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Muñoz G, Brito L, Olate S. Photographic Parameters in Three-Dimensional Facial Image Acquisition. A Scoping Review. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:e376-e380. [PMID: 38722365 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orthognathic surgery is a viable and reproducible treatment for facial deformities. Despite the precision of the skeletal planning of surgical procedures, there is little information about the relations between hard and soft tissues in three-dimensional (3D) analysis, resulting in unpredictable soft tissue outcomes. Three-dimensional photography is a viable tool for soft tissue analysis because it is easy to use, has wide availability, low cost, and is harmless. This review aims to establish parameters for acquiring consistent and reproducible 3D facial images. METHODS A scoping review was conducted across PubMed, SCOPUS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Web of Science databases, adhering to "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews" guidelines. Articles presenting 3D facial photographs in the diagnostic phase were considered. RESULTS A total of 79 articles were identified, of which 29 were selected for analysis. CONCLUSION The predominant use of automated systems like 3dMD and VECTRA M3 was noted. User positioning has highest agreement among authors. Noteworthy aspects include the importance of proper lighting, facial expression, and dental positioning, with observed discrepancies and inconsistencies among authors. Finally, the authors proposed a 3D image acquisition protocol based on this research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Muñoz
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, School of medicine, Universidad de La Frontera
- CEMyQ, Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera
| | - Leonardo Brito
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, School of medicine, Universidad de La Frontera
- Undergraduate Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera
- Research Group (GIPO), Faculty of Health Sciences (FACSA), Universidad Autónoma de Chile
| | - Sergio Olate
- CEMyQ, Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera
- Division of Oral, Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Araucania, Chile
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Chi Y, Yang Y, Jin L, Chong Y, Huang J, Yu N, Long X. Protocol Establishment and Reliability Verification of Three-Dimensional Digital Stereophotogrammetry in Lower Eyelid Anthropometry. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:1276-1287. [PMID: 37792022 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry has been widely used in anthropometry for both medical and esthetic purposes. However, no studies have assessed its reliability on measuring the lower eyelid by 3D imaging. This study aimed to establish a standardized 3D anthropometric protocol for lower eyelid region and validate its reliability. METHODS Fifty-eight participants (116 eyes) were recruited with mean age of 39.14 ± 11.25 years. Two sets of VECTRA 3D images were taken for each subject, and each set of images was individually measured twice by two raters. Twenty-seven landmarks were identified in the lower eyelid region, and then 19 linear, 4 curvilinear, 7 angular and 2 areal metrics were assessed for intrarater, interrater and intramethod reliability. RESULTS High reliability was found in this 3D imaging-based lower eyelid anthropometry. The mean absolute difference within 2 intrarater measurement were 0.22 and 0.08 units, the technical errors measurement were 0.31 and 0.15 units, the relative errors of measurement were 0.90% and 0.31%, the relative technical errors of measurement were 1.53% and 0.64%, and the intra-group correlation coefficient was 0.99 and 0.99. The results for interrater measurement were 0.53 units, 0.59 units, 2.94%, 3.41% and 0.96, and for intramethod measurement were 0.71 units, 0.77 units, 4.12%, 4.05% and 0.95 units, respectively. CONCLUSION 3D stereophotogrammetry is reliable for lower eyelid anthropometry. The standardized protocol can be further applied for many purposes such as lower eyelid aging evaluation, surgical related assessment and periocular rejuvenation plan. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Chi
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuming Chong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jiuzuo Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Nanze Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xiao Long
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Singh P, Bornstein MM, Hsung RTC, Ajmera DH, Leung YY, Gu M. Frontiers in Three-Dimensional Surface Imaging Systems for 3D Face Acquisition in Craniofacial Research and Practice: An Updated Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:423. [PMID: 38396462 PMCID: PMC10888365 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Digitalizing all aspects of dental care is a contemporary approach to ensuring the best possible clinical outcomes. Ongoing advancements in 3D face acquisition have been driven by continuous research on craniofacial structures and treatment effects. An array of 3D surface-imaging systems are currently available for generating photorealistic 3D facial images. However, choosing a purpose-specific system is challenging for clinicians due to variations in accuracy, reliability, resolution, and portability. Therefore, this review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an overview of currently used or potential 3D surface imaging technologies and systems for 3D face acquisition in craniofacial research and daily practice. Through a comprehensive literature search, 71 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the qualitative analysis, investigating the hardware, software, and operational aspects of these systems. The review offers updated information on 3D surface imaging technologies and systems to guide clinicians in selecting an optimal 3D face acquisition system. While some of these systems have already been implemented in clinical settings, others hold promise. Furthermore, driven by technological advances, novel devices will become cost-effective and portable, and will also enable accurate quantitative assessments, rapid treatment simulations, and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Singh
