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Tkotz K, Zeiger P, Hanspach J, Mathy CS, Laun FB, Uder M, Nagel AM, Gast LV. Parameter optimization for proton density fat fraction quantification in skeletal muscle tissue at 7 T. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024:10.1007/s10334-024-01195-2. [PMID: 39105951 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-024-01195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish an image acquisition and post-processing workflow for the determination of the proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in calf muscle tissue at 7 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS Echo times (TEs) of the applied vendor-provided multi-echo gradient echo sequence were optimized based on simulations of the effective number of signal averages (NSA*). The resulting parameters were validated by measurements in phantom and in healthy calf muscle tissue (n = 12). Additionally, methods to reduce phase errors arising at 7 T were evaluated. Finally, PDFF values measured at 7 T in calf muscle tissue of healthy subjects (n = 9) and patients with fatty replacement of muscle tissue (n = 3) were compared to 3 T results. RESULTS Simulations, phantom and in vivo measurements showed the importance of using optimized TEs for the fat-water separation at 7 T. Fat-water swaps could be mitigated using a phase demodulation with an additional B0 map, or by shifting the TEs to longer values. Muscular PDFF values measured at 7 T were comparable to measurements at 3 T in both healthy subjects and patients with increased fatty replacement. CONCLUSION PDFF determination in calf muscle tissue is feasible at 7 T using a chemical shift-based approach with optimized acquisition and post-processing parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Tkotz
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Paula Zeiger
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jannis Hanspach
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudius S Mathy
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frederik B Laun
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Wu M, Liu C, Sun D. Glucocorticoid-Induced Myopathy: Typology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Horm Metab Res 2024; 56:341-349. [PMID: 38224966 DOI: 10.1055/a-2246-2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy is a non-inflammatory toxic myopathy typified by proximal muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, fatigue, and easy fatigability. These vague symptoms coupled with underlying disorders may mask the signs of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, leading to an underestimation of the disease's impact. This review briefly summarizes the classification, pathogenesis, and treatment options for glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting. Additionally, we discuss current diagnostic measures in clinical research and routine care used for diagnosing and monitoring glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, which includes gait speed tests, muscle strength tests, hematologic tests, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electromyography, quantitative muscle ultrasound, histological examination, and genetic analysis. Continuous monitoring of patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy plays an important role in enabling early detection of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, allowing physicians to modify treatment plans before significant clinical weakness arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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3
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Heiss R, Höger SA, Uder M, Hotfiel T, Hanspach J, Laun FB, Nagel AM, Roemer FW. Early functional and morphological changes of calf muscles in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) assessed with 7T MRI. Ann Anat 2024; 251:152181. [PMID: 37871829 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess morphological and functional alterations of the skeletal muscle in exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) using 7 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS DOMS was induced in 16 volunteers performing an eccentric exercise protocol of the calf muscles of one randomized leg. 7 T MRI including T1w- (0.18×0.18×1mm3), T2w-images (0.2×0.2×2mm3), T2-maps (0.5×0.5×5mm3), and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI, 0.7×0.7×0.7 mm3) were acquired at baseline, directly (t1) and 60 hours (t2) after the exercise. T2 signal intensity (SI), T2 values [ms], T1 SI and SWI were assessed in the medial (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius muscle (LG) and in the soleus muscle (SM). In addition, the serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, range of motion (ROM) of the ankle, calf circumference, and muscle soreness were assessed at each time point. RESULTS Directly after exercise (t1), T2 SI (p=0.04) and T2 values (p=0.03) increased significantly in the LG. No changes of SI and T2 values for MG and SM were present at t1. At t2, T2 SI and T2 values of LG (p=0.001, p=0.02) and MG (p=0.04, p=0.03) increased significantly compared to baseline. T1 SI did not change in any muscle at any time point. In SWI, no signs of intramuscular signal drop could be detected. Clinical parameters confirmed the induction of DOMS, with a significant increase of CK (p=0.03), muscle soreness (p<0.001), calf circumference (p=0.001), and respective a decrease of ROM (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS 7 T MRI has the potential to visualize microstructural muscle damage immediately after an exercise that induces DOMS. No changes in susceptibility which could, for example, reflect micro-hemorrhage, could be detected with SWI immediately after exercise or in DOMS. Ultra-high field MRI may potentially be used in sports medicine to monitor intramuscular structural changes, allowing for modification of training intensity or to implement appropriate therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Heiss
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Maximiliansplatz 3, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Svenja A Höger
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Maximiliansplatz 3, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Department of Sports Orthopaedics, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Maximiliansplatz 3, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Thilo Hotfiel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Center for Muskuloskeletal Surgery Osnabrück (OZMC), Klinikum Osnabrück GmbH, Klinikum Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 1, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
| | - Jannis Hanspach
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Maximiliansplatz 3, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Frederik B Laun
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Maximiliansplatz 3, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Maximiliansplatz 3, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Frank W Roemer
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Maximiliansplatz 3, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 820 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Sehgal V, Pandey SP, Singh PK. Prospects of charged cyclodextrins in biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121348. [PMID: 37940240 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs), recognized for their unique ability to form inclusion complexes, have seen broad utilization across various scientific fields. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the use of charged cyclodextrins for biomedical applications, owing to their enhanced properties, such as superior solubility and improved molecular recognition compared to neutral CDs. Despite the growing literature, a comprehensive review of the biomedical utilisations of multi-charged cyclodextrins is scarce. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the emerging prospects of charged cyclodextrin-based assemblies in the field of biomedical applications. Focusing on drug delivery systems, the review details how charged CDs enhance drug solubility and stability, reduce toxicity, and enable targeted and controlled drug release. Furthermore, the review highlights the role of charged CDs in gene therapy, notably their potential for DNA/RNA binding, cellular uptake, degradation protection, and targeted gene delivery. The promising potential of charged CDs in antibacterial and antiviral therapies, including photodynamic therapies, biofilm control, and viral replication inhibition, is discussed. Concluding with a future outlook, this review highlights the potential challenges and advancements that could propel charged CDs to the forefront of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi Sehgal
- Department of Biotechnology, Mithibai College of Arts, Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle (W), 400 056, India
| | - Shrishti P Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Mithibai College of Arts, Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle (W), 400 056, India
| | - Prabhat K Singh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India.
