Examining Factors Related to Health-Related Quality of Life in People With Parkinson’s Disease

Factors affecting the quality of life in pregnant women with diabetes: the mediating effect of illnesses acceptance

INTRODUCTION

Gestational diabetes, as a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, is considered one of the most common metabolic complications in pregnancy. The diagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy leads to changes in lifestyle, and the treatments employed can affect various aspects of pregnant women's lives, including their quality of life. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and the mediating effect of illness acceptance on the quality of life in pregnant women diagnosed with diabetes during pregnancy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 240 pregnant women diagnosed with diabetes who were selected by convenience sampling method. Quality of life tools (SF12), the Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS), and the Sherer self-efficacy scale were used to collect data.

RESULTS

The mean (SD) of quality of life, self-efficacy, and disease acceptance were 57.36 (6.63), 51.75 (7.44), and 29.07 (7.69), respectively. In the single-variable regression analysis, self-efficacy and disease acceptance variables could predict 20.6% (β = 0.457, P < 0.001) and 14.4% (β = 0.385, P < 0.001) of the variations in quality of life, respectively. In the multiple regression model, by entering the two main variables (self-efficacy and Acceptance of Illness), demographic characteristics, three disease knowledge variables, health status from an individual perspective, and type of treatment, the variables could explain 25% of the changes of the quality of life (R2adj 0.25, P < 0.001=). Income status and self-efficacy had the highest impact among the variables. According to the results of path analysis, the total effect of self-efficacy on the quality of life of pregnant women with diabetes was 0.711.

CONCLUSION

The overall quality of life in women with diabetes was moderate, and self-efficacy, illness acceptance, and income status were predictors of overall quality of life. Self-efficacy can influence the quality of life by affecting disease acceptance. The findings highlight the importance of designing educational programs and providing midwifery services to increase self-efficacy and illness acceptance to improve the quality of life of pregnant women with diabetes.

An examination of anxiety and its influence on health-related quality of life in Parkinson's disease using the geriatric anxiety scale: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Anxiety is one of the most common but often overlooked mood-related nonmotor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). To improve the well-being of people with PD, it is important to understand the impact of anxiety in PD, especially its association with depressive and motor symptoms and its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

METHODS

91 people with PD were assessed between June 2017 and June 2018. Anxiety was measured using the Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS) and its cognitive, somatic, and affective subscales. HRQoL was assessed using the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39). Moreover, sociodemographic information, depressive symptoms, cognition, motor and nonmotor symptoms were assessed. Descriptive statistics, regression analyses, and path analyses were performed to understand predictors of anxiety and its influence on HRQoL.

RESULTS

Of the 91 people with PD, 35 (38.5%) experienced anxiety. Anxiety symptoms in these individuals primarily manifest as somatic sensations. Anxiety, motor, and depressive symptoms are interlinked but contribute individually to HRQoL. Beyond motor symptoms, cognitive and affective aspects of anxiety impact HRQoL. While anxiety and depression overlap, the somatic and cognitive aspects of anxiety play a significant role in determining HRQoL in addition to depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Our study used the GAS and its three subscales to shed light on the connections between anxiety, depression, and motor impairment in people with PD. Although anxiety is linked to depression and motor symptoms, it independently affects the HRQoL of people with PD. Thus, it is crucial to adopt a comprehensive diagnostic approach that detects and considers the impact of anxiety on HRQoL in PD.

The Impact of Parkinson's Disease on Social Communication: An Exploratory Questionnaire Study

Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) often show breakdown in the production and interpretation of aspects of social communication. However, there is no current method of assessment for evaluating social communication dysfunction in individuals with PD. The aim of this study was to develop a self-report questionnaire for individuals with PD to identify their social communication skills, and further recognize the impact of PD on social communication. Fifty-one individuals with Parkinson's disease answered 28 survey questions. These questions pertained to emotional expression and perception, social communication, sarcasm/humor, and pragmatic skills. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to identify items loading onto the factors and to check the internal consistency of the items. Individuals with PD reported changes in emotional expression and perception, social communication, sarcasm and humor, and pragmatic skill domains post-PD diagnosis. No correlations were found between age or time since diagnosis and emotional expression, social communication, sarcasm, and humor. This study provides self-reported evidence that individuals with PD experience social communication challenges. Future research should further quantify these challenges, study their impact on daily communicative functioning, and use the results to develop social communication interventions that improve the quality of life for persons with PD.

