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Dai L, Luo Y, Fu X. Simple demodulation method for optical property extraction in spatial frequency domain imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:7878-7887. [PMID: 34613046 DOI: 10.1364/ao.430937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Different demodulation methods affect the efficiency and accuracy of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI). A simple and effective method of sum-to-product identities (STPI) demodulation was proposed in this study. STPI requires one fewer image than conventional three-phase demodulation (TPD) at a spatial frequency. Numerical simulation and phantom experiments were performed. The result proved the feasibility of STPI and showed that STPI combined with subtraction can achieve high-precision demodulation in the low spatial frequency domain. Through extraction of phantom optical properties, STPI had similar accuracy compared with other demodulation methods in extracting optical properties in phantoms. STPI was also used to extract the optical properties of milk, and it had highly consistent results with TPD, which can distinguish milk with different fat content. The demodulation effect of this method in the low spatial frequencies is better than other fast demodulation methods.
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Lyu L, Kim H, Bae JS, Hua C, Kim JH, Kim EH, Mo JH, Park I. The application of SFDI and LSI system to evaluate the blood perfusion in skin flap mouse model. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1069-1079. [PMID: 34213684 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the blood perfusion to tissues for detecting ischemic necrosis can be quantitatively monitored by spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and laser speckle imaging (LSI) in a skin flap mouse model. Skin flaps were made on Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. Using SFDI and LSI, the following parameters were estimated: oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), deoxyhemoglobin (Hb), total hemoglobin (THb), tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), and speckle flow index (SFI). Histologically, epithelium thickness, collagen deposition, and blood vessel count of skin flap tissues were analyzed. Then, the correlation of SFDI and histological results was assessed by application of Spearman rank correlation method. As the result, the number of blood vessels and the percentage of collagen areas showed significant difference between the necrotic tissue group and the non-necrotic one. Especially, the necrotic tissue had a complete epithelial loss and loses its normal structure. We identified that SFDI/LSI parameters were significantly different between non-necrotic and necrotic tissue groups. Especially, all SFDI and LSI parameters measured on the 1st day after surgery showed significant difference between necrotic tissue and non-necrotic tissue. In addition, the number of blood vessel and percentage of collagen area were positively correlated with HbO2 and StO2 among SFDI/LSI parameters. Meanwhile, the number of blood vessel and percentage of collagen area showed the negative correlation with Hb. By applying SFDI and LSI simultaneously to the skin flap, we could quantitatively monitor the blood perfusion and the tissue condition which can help us to detect ischemic necrosis objectively in early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Lyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongbeom Kim
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Hua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Hye Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ilyong Park
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Applegate MB, Karrobi K, Angelo Jr. JP, Austin W, Tabassum SM, Aguénounon E, Tilbury K, Saager RB, Gioux S, Roblyer D. OpenSFDI: an open-source guide for constructing a spatial frequency domain imaging system. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 31925946 PMCID: PMC7008504 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.016002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a diffuse optical measurement technique that can quantify tissue optical absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (<inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>) on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Measurements of μa at different wavelengths enable the extraction of molar concentrations of tissue chromophores over a wide field, providing a noncontact and label-free means to assess tissue viability, oxygenation, microarchitecture, and molecular content. We present here openSFDI: an open-source guide for building a low-cost, small-footprint, three-wavelength SFDI system capable of quantifying μa and <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula> as well as oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in biological tissue. The companion website provides a complete parts list along with detailed instructions for assembling the openSFDI system.<p> Aim: We describe the design of openSFDI and report on the accuracy and precision of optical property extractions for three different systems fabricated according to the instructions on the openSFDI website.</p> <p> Approach: Accuracy was assessed by measuring nine tissue-simulating optical phantoms with a physiologically relevant range of μa and <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula> with the openSFDI systems and a commercial SFDI device. Precision was assessed by repeatedly measuring the same phantom over 1 h.</p> <p> Results: The openSFDI systems had an error of 0 ± 6 % in μa and -2 ± 3 % in <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>, compared to a commercial SFDI system. Bland-Altman analysis revealed the limits of agreement between the two systems to be ± 0.004 mm - 1 for μa and -0.06 to 0.1 mm - 1 for <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>. The openSFDI system had low drift with an average standard deviation of 0.0007 mm - 1 and 0.05 mm - 1 in μa and <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>, respectively.</p>,<p> Conclusion: The openSFDI provides a customizable hardware platform for research groups seeking to utilize SFDI for quantitative diffuse optical imaging.</p>
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Applegate
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kavon Karrobi
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Wyatt Austin
- University of Maine, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Syeda M. Tabassum
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Karissa Tilbury
- University of Maine, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Rolf B. Saager
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping Sweden
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Darren Roblyer, E-mail:
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Aguénounon E, Dadouche F, Uhring W, Gioux S. Real-time optical properties and oxygenation imaging using custom parallel processing in the spatial frequency domain. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3916-3928. [PMID: 31452984 PMCID: PMC6701546 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of real-time, wide-field and quantitative diffuse optical imaging methods is becoming increasingly popular for biological and medical applications. Recent developments introduced a novel approach for real-time multispectral acquisition in the spatial frequency domain using spatio-temporal modulation of light. Using this method, optical properties maps (absorption and reduced scattering) could be obtained for two wavelengths (665 nm and 860 nm). These maps, in turn, are used to deduce oxygen saturation levels in tissues. However, while the acquisition was performed in real-time, processing was performed post-acquisition and was not in real-time. In the present article, we present CPU and GPU processing implementations for this method with special emphasis on processing time. The obtained results show that the proposed custom direct method using a General Purpose Graphic Processing Unit (GPGPU) and C CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) implementation enables 1.6 milliseconds processing time for a 1 Mega-pixel image with a maximum average error of 0.1% in extracting optical properties.