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5
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Amrami KK, Chebrolu VV, Felmlee JP, Frick MA, Powell GM, Marek T, Howe BM, Fagan AJ, Kollasch PD, Spinner RJ. 7T for clinical imaging of benign peripheral nerve tumors: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:3549-3558. [PMID: 37464202 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MRI has become an essential diagnostic imaging modality for peripheral nerve pathology. Early MR imaging for peripheral nerve depended on inferred nerve involvement by visualizing downstream effects such as denervation muscular atrophy; improvements in MRI technology have made possible direct visualization of the nerves. In this paper, we share our early clinical experience with 7T for benign neurogenic tumors. MATERIALS Patients with benign neurogenic tumors and 7T MRI examinations available were reviewed. Cases of individual benign peripheral nerve tumors were included to demonstrate 7T MRI imaging characteristics. All exams were performed on a 7T MRI MAGNETOM Terra using a 28-channel receive, single-channel transmit knee coil. RESULTS Five cases of four pathologies were selected from 38 patients to depict characteristic imaging features in different benign nerve tumors and lesions using 7T MRI. CONCLUSION The primary advantage of 7T over 3T is an increase in signal-to-noise ratio which allows higher in plane resolution so that the smallest neural structures can be seen and characterized. This improvement in MR imaging provides the opportunity for more accurate diagnosis and surgical planning in selected cases. As this technology continues to evolve for clinical purposes, we anticipate increasing applications and improved patient care using 7T MRI for the diagnosis of peripheral nerve masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Amrami
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Venkata V Chebrolu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Siemens Healthineers, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joel P Felmlee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew A Frick
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Garret M Powell
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tomas Marek
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin M Howe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Andrew J Fagan
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Peter D Kollasch
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Siemens Healthineers, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Spinner
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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6
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Baldwin M, Buckley CD, Guilak F, Hulley P, Cribbs AP, Snelling S. A roadmap for delivering a human musculoskeletal cell atlas. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:738-752. [PMID: 37798481 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in single-cell technologies have transformed the ability to identify the individual cell types present within tissues and organs. The musculoskeletal bionetwork, part of the wider Human Cell Atlas project, aims to create a detailed map of the healthy musculoskeletal system at a single-cell resolution throughout tissue development and across the human lifespan, with complementary generation of data from diseased tissues. Given the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, this detailed reference dataset will be critical to understanding normal musculoskeletal function in growth, homeostasis and ageing. The endeavour will also help to identify the cellular basis for disease and lay the foundations for novel therapeutic approaches to treating diseases of the joints, soft tissues and bone. Here, we present a Roadmap delineating the critical steps required to construct the first draft of a human musculoskeletal cell atlas. We describe the key challenges involved in mapping the extracellular matrix-rich, but cell-poor, tissues of the musculoskeletal system, outline early milestones that have been achieved and describe the vision and directions for a comprehensive musculoskeletal cell atlas. By embracing cutting-edge technologies, integrating diverse datasets and fostering international collaborations, this endeavour has the potential to drive transformative changes in musculoskeletal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Baldwin
- The Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philippa Hulley
- The Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam P Cribbs
- The Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Snelling
- The Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Guenoun D, Wirth T, Roche D, Michel CP, Daudé P, Ogier AC, Chagnaud C, Mattei JP, Pini L, Guye M, Ollivier M, Bendahan D, Guis S. Ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging of the quadriceps tendon enthesis in healthy subjects. Surg Radiol Anat 2023:10.1007/s00276-023-03175-y. [PMID: 37277665 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-023-03175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although enthesitis is a hallmark of several rheumatologic conditions, current imaging methods are still unable to characterize entheses changes because of the corresponding short transverse relaxation times (T2). A growing number of MR studies have used Ultra-High Field (UHF) MRI in order to assess low-T2 tissues e.g., tendon but never in humans. The purpose of the present study was to assess in vivo the enthesis of the quadriceps tendon in healthy subjects using UHF MRI. METHODS Eleven healthy subjects volunteered in an osteoarthritis imaging study. The inclusion criteria were: no knee trauma, Lequesne index = 0, less than 3 h of sport activities per week, and Kellgren and Lawrence grade = 0. 3D MR images were acquired at 7 T using GRE sequences and a T2* mapping. Regions of interest i.e., trabecular bone, subchondral bone, enthesis, and tendon body were identified, and T2* values were quantified and compared. RESULTS Quadriceps tendon enthesis was visible as a hyper-intense signal. The largest and the lowest T2* values were quantified in the subchondral bone region and the tendon body respectively. T2* value within subchondral bone was significantly higher than T2* value within the enthesis. T2* in subchondral bone region was significantly higher than the whole tendon body T2*. CONCLUSION A T2* gradient was observed along the axis from the enthesis toward the tendon body. It illustrates different water biophysical properties. These results provide normative values which could be used in the field of inflammatory rheumatologic diseases and mechanical disorders affecting the tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Guenoun
- Institute for Locomotion, Department of Radiology, APHM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, 270 Bd Sainte Marguerite, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France.