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Michael M. Bornstein
- Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Richard Tai-Chiu Hsung
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Chu Hai College, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Deepal Haresh Ajmera
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Min Gu
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
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Yang Y, Chi Y, Jin L, Chong Y, Long X, Zeng A, Yu N, Wang X. Development and Validation of a Comprehensive Perioral Evaluation Method Using Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetry. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2023; 47:2389-2400. [PMID: 37430012 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-invasive three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry is widely used in anthropometry for medical purpose. Yet, few studies have assessed its reliability on measuring the perioral region. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to provide a standardized 3D anthropometric protocol for the perioral region. METHODS 38 female and 12 male Asians were recruited (mean age 31.6 ± 9.6 years). Two sets of 3D images using the VECTRA 3D imaging system were acquired for each subject, and two measurement sessions for each image were performed independently by two raters. 25 landmarks were identified, and 28 linear, 2 curvilinear, 9 angular and 4 areal measurements were evaluated for intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability. RESULTS Our results showed high reliability of 3D imaging-based perioral anthropometry by mean absolute difference (0.57 and 0.57 unit), technical error measurement (0.51 and 0.55 unit), relative error of measurement (2.18% and 2.44%), relative technical error of measurement (2.02% and 2.34%), and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.98 and 0.98) for intrarater 1 and intrarater 2 reliability; respectively 0.78 unit, 0.74 unit, 3.26%, 3.06% and 0.97 for interrater reliability; and respectively 1.01 unit, 0.97 unit, 4.74%, 4.57% and 0.95 for intramethod reliability. CONCLUSIONS This standardized protocol utilizing 3D surface imaging technologies are feasible and highly reliable in perioral assessment. It could be further applied for diagnostic purpose, surgical planning and therapeutic effect evaluation in clinical practice in relation to perioral morphologies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yarong Chi
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Chong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Long
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Zeng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanze Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Fan W, Rokohl AC, Maus J, Guo Y, Ju X, Li X, Wawer Matos PA, Heindl LM. Evaluation of the Portable Next-Generation VECTRA H2 3D Imaging System for Measuring Upper Eyelid Area and Volume. Aesthet Surg J 2023; 43:1114-1123. [PMID: 37157856 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a portable 3-dimensional (3D) imaging system has been used for periocular measurement analysis, this system has yet to be tested and validated for periocular area and volume measurements. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to define the upper eyelid and upper eyelid fold region through a modified landmark strategy and validate a portable 3D imaging system for area and volume measurements in this periocular region. METHODS Eighty-one healthy adult Caucasians underwent 3D facial imaging with the VECTRA M3 (static) and VECTRA H2 (portable) 3D imaging systems (Canfield Scientific, Inc., Parsippany, NJ). Subsequently, the upper eyelid and upper eyelid fold regions were selected according to a modified landmark localization strategy. Direct measurements of area and volume were performed to assess intrarater, interrater, intramethod, and intermethod reliability, and to compare the agreement between the 2 devices. RESULTS The VECTRA M3 and H2 showed high reliability on upper eyelid area measurements. Excellent intra-, inter-, and intramethod reliability agreements were observed in intraclass correlation coefficient; very good agreement in intrarater reliability was observed in the relative error of measurement (REM) and relative technical error of measurement (rTEM); and good inter- and intramethod reliability were observed in the REM and rTEM. For area measurement of the upper eyelid fold, the intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability of the M3 was lower than that of the H2. Both systems had poor intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability for volume measurements in the upper eyelid and upper eyelid fold region. CONCLUSIONS This new portable 3D imaging system achieved excellent or very good reliability values for standardized direct measurements of the upper eyelid and upper eyelid fold region, although volume measurements seem less reliable.
