucidated. A key mediator of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammatory response, iron dysregulation is an important contributor to secondary injury in TBI. Advances in neuroimaging that leverage magnetic susceptibility properties have enabled increasingly comprehensive investigations into the distribution and behaviour of iron in the brain amongst healthy individuals as well as disease states such as TBI. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) is an advanced neuroimaging technique that promises quantitative estimation of local magnetic susceptibility at the voxel level. In this review, we provide an overview of brain iron and its homeostasis, describe recent advances enabling applications of QSM within the context of TBI and summarise the current state of the literature. Although limited, the emergent research suggests that QSM is a promising neuroimaging technique that can be used to investigate a host of pathophysiological changes that are associated with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gozt
- Curtin University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA Australia
| | - Sarah Hellewell
- Curtin University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA Australia
| | - Phillip G D Ward
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, VIC Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, VIC Australia
| | - Michael Bynevelt
- Neurological Intervention and Imaging Service of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA Australia.
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4
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Stone JR, Avants BB, Tustison NJ, Wassermann EM, Gill J, Polejaeva E, Dell KC, Carr W, Yarnell AM, LoPresti ML, Walker P, O'Brien M, Domeisen N, Quick A, Modica CM, Hughes JD, Haran FJ, Goforth C, Ahlers ST. Functional and Structural Neuroimaging Correlates of Repetitive Low-Level Blast Exposure in Career Breachers. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2468-2481. [PMID: 32928028 PMCID: PMC7703399 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Combat military and civilian law enforcement personnel may be exposed to repetitive low-intensity blast events during training and operations. Persons who use explosives to gain entry (i.e., breach) into buildings are known as “breachers” or dynamic entry personnel. Breachers operate under the guidance of established safety protocols, but despite these precautions, breachers who are exposed to low-level blast throughout their careers frequently report performance deficits and symptoms to healthcare providers. Although little is known about the etiology linking blast exposure to clinical symptoms in humans, animal studies demonstrate network-level changes in brain function, alterations in brain morphology, vascular and inflammatory changes, hearing loss, and even alterations in gene expression after repeated blast exposure. To explore whether similar effects occur in humans, we collected a comprehensive data battery from 20 experienced breachers exposed to blast throughout their careers and 14 military and law enforcement controls. This battery included neuropsychological assessments, blood biomarkers, and magnetic resonance imaging measures, including cortical thickness, diffusion tensor imaging of white matter, functional connectivity, and perfusion. To better understand the relationship between repetitive low-level blast exposure and behavioral and imaging differences in humans, we analyzed the data using similarity-driven multi-view linear reconstruction (SiMLR). SiMLR is specifically designed for multiple modality statistical integration using dimensionality-reduction techniques for studies with high-dimensional, yet sparse, data (i.e., low number of subjects and many data per subject). We identify significant group effects in these data spanning brain structure, function, and blood biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Stone
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brian B Avants
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicholas J Tustison
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Eric M Wassermann
- Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Gill
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Polejaeva
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristine C Dell
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Walter Carr
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.,Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela M Yarnell
- Military Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew L LoPresti
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Walker
- Health Mission Initiative, DoD Joint Artificial Intelligence Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Meghan O'Brien
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Natalie Domeisen
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alycia Quick
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Modica
- Neurotrauma Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Hughes
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Francis J Haran
- Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl Goforth
- Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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5
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Campos AI, García-Marín LM, Byrne EM, Martin NG, Cuéllar-Partida G, Rentería ME. Insights into the aetiology of snoring from observational and genetic investigations in the UK Biobank. Nat Commun 2020; 11:817. [PMID: 32060260 PMCID: PMC7021827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although snoring is common in the general population, its aetiology has been largely understudied. Here we report a genetic study on snoring (n ~ 408,000; snorers ~ 152,000) using data from the UK Biobank. We identify 42 genome-wide significant loci, with an SNP-based heritability estimate of ~10% on the liability scale. Genetic correlations with body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa and neuroticism are observed. Gene-based associations identify 173 genes, including DLEU7, MSRB3 and POC5, highlighting genes expressed in the brain, cerebellum, lungs, blood and oesophagus. We use polygenic scores (PGS) to predict recent snoring and probable obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in an independent Australian sample (n ~ 8000). Mendelian randomization analyses suggest a potential causal relationship between high BMI and snoring. Altogether, our results uncover insights into the aetiology of snoring as a complex sleep-related trait and its role in health and disease beyond it being a cardinal symptom of OSA. Snoring is common in the population and tends to be more prevalent in older and/or male individuals. Here, the authors perform GWAS for habitual snoring, identify 41 genomic loci and explore potential causal relationships with anthropometric and cardiometabolic disease traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián I Campos
- Genetic Epidemiology Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luis M García-Marín
- Genetic Epidemiology Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabriel Cuéllar-Partida
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Genetic Epidemiology Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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6
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Mufti O, Mathew S, Harris A, Siesky B, Burgett KM, Verticchio Vercellin AC. Ocular changes in traumatic brain injury: A review. Eur J Ophthalmol 2019; 30:867-873. [PMID: 31378077 DOI: 10.1177/1120672119866974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is represented by a penetrating or non-penetrating head injury, which causes disruption in the normal functioning of the brain. Traumatic brain injury has been an ardently debated topic of discussion due to its prevalence in media centric persons such as military personnel and athletes. Current assessments for traumatic brain injury have looked at vestibulo-ocular and vascular parameters to aid in diagnosis. Innovations in non-invasive ophthalmic imaging have allowed for the visualization of specific tissue structure/function relationships in a variety of ophthalmic and neurodegenerative diseases. As the eye and brain share significant embryological and physiological pathways, ocular imaging modalities may provide a novel and impactful tool in advancing assessment of traumatic brain injury. Herein, we examined the available literature and data on visual fields, mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, retinal ganglion cell layer thickness, and cerebral blood flow following traumatic brain injury. This review of published individual and population-based studies was performed in order to explore the feasibility and importance of considering ocular imaging biomarkers following traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Mufti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sunu Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alon Harris