| | - Theo Wirth
- Service de Rhumatologie, AP-HM, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Inserm UMRs1097, Arthrites Autoimmunes, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Roche
- Service de Rhumatologie, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Constance P Michel
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- CRMBM-CEMEREM, UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Daudé
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- CRMBM-CEMEREM, UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Augustin C Ogier
- CRMBM-CEMEREM, UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital de La Conception, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Chagnaud
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital de La Conception, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, LIS, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Pierre Mattei
- Service de Rhumatologie, AP-HM, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Lauriane Pini
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- CRMBM-CEMEREM, UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Guye
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- CRMBM-CEMEREM, UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Ollivier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Institute of Movement and Locomotion, St. Marguerite Hospital, 270 Boulevard Sainte Marguerite, BP 29, 13274, Marseille, France
| | - David Bendahan
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- CRMBM-CEMEREM, UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Guis
- Service de Rhumatologie, AP-HM, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Inserm UMRs1097, Arthrites Autoimmunes, Marseille, France
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Eck BL, Yang M, Elias JJ, Winalski CS, Altahawi F, Subhas N, Li X. Quantitative MRI for Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disease: Cartilage and Muscle Composition, Joint Inflammation, and Biomechanics in Osteoarthritis. Invest Radiol 2023; 58:60-75. [PMID: 36165880 PMCID: PMC10198374 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a valuable tool for evaluating musculoskeletal disease as it offers a range of image contrasts that are sensitive to underlying tissue biochemical composition and microstructure. Although MRI has the ability to provide high-resolution, information-rich images suitable for musculoskeletal applications, most MRI utilization remains in qualitative evaluation. Quantitative MRI (qMRI) provides additional value beyond qualitative assessment via objective metrics that can support disease characterization, disease progression monitoring, or therapy response. In this review, musculoskeletal qMRI techniques are summarized with a focus on techniques developed for osteoarthritis evaluation. Cartilage compositional MRI methods are described with a detailed discussion on relaxometric mapping (T 2 , T 2 *, T 1ρ ) without contrast agents. Methods to assess inflammation are described, including perfusion imaging, volume and signal changes, contrast-enhanced T 1 mapping, and semiquantitative scoring systems. Quantitative characterization of structure and function by bone shape modeling and joint kinematics are described. Muscle evaluation by qMRI is discussed, including size (area, volume), relaxometric mapping (T 1 , T 2 , T 1ρ ), fat fraction quantification, diffusion imaging, and metabolic assessment by 31 P-MR and creatine chemical exchange saturation transfer. Other notable technologies to support qMRI in musculoskeletal evaluation are described, including magnetic resonance fingerprinting, ultrashort echo time imaging, ultrahigh-field MRI, and hybrid MRI-positron emission tomography. Challenges for adopting and using qMRI in musculoskeletal evaluation are discussed, including the need for metal artifact suppression and qMRI standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L. Eck
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Instute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mingrui Yang
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John J. Elias
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Research, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Carl S. Winalski
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Instute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Faysal Altahawi
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Instute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Naveen Subhas
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Instute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Instute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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9
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Zheng L, Yang C, Liang L, Rao S, Dai Y, Zeng M. T2-weighted MRI and reduced-FOV diffusion-weighted imaging of the human pancreas at 5 T: A comparison study with 3 T. Med Phys 2023; 50:344-353. [PMID: 36107133 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of pancreatic imaging at 5 T and evaluate the practical improvement of T2-weighted MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) at 5 T as compared with 3 T. METHODS Eighteen healthy subjects were recruited for this pilot study. MRI examinations were performed using 3 and 5 T scanners. MRI sequences included T2-weighted fast spin-echo and DWI with reduced field-of-view. Subjective image analysis using a four-point Likert scale was performed by two experienced radiologists. The SNR, contrast ratio, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured in the pancreatic head, body, and tail. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the ADC was calculated. A series of paired Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the subjective image quality, mean ADC value, and CV of ADC between the 3 and 5 T measurements. p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS For T2-weighted images, there were no significant differences in image quality ratings between 3 and 5 T. On DWI images (b = 0 and 800 s/mm2 ), the image quality ratings were significantly higher at 5 T than at 3 T. The SNRs of both T2-weighted and DWI images were significantly higher at 5 T. There was no significant difference in the mean ADC values and CV of ADC between 3 and 5 T. CONCLUSION This initial study proved that 5 T MRI can be used to acquire pancreatic images with higher SNR and sufficient image quality compared to 3 T MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shenzhen United Imaging Research Institute of Innovative Medical Equipment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxiang Rao
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongming Dai