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Lo LJ, Lin HH. Applications of three-dimensional imaging techniques in craniomaxillofacial surgery: A literature review. Biomed J 2023; 46:100615. [PMID: 37343928 PMCID: PMC10339193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies are increasingly used in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery, especially to enable clinicians to get an effective approach and obtain better treatment results during different preoperative and postoperative phases, namely during image acquisition and diagnosis, virtual surgical planning (VSP), actual surgery, and treatment outcome assessment. The article presents an overview of 3D imaging technologies used in the aforementioned phases of the most common CMF surgery. We searched for relevant studies on 3D imaging applications in CMF surgery published over the past 10 years in the PubMed, ProQuest (Medline), Web of Science, Science Direct, Clinical Key, and Embase databases. A total of 2094 articles were found, of which 712 were relevant. An additional 26 manually searched articles were included in the analysis. The findings of the review demonstrated that 3D imaging technology is becoming increasingly popular in clinical practice and an essential tool for plastic surgeons. This review provides information that will help researchers and clinicians consider the use of 3D imaging techniques in CMF surgery to improve the quality of surgical procedures and achieve satisfactory treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Jou Lo
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Hsia Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Liu J, Rokohl AC, Liu H, Fan W, Li S, Hou X, Ju S, Guo Y, Heindl LM. Age-related changes of the periocular morphology: a two- and three-dimensional anthropometry study in Caucasians. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:213-222. [PMID: 35969325 PMCID: PMC9803744 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine age-and sex-related changes in periocular morphology in Caucasians using a standardized protocol. METHODS Healthy Caucasian volunteers aged 18-35 and 60-90 years old were recruited from the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Cologne, between October 2018 and May 2020. Volunteers with facial asymmetry, facial deformities, history of facial trauma, facial surgery, botox injection, eyelid ptosis, strabismus, or nystagmus, were excluded. Standardized three-dimensional facial photos of 68 young volunteers and 73 old volunteers were taken in this clinical practice. Position changes of endocanthion, pupil center, and exocanthion were analyzed in different age and gender groups, including palpebral fissure width (PFW): distance between endocanthions (En-En), pupil centers (Pu-Pu), exocanthions (Ex-Ex), endocanthion and nasion (En-Na), pupil center and nasion (Pu-Na), exocanthion and nasion (Ex-Na), endocanthion and pupil center (Pu-En), exocanthion and pupil center (Pu-Ex), and palpebral fissure inclination (PFI); angle of endocanthions to nasion (En-Na-En), pupils to nasion (Pu-Na-Pu), exocanthions to nasion (Ex-Na-Ex); endocanthion inclination (EnI), and exocanthion inclination (ExI). RESULTS PFW, En-En, Ex-Na, Pu-Ex, PFI, ExI, and Ex-Na-Ex were significantly different between the young and old groups (p ≤ 0.004). There were sex-related differences in PFW, Ex-Ex, En-Na, Pu-Na, Ex-Na, Pu-En, PFI, and EnI between both groups (p ≤ 0.041). CONCLUSION The position change of the pupil is minimal relative to age; it is preferred to establish the reference plane to describe periocular changes. The endocanthion tends to move temporally and inferiorly, while the exocanthion tends to shift nasally and inferiorly with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Fourth Hospital, Jiefang Road 21, 710004 Xi’an, Shaanxi China ,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C. Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Honglei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Fourth Hospital, Jiefang Road 21, 710004 Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Senmao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley 37, Wuhou District, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Sitong Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Ludwig M. Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Rho NK, Goo BL, Youn SJ, Won CH, Han KH. Lip Lifting Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injections: A Quantitative Assessment Using 3-Dimensional Photography. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154554. [PMID: 35956168 PMCID: PMC9369503 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to compare the volume enhancement and the lifting capacity of two different hyaluronic acid gels for lip injection. Thirty-six Korean female patients were randomized into two groups according to the cross-linking degree of the hyaluronic acid filler injected. Using a fixed injection protocol, patients were injected with 1 mL of hyaluronic acid filler in the lips and followed up at four and 12 weeks after injection. Lip volume, lip projection, and columella–labial angle were measured using a 3-dimensional imaging system at each time point. Follow-up values were compared with baseline. Compared with pre-treatment values, there was a statistically significant increase in mean lip volume and lip projection at four and 12 weeks after injection, with no significant differences between the two groups. Lips injected with hyaluronic acid filler of intermediate cross-link density resulted in more acute angles than lips injected with lightly cross-linked hyaluronic acid. The difference was statistically significant at each follow-up time point. No serious complications were observed throughout the study period. Our results imply that in patients who want a prominent upper lip lift, lip injections using hyaluronic acid fillers with intermediate cross-linking density can be a good option due to their lift capacity. The degree of cross-linking may not be a significant determinant of simple lip volume augmentation when other variables are constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nark-Kyoung Rho