Impact of advanced Parkinson's disease on caregivers: an international real-world study

BACKGROUND

Caring for a partner or family member with Parkinson's disease (PD) negatively affects the caregiver's own physical and emotional well-being, especially those caring for people with advanced PD (APD). This study was designed to examine the impact of APD on caregiver perceived burden, quality of life (QoL), and health status.

METHODS

Dyads of people with PD and their primary caregivers were identified from the Adelphi Parkinson's Disease Specific Program (DSP™) using real-world data from the United States, Japan and five European countries. Questionnaires were used to capture measures of clinical burden (people with PD) and caregiver burden (caregivers).

RESULTS

Data from 721 patient-caregiver dyads in seven countries were captured. Caregivers had a mean age 62.6 years, 71.6% were female, and 70.4% were a spouse. Caregivers for people with APD had a greater perceived burden, were more likely to take medication and had lower caregiver treatment satisfaction than those caring for people with early or intermediate PD; similar findings were observed for caregivers of people with intermediate versus early PD. Caregivers for people with intermediate PD were also less likely to be employed than those with early PD (25.3% vs 42.4%) and spent more time caring (6.6 vs 3.2 h/day).

CONCLUSIONS

This real-world study demonstrates that caregivers of people with APD experience a greater burden than those caring for people with early PD. This highlights the importance of including caregiver-centric measures in future studies, and emphasizes the need for implementing treatments that reduce caregiver burden in APD.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

N/A.

Effects of Palliative Care for Progressive Neurologic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES

To determine the association of palliative care for progressive neurologic diseases with patient- and caregiver-centered outcomes.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies, including pilot studies.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Adults with progressive neurologic diseases (dementia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy) and their caregivers.

METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL PLUS, Cochrane CENTRAL, and PubMed were searched from inception to September 2021. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tools. Narrative synthesis was conducted. Patient quality of life (QoL), symptom burden, caregiver burden, and satisfaction with care were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

Fifteen trials provided data on 3431 patients (mean age, 73.9 years). Compared with usual care, palliative care was statistically significantly associated with lower symptom burden [standardized mean difference (SMD), -0.34 (95% Cl, -0.59 to -0.09)] and higher caregiver satisfaction [SMD, 0.41 (95% Cl, 0.12 to 0.71)] and patient satisfaction [SMD, 0.43 (95% Cl, -0.01 to 0.87)]. However, the associations were not significant after excluding studies with high risk of bias. Insignificant associations of palliative care with caregiver burden [SMD, -0.09 (95% Cl, -0.21 to 0.03)] and patient QoL [SMD, 0.19 (95% Cl, -0.07 to 0.44)] were observed.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Palliative care is likely to improve symptom burden and satisfaction with care among patients with progressive neurologic diseases and their caregivers, while its effects on QoL and caregiver burden remains inconclusive. Specific intervention components including interdisciplinary team, palliative care physicians, home visits, and spiritual care appeared to be associated with increased effects on improving palliative outcomes. More rigorous designed studies are warranted to examine the effects of neuropalliative care, effective intervention components, optimal timing, and symptom triggers of palliative care referrals.

Predictors of health-related quality of life in Parkinson's disease: the impact of overlap between health-related quality of life and clinical measures

PURPOSE

This study aimed to determine predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and to explore their predictive value before and after controlling overlapping items between HRQoL and clinical variables.

METHODS

One hundred and eight PD patients underwent motor, anxiety, depression, apathy, fatigue, and neurocognition assessment. HRQoL was assessed by the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39). In order to determine predictors of HRQoL in PD, stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed in two ways: before and after removing the emotional well-being dimension from PDQ-39 to control the overlap between depression and anxiety, and HRQoL.