- MR Collaboration, Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengsu Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Trang G, Del Sol SR, Jenkins S, Bryant S, Gardner B, Chakrabarti MO, McGahan PJ, Chen JL. Evaluation of Osteochondral Allograft Transplant Using In-Office Needle Arthroscopy. Arthrosc Tech 2022; 11:e2243-e2248. [PMID: 36632378 PMCID: PMC9827059 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2022.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In-office needle arthroscopy (IONA) has been available in various iterations for decades. Studies have described it as comparable if not superior to magnetic resonance imaging for identifying intra-articular pathology with associated cost savings per patient. A new IONA system has been brought to market with a modernized user interface and disposable handpieces offering the opportunity to address intra-articular pathology. This article outlines the use of this IONA system for the postoperative evaluation of an osteochondral allograft transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Trang
- The University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA,Advanced Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA,Address correspondence to Garrett Trang, B.S., Advanced Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 450 Sutter St, Ste 400, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA
| | - Shane Rayos Del Sol
- Advanced Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah Jenkins
- Advanced Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stewart Bryant
- Advanced Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brandon Gardner
- Advanced Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Patrick J. McGahan
- Advanced Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L. Chen
- Advanced Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
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11
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Renal imaging at 5 T versus 3 T: a comparison study. Insights Imaging 2022; 13:155. [PMID: 36153471 PMCID: PMC9509503 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, a whole-body 5 T MRI scanner was developed to open the door of abdominal imaging at high-field strength. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of renal imaging at 5 T and compare the image quality, potential artifacts, and contrast ratios with 3 T. Methods Forty healthy volunteers underwent MRI examination both at 3 T and 5 T. MRI sequences included T1-weighted gradient-echo (GRE), T2-weighted fast spin echo, diffusion-weighted imaging, and multi-echo GRE T2* mapping. Image quality and presence of artifacts were assessed for all sequences using four-point scales. For anatomical imaging, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast ratio (CR) of abdomen organ tissues were calculated. Besides, for functional imaging, the contrast-to-noise ratio of cortex/medulla was calculated. Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test was used to compare the visual evaluation scores and quantitative measurements between 3 and 5 T images. Results Compared to 3 T examination, T1-weighted sequence at 5 T showed significantly better image quality with higher conspicuity of the renal veins and arteries, and comparable artifacts. Image quality was comparable between both field strengths on T2-weighted images, whereas a significantly higher level of artifacts was observed at 5 T. Besides, 5 T MRI contributed to higher SNR and CR for abdomen organ tissues. For functional imaging, 5 T MRI showed improved corticomedullar discrimination. There was no significant difference between apparent diffusion coefficient of renal at 3 T and 5 T, while 5 T MRI resulted in significantly shorter T2* values in both cortex and medulla. Conclusions 5 T MRI provides anatomical and functional images of the kidney with sufficient image quality.
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12
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Mansur H, Estanislau G, Noronha MD, Marqueti RDC, Fachin-Martins E, Durigan JLQ. Intra- and inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the cross-sectional area of ankle tendons assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Radiol 2022; 63:481-488. [PMID: 34247515 DOI: 10.1177/02841851211003284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cross-sectional area (CSA) records make an essential measurement for determining the mechanical properties of tendons, such as stress and strength. However, there is no consensus regarding the best method to record the CSA from different tendons. PURPOSE To determine intra- and inter-rater reliability for CSA measures from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the following tendons: tibialis anterior; tibialis posterior; fibularis longus and brevis; and Achilles. MATERIAL AND METHODS We designed an observational study with repeated measures taken from a convenience sample of 20 participants diagnosed with acute or chronic ankle sprain. Two independent raters took three separate records from the CSA of ankle tendon images of each MRI slice. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) defined the quality (associations) and magnitude (differences), respectively, of intra- and inter-rater reliability on the measures plotted by the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS Data showed very high intra- and inter-rater correlations for measures taken from all tendons analyzed (ICC 0.952-0.999). It also revealed an excellent agreement between raters (0.12%-2.3%), with bias no higher than 2 mm2 and LoA in the range of 4.4-7.9 mm2. The differences between repeated measures recorded from the thinnest tendons (fibularis longus and brevis) revealed the lowest bias and narrowest 95% LoA. CONCLUSION Reliability for the CSA of ankle tendons measured from MRI taken by independent rates was very high, with the smallest differences between raters observed when the thinnest tendon was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Mansur
- Graduate Program in Physical Education Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital das Forças Armadas (HFA), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rita de Cassia Marqueti
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Ceilândia, Brazil
| | - Emerson Fachin-Martins
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Ceilândia, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan
- Graduate Program in Physical Education Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Ceilândia, Brazil
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13
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Ehrle A, Lilge S, Clegg PD, Maddox TW. Equine flexor tendon imaging part 2: Current status and future directions in advanced diagnostic imaging, with focus on the deep digital flexor tendon. Vet J 2021; 278:105763. [PMID: 34678501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexor tendon injuries are a common cause of lameness and early retirement in equine athletes. While ultrasonography is most frequently utilised, advanced diagnostic imaging modalities are becoming more widely available for detection and monitoring of flexor tendon lesions. Part two of this literature review details current experience with low- and high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of equine flexor tendinopathy with a focus on the deep digital flexor tendon. Implications of the 'magic angle' artefact as well as injection techniques and the use of contrast media are discussed. Future developments in tendon imaging aim to gain enhanced structural information about the tendon architecture with the prospect to prevent injury. Techniques as described for the assessment of the human Achilles tendon including ultra-high field MRI and positron emission tomography are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ehrle
