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Fat Grafting: Basic Science, Techniques, and Patient Management. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2022; 10:e3987. [PMID: 35317456 PMCID: PMC8932485 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review, a summary of the rich history of autologous fat grafting is provided, and a comprehensive summary of the science and theory behind autologous adipocyte transplantation, as well as the techniques commonly used is described. These include recipient site preparation, harvesting, processing, and engraftment. In addition, important considerations for preoperative and postoperative management are discussed to maximize graft retention. Special considerations in grafting to the breast, face, and buttocks are also summarized.
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Trubelja A, Kasper FK, Farach-Carson MC, Harrington DA. Bringing hydrogel-based craniofacial therapies to the clinic. Acta Biomater 2022; 138:1-20. [PMID: 34743044 PMCID: PMC9234983 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the evolution of the use of hydrogels for craniofacial soft tissue engineering, ranging in complexity from acellular injectable fillers to fabricated, cell-laden constructs with complex compositions and architectures. Addressing both in situ and ex vivo approaches, tissue restoration secondary to trauma or tumor resection is discussed. Beginning with relatively simple epithelia of oral mucosa and gingiva, then moving to more functional units like vocal cords or soft tissues with multilayer branched structures, such as salivary glands, various approaches are presented toward the design of function-driven architectures, inspired by native tissue organization. Multiple tissue replacement paradigms are presented here, including the application of hydrogels as structural materials and as delivery platforms for cells and/or therapeutics. A practical hierarchy is proposed for hydrogel systems in craniofacial applications, based on their material and cellular complexity, spatial order, and biological cargo(s). This hierarchy reflects the regulatory complexity dictated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States prior to commercialization of these systems for use in humans. The wide array of available biofabrication methods, ranging from simple syringe extrusion of a biomaterial to light-based spatial patterning for complex architectures, is considered within the history of FDA-approved commercial therapies. Lastly, the review assesses the impact of these regulatory pathways on the translational potential of promising pre-clinical technologies for craniofacial applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: While many commercially available hydrogel-based products are in use for the craniofacial region, most are simple formulations that either are applied topically or injected into tissue for aesthetic purposes. The academic literature previews many exciting applications that harness the versatility of hydrogels for craniofacial soft tissue engineering. One of the most exciting developments in the field is the emergence of advanced biofabrication methods to design complex hydrogel systems that can promote the functional or structural repair of tissues. To date, no clinically available hydrogel-based therapy takes full advantage of current pre-clinical advances. This review surveys the increasing complexity of the current landscape of available clinical therapies and presents a framework for future expanded use of hydrogels with an eye toward translatability and U.S. regulatory approval for craniofacial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Trubelja
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - F Kurtis Kasper
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Daniel A Harrington
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States.
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Hamidian Jahromi A, Horen SR. Editorial: feasibility, complications, and cosmetic outcomes of immediate autologous fat grafting during breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer. Gland Surg 2021; 10:2885-2889. [PMID: 34804876 DOI: 10.21037/gs-21-563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hamidian Jahromi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sydney R Horen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Denadai R. Pursuing the Optimal Fat Grafting Technique for Cleft-Craniofacial Reconstruction: Toward a Physiologically and Anatomically Driven Surgical Approach. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 86:121. [PMID: 33315358 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Denadai
- Institute of Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery SOBRAPAR Hospital Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Hamidian Jahromi A, Anderson C. Discussion: Optimal Fat Grafting Technique for Cleft-Craniofacial Reconstruction: Toward a Physiologically and Anatomically Driven Surgical Approach. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 86:121-122. [PMID: 33315359 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Efficacy of Autologous Fat Grafting in Restoring Facial Symmetry in Linear Morphea-Associated Lesions. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphea is a rare sclerotic autoimmune disorder primary affecting the skin and subcutaneous tissues. The linear head variants involve the facial area, with asymmetries and deformities. Eighteen patients with hemifacial deformity (age range 14–75 years) were assessed before surgery (T0), and after one (T1, 18 patients) or two (T2, six patients) surgical treatments of facial autologous fat grafting. A stereophotogrammetric reconstruction of the facial surface was obtained for each patient and a group of control subjects, and facial symmetry was quantified according to the root mean square distance between homologous areas of trigeminal innervation. Values obtained from the control subjects were used to calculate z-scores for patients. At T0, all facial thirds of the patients resulted significantly more asymmetrical than those of the control subjects (Mann–Whitney test, p < 0.05), while at T1, the symmetry of the middle facial third did not differ from that of control subjects (p = 0.263). At T2, the upper and the lower facial thirds also did not differ from the control values (p > 0.05). The faster result obtained in the facial middle third was in accord with clinical findings. In conclusion, autologous fat grafting significantly improved facial asymmetry after one (middle facial third) or two (lower and upper thirds) treatments; the outcomes were efficaciously quantified by stereophotogrammetry.
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Current state of the art in fat grafting: paradigm shift in surgical techniques and refinements in cleft and craniofacial reconstruction. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 28:263-271. [PMID: 32520755 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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