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Gioux S, Mazhar A, Cuccia DJ. Spatial frequency domain imaging in 2019: principles, applications, and perspectives. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-18. [PMID: 31222987 PMCID: PMC6995958 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) has witnessed very rapid growth over the last decade, owing to its unique capabilities for imaging optical properties and chromophores over a large field-of-view and in a rapid manner. We provide a comprehensive review of the principles of this imaging method as of 2019, review the modeling of light propagation in this domain, describe acquisition methods, provide an understanding of the various implementations and their practical limitations, and finally review applications that have been published in the literature. Importantly, we also introduce a group effort by several key actors in the field for the dissemination of SFDI, including publications, advice in hardware and implementations, and processing code, all freely available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
- Address all correspondence to Sylvain Gioux, E-mail:
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Gioux S, Mazhar A, Cuccia DJ. Spatial frequency domain imaging in 2019: principles, applications, and perspectives. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019. [PMID: 31222987 DOI: 10.1117/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) has witnessed very rapid growth over the last decade, owing to its unique capabilities for imaging optical properties and chromophores over a large field-of-view and in a rapid manner. We provide a comprehensive review of the principles of this imaging method as of 2019, review the modeling of light propagation in this domain, describe acquisition methods, provide an understanding of the various implementations and their practical limitations, and finally review applications that have been published in the literature. Importantly, we also introduce a group effort by several key actors in the field for the dissemination of SFDI, including publications, advice in hardware and implementations, and processing code, all freely available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
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Aguénounon E, Dadouche F, Uhring W, Gioux S. Single snapshot of optical properties image quality improvement using anisotropic two-dimensional windows filtering. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-21. [PMID: 30927346 PMCID: PMC6996016 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Imaging methods permitting real-time, wide-field, and quantitative optical mapping of biological tissue properties offer an unprecedented range of applications for clinical use. Following the development of spatial frequency domain imaging, we introduce a real-time demodulation method called single snapshot of optical properties (SSOPs). However, since this method uses only a single image to generate absorption and reduced scattering maps, it was limited by a degraded image quality resulting in artifacts that diminished its potential for clinical use. We present filtering strategies for improving the image quality of optical properties maps obtained using SSOPs. We investigate the effect of anisotropic two-dimensional filtering strategies for spatial frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mm - 1 directly onto N = 10 hands. Both accuracy and image quality of the optical properties are quantified in comparison with standard, multiple image acquisitions in the spatial frequency domain. Overall, using optimized filters, mean errors in predicting optical properties using SSOP remain under 8.8% in absorption and 7.5% in reduced scattering, while significantly improving image quality. Overall this work contributes to advance real-time, wide-field, and quantitative diffuse optical imaging toward clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foudil Dadouche
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Illkirch, France
| | - Wilfried Uhring
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Illkirch, France
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Illkirch, France
- Address all correspondence to Sylvain Gioux, E-mail:
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Angelo JP, Chen SJ, Ochoa M, Sunar U, Gioux S, Intes X. Review of structured light in diffuse optical imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 24:1-20. [PMID: 30218503 PMCID: PMC6676045 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical imaging probes deep living tissue enabling structural, functional, metabolic, and molecular imaging. Recently, due to the availability of spatial light modulators, wide-field quantitative diffuse optical techniques have been implemented, which benefit greatly from structured light methodologies. Such implementations facilitate the quantification and characterization of depth-resolved optical and physiological properties of thick and deep tissue at fast acquisition speeds. We summarize the current state of work and applications in the three main techniques leveraging structured light: spatial frequency-domain imaging, optical tomography, and single-pixel imaging. The theory, measurement, and analysis of spatial frequency-domain imaging are described. Then, advanced theories, processing, and imaging systems are summarized. Preclinical and clinical applications on physiological measurements for guidance and diagnosis are summarized. General theory and method development of tomographic approaches as well as applications including fluorescence molecular tomography are introduced. Lastly, recent developments of single-pixel imaging methodologies and applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Angelo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Sensor Science Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Joseph P. Angelo, E-mail: ; Sez-Jade Chen, E-mail:
| | - Sez-Jade Chen
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Joseph P. Angelo, E-mail: ; Sez-Jade Chen, E-mail:
| | - Marien Ochoa
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Ulas Sunar
- Wright State University, Department of Biomedical Industrial and Human Factor Engineering, Dayton, Ohio, United States
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xavier Intes
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Troy, New York, United States
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Schneider M, Cardones ARG, Selim MA, Cendales LC. Vascularized composite allotransplantation: a closer look at the banff working classification. Transpl Int 2016; 29:663-71. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Angelica Selim
- Pathology and Dermatology; Department of Pathology; Duke University Medical Center; Durham NC USA
| | - Linda C. Cendales
- Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center; Durham NC USA
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