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brent Siesky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kendall M Burgett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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7
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Liu W, Yeh PH, Nathan DE, Song C, Wu H, Bonavia GH, Ollinger J, Riedy G. Assessment of Brain Venous Structure in Military Traumatic Brain Injury Patients using Susceptibility Weighted Imaging and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2213-2221. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- The NorthTide Group LLC, Sterling, Virginia
| | - Ping-Hong Yeh
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- The NorthTide Group LLC, Sterling, Virginia
| | - Dominic E. Nathan
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- The NorthTide Group LLC, Sterling, Virginia
| | - Chihwa Song
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Helena Wu
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- The NorthTide Group LLC, Sterling, Virginia
| | - Grant H. Bonavia
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John Ollinger
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gerard Riedy
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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8
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Jeong E, Ryu H, Shin JH, Kwon GH, Jo G, Lee JY. High Oxygen Exchange to Music Indicates Auditory Distractibility in Acquired Brain Injury: An fNIRS Study with a Vector-Based Phase Analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16737. [PMID: 30425287 PMCID: PMC6233191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficits due to auditory distractibility are pervasive among patients with acquired brain injury (ABI). It remains unclear, however, whether attention deficits following ABI specific to auditory modality are associated with altered haemodynamic responses. Here, we examined cerebral haemodynamic changes using functional near-infrared spectroscopy combined with a topological vector-based analysis method. A total of thirty-seven participants (22 healthy adults, 15 patients with ABI) performed a melodic contour identification task (CIT) that simulates auditory distractibility. Findings demonstrated that the melodic CIT was able to detect auditory distractibility in patients with ABI. The rate-corrected score showed that the ABI group performed significantly worse than the non-ABI group in both CIT1 (target contour identification against environmental sounds) and CIT2 (target contour identification against target-like distraction). Phase-associated response intensity during the CITs was greater in the ABI group than in the non-ABI group. Moreover, there existed a significant interaction effect in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during CIT1 and CIT2. These findings indicated that stronger hemodynamic responses involving oxygen exchange in the left DLPFC can serve as a biomarker for evaluating and monitoring auditory distractibility, which could potentially lead to the discovery of the underlying mechanism that causes auditory attention deficits in patients with ABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Jeong
- Department of Arts and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Industrial Information Studies, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hokyoung Ryu
- Department of Arts and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Technology and Innovation Management, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Ho Shin
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, National Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul, 01022, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Hyun Kwon
- Department of Arts and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Technology and Innovation Management, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonsang Jo
- Department of Arts and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeong Lee
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, National Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul, 01022, Republic of Korea
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Luo Y, Gong Z, Zhou Y, Chang B, Chai C, Liu T, Han Y, Wang M, Qian T, Haacke EM, Xia S. Increased susceptibility of asymmetrically prominent cortical veins correlates with misery perfusion in patients with occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:2381-2390. [PMID: 27655300 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate tissue perfusion and venous susceptibility in ischaemic stroke patients as a means to predict clinical status and early prognosis. METHODS A retrospective study of 51 ischaemic stroke patients were enrolled in this study. Susceptibility, perfusion and National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) were compared between patients with and without asymmetrically prominent cortical veins (APCVs). The correlation between susceptibility, perfusion and NIHSS was performed. RESULTS Compared to patients without APCVs, the age of patients with APCVs was statistically older (p = 0.017). Patients with APCVs at discharge showed clinical deterioration in their NIHSS. Mean transit time (MTT), time to peak (TTP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the stroke hemisphere were statistically delayed/decreased in patients with and without APCVs (all p < 0.05). In patients with APCVs, the changes in susceptibility positively correlated with increases in MTT and TTP (p < 0.05). Susceptibility and TTP positively correlated and CBF negatively correlated with NIHSS both at admission and discharge (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with APCVs have a tendency of deterioration. The presence of APCVs indicates the tissue has increased oxygen extraction fraction. Increased susceptibility from APCVs positively correlated with the delayed MTT and TTP, which reflects the clinical status at admission and predicts an early prognosis. KEY POINTS • Patients with and without APCVs have similar misery perfusion. • Patients with APCVs have a tendency of deterioration compared to those without. • The presence of APCVs indicated the tissue has increased oxygen extraction fraction. • Increased susceptibility from APCVs positively correlated with the MTT and TTP. • Increased susceptibility from APCVs reflected the clinical status at admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- Radiology Department, Branch of Shanghai First Hospital No.1878, North Sichuan Road, Shanghai, China, 200081
| | - Zhongying Gong
- Neurological Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, 300192
| | - Yongming Zhou
- Radiology Department, Branch of Shanghai First Hospital No.1878, North Sichuan Road, Shanghai, China, 200081
| | - Binge Chang
- Neurosurgery Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, 300192
| | - Chao Chai
- Radiology Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, 300192
| | - Taiyuan Liu
- Radiology Department, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China, 450003
| | - Yanhong Han
- Radiology Department, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China, 450003
| | - Meiyun Wang
- Radiology Department, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China, 450003.
| | - Tianyi Qian
- Siemens Healthcare, MR collaboration, Northeast Asia, No.7, Wangjing Zhonghuan South Road, Beijing, China, 100102
| | - E Mark Haacke
- Radiology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shuang Xia
- Radiology Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, 300192.
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