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Equine Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, 10965 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Svenja Lilge
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, 10965 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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14
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Stelzeneder B, Trabauer BM, Aldrian S, Stelzeneder D, Juras V, Albrecht C, Hajdu S, Platzer P, Trattnig S. Evaluation of Meniscal Tissue after Meniscal Repair Using Ultrahigh Field MRI. J Knee Surg 2021; 34:1337-1348. [PMID: 32268408 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluates the meniscal tissue after primary meniscal suturing using 7-Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging with T2* mapping at 6 and 12 months after surgery to investigate the differences between repaired meniscal tissue and healthy meniscal tissue in the medial and lateral compartment. This prospective study included 11 patients (9m/2f) with a mean age of 30.6 years (standard deviation 9.0). Patients with a meniscal tear that was treated arthroscopically with meniscus suturing, using an all-inside technique, were included. All patients and seven healthy volunteers were imaged on a 7-T whole-body system. T2* mapping of the meniscus was applied on sagittal slices. Regions-of-interest were defined manually in the red and white zone of each medial and lateral meniscus to measure T2*-values. In the medial posterior and medial anterior horn similar T2*-values were measured in the red and white zone at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Compared with the control group higher T2*-values were found in the repaired medial meniscus. After 12-months T2*-values decreased to normal values in the anterior horn and remained elevated in the posterior horn. In the red zone of the lateral posterior horn a significant decrease in the T2*-values (from 8.2 milliseconds to 5.9 milliseconds) (p = 0.04), indicates successful repair; a tendency toward a decrease in the white zone between the 6 and 12 months follow-up was observed. In the red zone of the lateral anterior horn the T2*-values decreased significantly during follow-up and in the white zone of the lateral anterior horn T2*-values were comparable. In comparison to the control group higher T2*-values were measured at 6-months; however, the T2*-values showed comparable values in the repaired lateral meniscus after 12 months. The T2* mapping results of the current study indicated a better healing response of the red zone of the lateral posterior horn compared with the medial posterior horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Stelzeneder
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Michael Trabauer
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Landeskliniken Holding Korneuburg-Stockerau, Stockerau, Austria
| | - Silke Aldrian
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Stelzeneder
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Hanusch-Krankenhaus, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Juras
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Albrecht
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,I. Orthopaedic Department, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hajdu
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Platzer
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Traumatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
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15
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von Deuster C, Sommer S, Germann C, Hinterholzer N, Heidemann RM, Sutter R, Nanz D. Controlling Through-Slice Chemical-Shift Artifacts for Improved Non-Fat-Suppressed Musculoskeletal Turbo-Spin-Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 T. Invest Radiol 2021; 56:545-552. [PMID: 33813573 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Through-slice chemical shift artifacts in state-of-the-art turbo-spin-echo (TSE) images can be significantly more severe at 7 T than at lower field strengths. In musculoskeletal applications, these artifacts appear similar to bone fractures or neoplastic bone marrow disease. The objective of this work was to explore and reduce through-slice chemical shift artifacts in 2-dimensional (2D) TSE imaging at 7 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study was approved by the local ethics board. The bandwidths of the excitation and refocusing radiofrequency (RF) pulses of a prototype 2D TSE sequence were individually modified and their effect on the slice profiles and relative slice locations of water and fat spins was assessed in an oil-water phantom. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that the combination of matched and increased excitation and refocusing RF pulse bandwidths ("MIB") of 1500 Hz would enable 2D TSE imaging with significantly reduced chemical shift artifacts compared with a state-of-the-art sequence with unmatched and moderate RF pulse bandwidths ("UMB") of 1095 and 682 Hz.A series of T1-weighted sagittal knee examinations in 10 healthy human subjects were acquired using the MIB and UMB sequences and independently evaluated by 2 radiologists. They measured the width of chemical shift artifacts at 2 standardized locations and graded the perceived negative effect of chemical shift artifacts on image quality in the bones and in the whole gastrocnemius muscle on a 5-point scale. Similar knee, wrist, and foot images were acquired in a single subject. Signal-to-noise ratios in the femoral bone marrow were computed between the UMB and MIB sequences. RESULTS Phantom measurements confirmed the expected spatial separation of simultaneously affected water and fat slices between 40% and 200% of the prescribed slice thickness for RF pulse bandwidths between 2500 and 500 Hz. Through-slice chemical shift artifacts at the bone-cartilage interface were significantly smaller with MIB than with UMB (location 1: 0.35 ± 0.20 mm vs 1.27 ± 0.27 mm, P < 0.001; location 2: 0.25 ± 0.13 mm vs 1.48 ± 0.46 mm, P < 0.001; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.98). The negative effect of chemical shift artifacts on image quality was significantly smaller with MIB than with UMB (bone: 2 ± 0 vs 4 ± 1, P < 0.004 [both readers]; muscle: 3 ± 0 vs 2 ± 0, P < 0.004 [both readers]; κ = 0.69). The signal-to-noise ratio of the UMB and MIB sequences was comparable, with a ratio of 99 ± 7%. Images acquired using the UMB sequence displayed numerous artifactual hyperintensities and diffuse, as well as locally severe, fat signal loss in all examined regions, whereas the MIB sequence consistently yielded high image quality with bright T1-weighted fat signal and excellent depiction of fine tissue structures. CONCLUSIONS On 7 T systems, the selection of high and matched RF bandwidths for excitation and refocusing pulses for 2D TSE imaging without fat suppression showed consistently better image quality than state-of-the-art sequences with unmatched lower RF pulse bandwidths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natalie Hinterholzer