RESULTS

HRQoL total index was predicted by anxiety, fatigue, motor symptoms, and depression, explaining 26.9%, 7.2%, 2.8%, and 1.9% of the variance. However, after removing overlapping items, HRQoL total index was predicted by fatigue (16.5%), anxiety (6.1%), motor symptoms (3.9%), and neurocognition (2.5%), but not depression. Regarding HRQoL dimensions, mobility and activities of daily living were predicted by fatigue (19.7% and 5%) and UPDRS-III (4% and 10.2%); emotional well-being by fatigue (7.9%); social support by anxiety (12.2%) and UPDRS-III (8.6%); communication by neurocognition (5.3%) and UPDRS-III (3.4%); cognition by anxiety (10.6%) and bodily discomfort by anxiety (23%) and fatigue (4.1%).

CONCLUSION

These findings showed the importance of identifying and controlling overlapping items of HRQoL and clinical measures to perform an accurate interpretation. HRQoL dimensions showed different predictors before and after controlling the overlap. Based on these results fatigue, anxiety, motor symptoms, and neurocognition, but not depression are the main predictors of HRQoL in PD patients.

Effects of Mindfulness Yoga Versus Conventional Physical Exercises on Symptom Experiences and Health-related Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease: The Potential Mediating Roles of Anxiety and Depression

BACKGROUND

Although several studies have reported positive effects of mind-body exercises on symptom management and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of people living with Parkinson's disease (PD), it is not known whether these effects are attributable to a change in anxiety and depression.

PURPOSE

To compare the effects of mindfulness yoga to conventional stretching exercises in a randomized controlled trial while examining potentially mediating effects of anxiety and depression.

METHODS

138 adults with PD were randomized to eight weekly yoga (n = 71) or stretching (n = 67) sessions. Symptom experiences, anxiety and depression, and HRQOL outcomes were assessed at baseline, immediate post-intervention, and 3-month post-intervention.

RESULTS

Generalized estimating equation analyses revealed that, compared to stretching, yoga significantly improved patients' nonmotor (time-by-group interaction, T1:β = -1.99, p = .008; T2:β = -2.86, p < .001) and motor (time-by-group interaction, T1:β = -1.77, p = .03) symptom experiences. The mediation analysis found that the changes in anxiety and depression were the mediators in the associations between non-motor experience and HRQOL; while only the changes in depression were found to be the mediator in the relationship between motor experience and HRQOL.

CONCLUSIONS

Yoga is superior to conventional stretching exercises in improving nonmotor and motor symptoms in daily living. Reduced anxiety and depression play a role in mediating the positive effects of the mindfulness yoga intervention. To optimize HRQOL, rehabilitation should reinforce psychological care in addition to pharmacological treatments and physical relief of PD symptoms. Future studies are needed to identify strategies for facilitating the implementation and sustainability of mind-body rehabilitation to enhance the quality of care for PD.

The economic burden of Parkinson disease among Medicare beneficiaries

BACKGROUND: The progressive nature of Parkinson disease (PD), together with a lack of curative treatments, contributes to its economic burden. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the longitudinal incremental costs attributable to PD among Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we used data from the Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse to identify Medicare beneficiaries with and without PD-related claims identified from 2006 to 2014 with follow-up until 2015. We grouped PD cases and controls based on their survival profiles using a grouping algorithm that used the following baseline measures: age, race, sex, and comorbidity. We identified 3 survival groups and used them to stratify the descriptive annual cost estimates in the 9 years after the index date. We estimated the incremental 1-, 3-, and 5-year costs of PD using generalized linear models (GLM) that controlled for baseline factors. RESULTS: We identified 27,394 cases and controls who were grouped into 3 survival groups. The mean age of the full study sample was 73 years. No material differences were found in the incremental cost of PD across the survival groups. Based on the multivariable GLM, the 1-year incremental cost of PD was $9,625 (95% CI, $9,054-$10,197). The 3-year incremental cost of PD was $20,832 (95% CI, $19,390-$22,274). The 5-year incremental cost of PD was $27,466 (95% CI, 25,088-$29,844). CONCLUSIONS: Among Medicare beneficiaries, PD is associated with excess costs compared with controls. We did not identify substantial differences in the incremental cost of PD across the survival groups. DISCLOSURES:This study was funded by Pfizer Inc. The funding agreement did not impact the authors' independence in designing the study, collecting the data, interpreting the data, writing the manuscript, and submitting the manuscript for publication. Dr Onukwugha reports grants from Pfizer Inc for the conduct of this study and is an employee of University of Maryland, Baltimore, which received financial support from Pfizer Inc in connection with the development of this manuscript; Dr Shulman reports research funding from Pfizer Inc related to the current work, is an employee of University of Maryland, Baltimore, which received financial support from Pfizer Inc in connection with the development of this manuscript, and reports research funding from the NIH, The Rosalyn Newman Foundation, and the Eugenia and Michael Brin family unrelated to the current work and royalties from Oxford University Press and Johns Hopkins University Press; Ms Myers and Dr Alvir are employees and stockholders of Pfizer Inc; Dr Gray was an employee and stockholder of Pfizer Inc at the time of analysis.

