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Cakmak YO, Khwaounjoo P, Pangilinan J, Wise IK, Burrows C, Kolakshyapati P, Williams Z, Bannon P. Decreasing the blood flow of non-compressible intra-abdominal organs with non-invasive transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10122. [PMID: 38698055 PMCID: PMC11066058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive neuromodulation of non-compressible internal organs has significant potential for internal organ bleeding and blood-shift in aero/space medicine. The present study aims to investigate the potential influences of the non-invasive transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on multiple non-compressible internal organs' blood flow. Porcine animal model (n = 8) was randomized for a total of 48 neuromodulation sessions with two different TENS stimulation frequencies (80 Hz, 10 Hz) and a placebo stimulation. A combination of two different electrode configurations (Abdominal-only or Abdominal and hind limb) were also performed. Intraarterial blood flow measurements were taken during pre and post-stimulation periods at the left renal artery, common hepatic artery, and left coronary artery. Intracranial, and extracranial arterial blood flows were also assessed with digital subtraction angiography. TENS with abdominal-only electrode configurations at 10 Hz demonstrated significant reductions in average peak blood flow velocity (APV) of the common hepatic artery (p = 0.0233) and renal arteries (p = 0.0493). Arterial pressures (p = 0.0221) were also significantly lower when renal APV was reduced. The outcome of the present study emphasises the potential use of TENS in decreasing the blood flow of non-compressible internal organs when the correct combination of electrodes configuration and frequency is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf O Cakmak
- Point-of-Care Technologies Theme, Centre for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Dunedin, New Zealand.
- Interventional Technologies Theme, Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Centre for Health Systems and Technologies, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
- Cakmak Lab, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO BOX 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Prashanna Khwaounjoo
- Cakmak Lab, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO BOX 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Pangilinan
- Cakmak Lab, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO BOX 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Innes K Wise
- Hybrid Theatre, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Burrows
- Hybrid Theatre, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Zoe Williams
- Hybrid Theatre, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Bannon
- Hybrid Theatre, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia
- The Baird Institute of Applied Heart & Lung Surgical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Matsubayashi T, Cho KH, Jang HS, Murakami G, Yamamoto M, Abe SI. Significant Differences in Sympathetic Nerve Fiber Density Among the Facial Skin Nerves: A Histologic Study Using Human Cadaveric Specimens. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1054-9. [PMID: 27072367 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic nerve fibers in the skin nerves are connected with vasomotor, thermoregulatory, sensory input modulatory, and immunologic events; however, to our knowledge, no histological information is available for skin nerves in the human face. Using specimens from 17 donated cadavers (mean age, 86 years), we measured a sectional area of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive fibers in (1) the frontal nerve (V1), (2) the infraorbital nerve (V2), (3) the mental nerve (V3), (4) the greater auricular nerve (C2), (5) the auriculotemporal nerve (ATN), and (6) the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve (VII). The V1, V2, and V3 were obtained at their entrances to the subcutaneous tissue from the bony canal or notch. The V1, C2, ATN, and/or VII usually contained abundant TH-positive fibers (almost 3%-8% of the nerve sectional area), whereas the V2 and V3 consistently carried few TH-positive fibers (<1%). The difference between these two groups was quite significant (P < 0.001). Thus, from the superior cervical ganglion, the sympathetic nerve fibers reached the forehead through the frontal nerve trunk, whereas artery-bounded fibers came to the cheek, nose, and mouth. The sympathetic palsy caused by trigeminal nerve involvement is mainly characterized by the symptoms seen in the distribution of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, such as in Horner's syndrome. It suggests that the forehead and the other facial areas are representative parts of those different sympathetic innervations that could be useful for evaluating the sympathetic function of the face in various diseases. Anat Rec, 299:1054-1059, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwang Ho Cho
- Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Hospital, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hyung Suk Jang
- Division of Physical Therapy, Ongoul Rehabilitation Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Gen Murakami
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba City, Japan.,Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Kojin-Kai Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | | | - Shin-Ichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba City, Japan
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