- SCMI, Swiss Center for Musculoskeletal Imaging, Balgrist Campus AG, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Trudel G, Duchesne-Bélanger S, Thomas J, Melkus G, Cron GO, Larson PEZ, Schweitzer M, Sheikh A, Louati H, Laneuville O. Quantitative analysis of repaired rabbit supraspinatus tendons (± channeling) using magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:3460-3471. [PMID: 34341723 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The quantitative assessment of supraspinatus tendons by conventional magnetic resonance is limited by low contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners operating at 7 Tesla offer high signal-to noise ratio (SNR), low CNR and high spatial resolution that are well-suited for rapidly relaxing tissues like tendons. Few studies have applied T2 and T2* mapping to musculoskeletal imaging and to the rotator cuff tendons. Our objective was to analyze the T2 and T2* relaxation times from surgically repaired supraspinatus tendons and the effect of bone channeling. Methods One supraspinatus tendon of 112 adult female New Zealand white rabbits was surgically detached and repaired one week later. Rabbits were randomly assigned to channeling (n=64) or control (n=48) groups and harvested at 0, 1, 2, and 4 weeks. A 7T magnet was used for signal acquisition. For T2 mapping, a sagittal multi slice 2D multi-echo spin-echo (MESE) CPMG sequence with fat saturation was applied and T2* mapping was performed using a 3D UTE sequence. Magnetic resonance images from supraspinatus tendons were analyzed by two raters. Three regions of interest were manually drawn on the first T2-weighted dataset. For T2 and T2*, different ROI masks were generated to obtain relaxation times. Results T2-weighted maps but not T2*-weighted maps generated reliable signals for relaxation time measurement. Torn supraspinatus tendons had lower T2 than controls at the time of repair (20.0±3.4 vs. 25.6±3.9 ms; P<0.05). T2 increased at 1, 2 and 4 postoperative weeks: 22.7±3.1, 23.3±3.9 and 24.0±5.1 ms, respectively, and values were significantly different from contralateral supraspinatus tendons (24.8±3.1; 26.8±4.3 and 26.5±3.6 ms; all P<0.05). Bone channeling did not affect T2 (P>0.05). Conclusions Supraspinatus tendons detached for 1 week had shorter T2 relaxation time compared to contralateral as measured with 7T MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Trudel
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Physiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel Duchesne-Bélanger
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Justin Thomas
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gerd Melkus
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Greg O Cron
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Schweitzer
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University NY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adnan Sheikh
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hakim Louati
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Odette Laneuville
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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17
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Kim HS, Kim HJ, Nam SH, Kim SB, Choi YJ, Lee KS, Chung KW, Yoon YC, Choi BO. Clinical and Neuroimaging Features in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Patients with GDAP1 Mutations. J Clin Neurol 2021; 17:52-62. [PMID: 33480199 PMCID: PMC7840330 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2021.17.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Mutations in the ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 gene (GDAP1) are known to cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). These mutations are very rare in most countries, but not in certain Mediterranean countries. The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of Korean CMT patients with GDAP1 mutations. Methods Gene sequencing was applied to 1,143 families in whom CMT had been diagnosed from 2005 to 2020. PMP22 duplication was found in 344 families, and whole-exome sequencing was performed in 699 patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were obtained using either a 1.5-T or 3.0-T MRI system. Results We found ten patients from eight families with GDAP1 mutations: five with autosomal dominant (AD) CMT type 2K (three families with p.R120W and two families with p.Q218E) and three with autosomal recessive (AR) intermediate CMT type A (two families with homozygous p.H256R and one family with p.P111H and p.V219G mutations). The frequency was about 1.0% exclusive of the PMP22 duplication, which is similar to that in other Asian countries. There were clinical differences among AD GDAP1 patients according to mutation sites. Surprisingly, fat infiltrations evident in lower-limb MRI differed between AD and AR patients. The posterior-compartment muscles in the calf were affected early and predominantly in AD patients, whereas AR patients showed fat infiltration predominantly in the anterolateral-compartment muscles. Conclusions This is the first cohort report on Korean patients with GDAP1 mutations. The patients with AD and AR inheritance routes exhibited different clinical and neuroimaging features in the lower extremities. We believe that these results will help to expand the knowledge of the clinical, genetic, and neuroimaging features of CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Su Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Beom Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Kyung Suk Lee
- Department of Physics Education, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Young Cheol Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Byung Ok Choi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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18