Tele-yoga for the management of Parkinson disease: A safety and feasibility trial

Objectives

Despite current standard treatments, persons with Parkinson disease (PD) still experience motor and non-motor symptoms that impact daily function and quality of life, warranting the investigation of additional interventions. Holistic complementary interventions such as yoga have been shown to be beneficial for persons with PD. However, there are multiple barriers to in-person interventions such as transportation difficulties and disease-related mobility impairments which may be mitigated by digital health applications. Therefore, this study’s purpose was to assess the safety and feasibility of a synchronous tele-yoga intervention for persons with PD.

Methods

Sixteen participants were enrolled in a single group safety and feasibility trial. The entire study was conducted remotely and consisted of a baseline assessment followed by a six-week waiting period, then a second assessment, a six-week tele-yoga intervention period, a post-intervention assessment, a six-week follow-up period, and lastly a follow-up assessment. During the tele-yoga period, participants completed two one-on-one 30-minute tele-yoga sessions weekly for a total of 12 sessions. Primary outcomes included adverse events, adherence, technological challenges, and usability. Secondary outcomes included enjoyment and clinically relevant outcome measures assessing both motor and non-motor symptoms.

Results

No severe adverse events were attributed to the intervention. Retention was 87.5%, assessment session adherence was 100%, and intervention session adherence was 97%. Technological challenges did not impact feasibility. The intervention was usable and enjoyable. While this study was not powered or designed to assess the efficacy of the intervention, preliminary improvements were shown for some of the clinically relevant outcome measures.

Conclusions

Overall, this study showed that the implementation of a synchronous one-on-one tele-yoga intervention was safe, feasible, usable, and enjoyable for persons with PD. Randomized control trials investigating its efficacy should be initiated. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04240899, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04240899).

Effects of Resistance Training on Motor- and Non-Motor Symptoms in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Previous reviews indicated positive effects of resistance training (RT) on motor outcomes in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, inconsistencies between the included studies exist, and non-motor outcomes have only scarcely been considered in a review on RT in PD.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the RT effects on motor- and non-motor outcomes in PD patients compared to passive and physically active control groups (i.e., other structured physical interventions).

METHODS

We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL for randomized controlled trials of RT in PD. After identifying 18 studies, a meta-analysis was conducted for the outcomes muscle strength, motor impairment, freezing of gait (FoG), mobility and balance, quality of life (QoL), depression, cognition, and adverse events. Meta-analyses with random models were calculated using mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

When comparing RT with passive control groups, the meta-analyses showed significant large effects on muscle strength (SMD = -0.84, 95% CI -1.29--0.39, p = 0.0003), motor impairment (SMD = -0.81, 95% CI -1.34--0.27, p = 0.003), mobility and balance (MD = -1.81, 95% CI -3.13--0.49, p = 0.007), and small significant effects on QoL (SMD = -0.48, 95% CI -0.86--0.10, p = 0.01). RT compared with physically active control groups reached no significant results for any outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

RT improves muscle strength, motor impairment, mobility and balance, QoL, and depression in PD patients. However, it is not superior to other physically active interventions. Therefore, exercise is important for PD patients but according to this analysis, its type is of secondary interest.