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Franettovich Smith MM, Elliott JM, Al-Najjar A, Weber KA, Hoggarth MA, Vicenzino B, Hodges PW, Collins NJ. New insights into intrinsic foot muscle morphology and composition using ultra-high-field (7-Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:97. [PMID: 33478467 PMCID: PMC7818930 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intrinsic muscles of the foot are key contributors to foot function and are important to evaluate in lower limb disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), provides a non-invasive option to measure muscle morphology and composition, which are primary determinants of muscle function. Ultra-high-field (7-T) magnetic resonance imaging provides sufficient signal to evaluate the morphology of the intrinsic foot muscles, and, when combined with chemical-shift sequences, measures of muscle composition can be obtained. Here we aim to provide a proof-of-concept method for measuring intrinsic foot muscle morphology and composition with high-field MRI. Methods One healthy female (age 39 years, mass 65 kg, height 1.73 m) underwent MRI. A T1-weighted VIBE – radio-frequency spoiled 3D steady state GRE – sequence of the whole foot was acquired on a Siemens 7T MAGNETOM scanner, as well as a 3T MAGNETOM Prisma scanner for comparison. A high-resolution fat/water separation image was also acquired using a 3D 2-point DIXON sequence at 7T. Coronal plane images from 3T and 7T scanners were compared. Using 3D Slicer software, regions of interest were manually contoured for each muscle on 7T images. Muscle volumes and percentage of muscle fat infiltration were calculated (muscle fat infiltration % = Fat/(Fat + Water) x100) for each muscle. Results Compared to the 3T images, the 7T images provided superior resolution, particularly at the forefoot, to facilitate segmentation of individual muscles. Muscle volumes ranged from 1.5 cm3 and 19.8 cm3, and percentage muscle fat infiltration ranged from 9.2–15.0%. Conclusions This proof-of-concept study demonstrates a feasible method of quantifying muscle morphology and composition for individual intrinsic foot muscles using advanced high-field MRI techniques. This method can be used in future studies to better understand intrinsic foot muscle morphology and composition in healthy individuals, as well as those with lower disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Elliott
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Kolling Research Institute, The University of Sydney, the Northern Sydney Local Health District, 2006, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aiman Al-Najjar
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth A Weber
- Systems Neuroscience and Pain Lab, Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Hoggarth
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bill Vicenzino
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul W Hodges
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Natalie J Collins
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, 3086, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Malattia C, Tolend M, Mazzoni M, Panwar J, Zlotnik M, Otobo T, Vidarsson L, Doria AS. Current status of MR imaging of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2020; 34:101629. [PMID: 33281052 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2020.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic arthropathy in the pediatric population. Although the diagnosis is essentially clinical for many affected joints, MR imaging has become an important tool for the assessment of joints that are difficult to evaluate clinically, such as temporomandibular and sacroiliac joints, and for screening of inflammatory changes in the entire body by whole body MRI (WBMRI) assessment. The utilization of MR imaging is challenging in the pediatric population given the need for discrimination between pathological and physiological changes in the growing skeleton. Several multicentric multidisciplinary organizations have made major efforts over the past decades to standardize, quantify, and validate scoring systems to measure joint changes both cross-sectionally and longitudinally according to rigorous methodological standards. In this paper, we (1) discuss current trends for the diagnosis and management of JIA, (2) review challenges for detecting real pathological changes in growing joints, (3) summarize the current status of standardization of MRI protocols for data acquisition and the quantification of joint pathology in JIA by means of scoring systems, and (4) outline novel MR imaging techniques for the evaluation of anatomy and function of joints in JIA. Optimizing the role of MRI as a robust biomarker and outcome measure remains a priority of future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Malattia
- Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirkamal Tolend
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marta Mazzoni
- Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Jyoti Panwar
- Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Margalit Zlotnik
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tarimobo Otobo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Logi Vidarsson
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea S Doria
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Grant A, Metzger GJ, Van de Moortele PF, Adriany G, Olman C, Zhang L, Koopermeiners J, Eryaman Y, Koeritzer M, Adams ME, Henry TR, Uğurbil K. 10.5 T MRI static field effects on human cognitive, vestibular, and physiological function. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 73:163-176. [PMID: 32822819 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a pilot study to quantitatively assess cognitive, vestibular, and physiological function during and after exposure to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system with a static field strength of 10.5 Tesla at multiple time scales. METHODS A total of 29 subjects were exposed to a 10.5 T MRI field and underwent vestibular, cognitive, and physiological testing before, during, and after exposure; for 26 subjects, testing and exposure were repeated within 2-4 weeks of the first visit. Subjects also reported sensory perceptions after each exposure. Comparisons were made between short and long term time points in the study with respect to the parameters measured in the study; short term comparison included pre-vs-isocenter and pre-vs-post (1-24 h), while long term compared pre-exposures 2-4 weeks apart. RESULTS Of the 79 comparisons, 73 parameters were unchanged or had small improvements after magnet exposure. The exceptions to this included lower scores on short term (i.e. same day) executive function testing, greater isocenter spontaneous eye movement during visit 1 (relative to pre-exposure), increased number of abnormalities on videonystagmography visit 2 versus visit 1 and a mix of small increases (short term visit 2) and decreases (short term visit 1) in blood pressure. In addition, more subjects reported metallic taste at 10.5 T in comparison to similar data obtained in previous studies at 7 T and 9.4 T. CONCLUSION Initial results of 10.5 T static field exposure indicate that 1) cognitive performance is not compromised at isocenter, 2) subjects experience increased eye movement at isocenter, and 3) subjects experience small changes in vital signs but no field-induced increase in blood pressure. While small but significant differences were found in some comparisons, none were identified as compromising subject safety. A modified testing protocol informed by these results was devised with the goal of permitting increased enrollment while providing continued monitoring to evaluate field effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Gregory J Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Gregor Adriany
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Cheryl Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Public Health Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joseph Koopermeiners