Yoga Interventions Used for the Rehabilitation of Stroke, Parkinson's Disease, and Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review of Clinical Research

Objectives: The current body of literature was reviewed to compile and describe yoga interventions that have been applied in clinical research and neurologic rehabilitation settings with patients affected by stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Design: Available literature on yoga therapy (YT) was mapped following a five-stage framework to identify key concepts, knowledge gaps, and evidence to inform practice. Publications were identified through Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Selected studies required subjects with a clinical diagnosis of stroke, PD, and MS to participate in a yoga intervention and have physical, cognitive, and/or psychosocial outcome measures assessed. Results: A total of 50 studies were included in this review. Study characteristics, patient demographics, description of the yoga intervention, reported outcome measures and the main findings were extracted from the studies. Conclusion: Implementing YT in neurorehabilitation can help health care professionals integrate a more holistic approach that addresses the fundamental physical and psychological challenges of living with a chronic and debilitating neurologic disorder. The included studies described yogic interventions consisting of group or individual therapy sessions lasting 60-75 min that were carried out one to three times per week for 8-12 consecutive weeks across all three conditions. All studies described in this scoping review used different yoga protocols confirming the lack of specific interventional parameters available for implementing yoga into the rehabilitation of individuals affected by stroke, PD, or MS.

Letting nature take its course: A qualitative exploration of the illness and adjustment experiences of Hong Kong Chinese people with Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic condition that results in not only physical deterioration but also a spectrum of psychosocial outcomes that demand continuous adjustment and coping. Previous qualitative research into the illness experiences has been conducted mainly in Western populations, yet little is known about Chinese PD patients' adjustment. The aims of this qualitative description study were to (a) understand the illness and adjustment experiences, (b) explore the reasons for psychological distress and (c) discern the adjustment strategies adopted along the course of illness, from the perspective of Hong Kong Chinese PD patients. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 patients from January to June, 2016. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Two themes emerged from the interviews: confronting the changes caused by Parkinson's disease and adjusting to living with Parkinson's disease. Participants reported experiencing turmoil due to progressive loss of functions and abilities, changes in role and identity and unattended emotional needs in the course of their illness. Considering the chronic and fluctuating nature of PD, rehabilitation programs should be applied to address not only the physical symptoms but also the psychological needs of PD patients. Behavioral strategies facilitating active health behaviours and accommodative psychological adjustment are salient to facilitate the holistic well-being of PD patients.

Symptom Burden and Unmet Support Needs of Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Asia-Pacific Regions

OBJECTIVES

Support care is rarely assessed and offered to people with long-term neurologic conditions, particularly Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to assess the symptom burden and unmet support care needs in people with mild to severe Parkinson's disease.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Patients with Parkinson's disease were recruited from neurologic outpatient clinics from 3 East and Southeast Asian regions, including Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand.

METHODS

A standardized set of questionnaires assessing unmet care needs [Palliative care Outcome Scale (POS)], disease-specific symptom burden (POS-Symptoms-Parkinson's Disease), generic health-related quality of life (HRQOL) (EQ-5D-3L), and sociodemographic and clinical background.

RESULTS

Completed questionnaires (n = 186) were collected from 64 Hong Kong Chinese, 64 Taiwanese, and 58 Thai patients. Their mean age was 67.23 ± 8.07, 54% were female, and 80% had mild-to-moderate disease. Their mean POS score was 10.48 ± 6.38, indicating moderate unmet support needs. Two-thirds of the participants rated constipation, fatigue, leg problem, and daytime somnolence as the most prevalent and burdensome symptoms. Patients from Hong Kong and Taiwan prioritized psychosocial and spiritual support, whereas Thai patients prioritized physical needs and emotional concerns. Multivariate adjustment for demographics and clinical characteristics showed that high psychological, spiritual, and practical burdens are associated with young age, male gender, and advanced disease stages.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Patients experience significant symptom burden and moderate unmet support needs at the early to middle stage of Parkinson's disease. Routine assessment of changes in symptom burden should start early. The timely referral of support care services should provide appropriate psychospiritual and practical support in addition to motor training. Planning for support care services should consider cultural and health service contexts.

Effects of spiritual resilience on psychological distress and health-related quality of life in Chinese people with Parkinson's disease

PURPOSE

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an increasingly critical outcome of chronic illness care. However, its disease-independent attributes, particularly its spiritual resilient indicators, for people with Parkinson's disease (PD) have not been explicitly examined. This study aimed to (i) assess the associations between psychological distress, spiritual resilience and HRQOL, and (ii) examine the mediating effects of spiritual resilience on psychological distress and HRQOL amongst individuals with PD.

METHODS

This is a secondary data analysis of the baseline data of a clinical trial that involved 138 individuals with PD. The subjects completed a structured questionnaire assessing psychological distress in terms of anxiety and depression, spiritual resilience in terms of perceived affliction and perceived equanimity, severity of motor symptoms and disease-specific HRQOL.

RESULTS

Analysis by independent t test suggested that distressed individuals with PD demonstrated less spiritual resilience and presented poorer HRQOL than non-distressed individuals with PD. Multiple linear regression models revealed that high emotional distress was associated with low spiritual resilience and poor HRQOL. The mediation analysis found that after simultaneously controlling for the degree of perceived affliction and perceived equanimity, a significant reduction was observed in the direct effect between psychological distress and HRQOL. This result indicated the partially mediating roles of perceived affliction and equanimity in the pathways between psychological distress and HRQOL.

CONCLUSION

In order to enhance HRQOL, PD interventions should address the spiritual resilience of patients in addition to providing psychological care and physical relief of symptoms.

Effects of Mindfulness Yoga vs Stretching and Resistance Training Exercises on Anxiety and Depression for People With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance

Clinical practice guidelines support exercise for patients with Parkinson disease (PD), but to our knowledge, no randomized clinical trials have tested whether yoga is superior to conventional physical exercises for stress and symptom management.

Objective

To compare the effects of a mindfulness yoga program vs stretching and resistance training exercise (SRTE) on psychological distress, physical health, spiritual well-being, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with mild-to-moderate PD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

An assessor-masked, randomized clinical trial using the intention-to-treat principle was conducted at 4 community rehabilitation centers in Hong Kong between December 1, 2016, and May 31, 2017. A total of 187 adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD who were able to stand unaided and walk with or without an assistive device were enrolled via convenience sampling. Eligible participants were randomized 1:1 to mindfulness yoga or SRTE.

Interventions

Mindfulness yoga was delivered in 90-minute groups and SRTE were delivered in 60-minute groups for 8 weeks.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcomes included anxiety and depressive symptoms assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Secondary outcomes included severity of motor symptoms (Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS], Part III motor score), mobility, spiritual well-being in terms of perceived hardship and equanimity, and HRQOL. Assessments were done at baseline, 8 weeks (T1), and 20 weeks (T2).

Results

The 138 participants included 65 men (47.1%) with a mean (SD) age of 63.7 (8.7) years and a mean (SD) MDS-UPDRS score of 33.3 (15.3). Generalized estimating equation analyses revealed that the yoga group had significantly better improvement in outcomes than the SRTE group, particularly for anxiety (time-by-group interaction, T1: β, -1.79 [95% CI, -2.85 to -0.69; P = .001]; T2: β, -2.05 [95% CI, -3.02 to -1.08; P < .001]), depression (T1: β, -2.75 [95% CI, -3.17 to -1.35; P < .001]); T2: β, -2.75 [95% CI, -3.71 to -1.79; P < .001]), perceived hardship (T1: β, -0.92 [95% CI, -1.25 to -0.61; P < .001]; T2: β, -0.76 [95% CI, -1.12 to -0.40; P < .001]), perceived equanimity (T1: β, 1.11 [95% CI, 0.79-1.42; P < .001]; T2: β, 1.19 [95% CI, 0.82-1.56; P < .001]), and disease-specific HRQOL (T1: β, -7.77 [95% CI, -11.61 to -4.38; P < .001]; T2: β, -7.99 [95% CI, -11.61 to -4.38; P < .001]).

Conclusions and Relevance

Among patients with mild-to-moderate PD, the mindfulness yoga program was found to be as effective as SRTE in improving motor dysfunction and mobility, with the additional benefits of a reduction in anxiety and depressive symptoms and an increase in spiritual well-being and HRQOL.

Trial Registration

Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics identifier: CUHK_CCRB00522.