- School of Public Health Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yiğitcan Eryaman
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Margaret Koeritzer
- M Health Fairview, Department of Audiology, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Meredith E Adams
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Thomas R Henry
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kamil Uğurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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21
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Aringhieri G, Zampa V, Tosetti M. Musculoskeletal MRI at 7 T: do we need more or is it more than enough? Eur Radiol Exp 2020; 4:48. [PMID: 32761480 PMCID: PMC7410909 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-020-00174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (UHF-MRI) provides important diagnostic improvements in musculoskeletal imaging. The higher signal-to-noise ratio leads to higher spatial and temporal resolution which results in improved anatomic detail and higher diagnostic confidence. Several methods, such as T2, T2*, T1rho mapping, delayed gadolinium-enhanced, diffusion, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and magnetisation transfer techniques, permit a better tissue characterisation. Furthermore, UHF-MRI enables in vivo measurements by low-γ nuclei (23Na, 31P, 13C, and 39K) and the evaluation of different tissue metabolic pathways. European Union and Food and Drug Administration approvals for clinical imaging at UHF have been the first step towards a more routinely use of this technology, but some drawbacks are still present limiting its widespread clinical application. This review aims to provide a clinically oriented overview about the application of UHF-MRI in the different anatomical districts and tissues of musculoskeletal system and its pros and cons. Further studies are needed to consolidate the added value of the use of UHF-MRI in the routine clinical practice and promising efforts in technology development are already in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Aringhieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Virna Zampa
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via paradisa, 2, Pisa, Italy
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22
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Marzuca-Nassr GN, SanMartín-Calísto Y, Guerra-Vega P, Artigas-Arias M, Alegría A, Curi R. Skeletal Muscle Aging Atrophy: Assessment and Exercise-Based Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1260:123-158. [PMID: 32304033 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the ordinary course of aging, individuals change their body composition, mainly reducing their skeletal muscle mass and increasing their fat mass. In association, muscle strength and functionality also decrease. The geriatric assessment allows knowing the baseline situation of the patients, determines the impact of diseases, and defines specific treatments. There are various tools to evaluate the health condition of older people. These tools include the assessment scales of necessary Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), physical and functional assessment scales, and instruments that assess the cognitive state of the person. There are several strategies that have been proposed to combat skeletal muscle atrophy due to aging, such as physical exercise, nutritional supplements, or drugs. Some researchers have highlighted the efficacy of the combination of the mentioned strategies. In this chapter, we will focus only on physical exercise as a strategy to reduce skeletal muscle loss during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Nasri Marzuca-Nassr
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. .,Magíster en Terapia Física con menciones, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Yuri SanMartín-Calísto
- Magíster en Terapia Física con menciones, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pablo Guerra-Vega
- Magíster en Terapia Física con menciones, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Macarena Artigas-Arias
- Magíster en Terapia Física con menciones, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Andrea Alegría
- Magíster en Terapia Física con menciones, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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23
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A review on segmentation of knee articular cartilage: from conventional methods towards deep learning. Artif Intell Med 2020; 106:101851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2020.101851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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He X, Ertürk MA, Grant A, Wu X, Lagore RL, DelaBarre L, Eryaman Y, Adriany G, Auerbach EJ, Van de Moortele PF, Uğurbil K, Metzger GJ. First in-vivo human imaging at 10.5T: Imaging the body at 447 MHz. Magn Reson Med 2019; 84:289-303. [PMID: 31846121 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of imaging the human torso and to evaluate the performance of several radiofrequency (RF) management strategies at 10.5T. METHODS Healthy volunteers were imaged on a 10.5T whole-body scanner in multiple target anatomies, including the prostate, hip, kidney, liver, and heart. Phase-only shimming and spoke pulses were used to demonstrate their performance in managing the B 1 + inhomogeneity present at 447 MHz. Imaging protocols included both qualitative and quantitative acquisitions to show the feasibility of imaging with different contrasts. RESULTS High-quality images were acquired and demonstrated excellent overall contrast and signal-to-noise ratio. The experimental results matched well with predictions and suggested good translational capabilities of the RF management strategies previously developed at 7T. Phase-only shimming provided increased efficiency, but showed pronounced limitations in homogeneity, demonstrating the need for the increased degrees of freedom made possible through single- and multispoke RF pulse design. CONCLUSION The first in-vivo human imaging was successfully performed at 10.5T using previously developed RF management strategies. Further improvement in RF coils, transmit chain, and full integration of parallel transmit functionality are needed to fully realize the benefits of 10.5T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan He
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - M Arcan Ertürk
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrea Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Russell L Lagore
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lance DelaBarre
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yiğitcan Eryaman
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gregor Adriany
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eddie J Auerbach
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Kâmil Uğurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gregory J Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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