- Leaders Aesthetic Laser & Cosmetic Surgery Center, Seoul 06014, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Seong-Jae Youn
- Leaders Aesthetic Laser & Cosmetic Surgery Center, Seoul 06014, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Chong-Hyun Won
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
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Robustness of Distinctive Facial Features in Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Stereophotogrammetric Analysis and Association with Clinical and Biochemical Markers in Adult Individuals. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081148. [PMID: 36009775 PMCID: PMC9405094 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genomic imprinting disorder associated to a complex neurodevelopmental phenotype and a distinctive facial appearance. The study investigated the relationships between the quantitative facial dysmorphism in PWS and clinical and biochemical markers of the disease and its treatment. Methods: Facial images of 15 Caucasian adult individuals with PWS (8 males, 42 ± 5 years; 7 females, 37 ± 8 years; BMI 38.87 ± 8.92 kg/m2) were acquired through stereophotogrammetry. From the 3D coordinates of 38 landmarks, linear distances and angles were calculated; they were expressed as z-score values by referring to 403 healthy subjects matched for age and sex and compared by Student’s t-test with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Patients underwent auxological and biochemical assessment of endocrine/metabolic dysfunction and nocturnal respiratory function. An exploratory correlation analysis was performed to investigate their associations with the facial phenotype; uncorrected p-values were used. Results and Conclusions: Individuals with PWS showed decreased bifrontal diameter, facial depths, palpebral fissures, mandibular ramus length, lower vermillion height, and modified relative position of exocanthia and nasion. Since these characteristics did not show any associations with clinical and biochemical markers of PWS, they could constitute robust distinctive facial features and contribute to the diagnosis of the disorder. Individuals with PWS showed also a larger mandibular width with smaller gonial angles, thinner upper vermillion, greater inclination of the orbit relative to the Frankfurt plane, and a smaller angle of the auricles versus the facial midplane. Relationships between these facial anthropometric features and body composition, glucidic metabolism indexes, nocturnal hypoxemia episodes, or duration of GH treatment were found, suggesting their potentially useful role in the clinical monitoring and management of the disease. However, they need to be confirmed by subsequent dedicated studies.
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Validation of Vectra 3D Imaging Systems: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148820. [PMID: 35886670 PMCID: PMC9318949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Three-dimensional facial imaging systems are a useful tool that is gradually replacing two-dimensional imaging and traditional anthropometry with calipers. In this varied and growing landscape of new devices, Canfield (Canfield Scientific, Parsippany, NJ, USA) has proposed a series of static and portable 3D imaging systems. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the current literature regarding the validation of Canfield’s Vectra imaging systems. Materials and Methods: A search strategy was developed on electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus by using specific keywords. After the study selection phase, a total of 10 articles were included in the present review. Results: A total of 10 articles were finally included in the present review. For six articles, we conducted a validation of the Vectra static devices, focusing especially on the Vectra M5, Vectra M3 and Vectra XT. For four articles, we validated the Vectra H1 portable system. Conclusions: All of the reviewed articles concluded that Canfield’s Vectra 3D imaging systems are capable of capturing accurate and reproducible stereophotogrammetric images. Minor errors were reported, particularly in the acquisition of the perioral region, but all the evaluated devices are considered to be valid and accurate tools for clinicians.
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Fan W, Guo Y, Hou X, Liu J, Li S, Ju S, Matos PAW, Simon M, Rokohl AC, Heindl LM. Validation of the Portable Next-Generation VECTRA H2 3D Imaging System for Periocular Anthropometry. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:833487. [PMID: 35360740 PMCID: PMC8962622 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.833487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Portable three-dimensional imaging systems are becoming increasingly common for facial measurement analysis. However, the reliability of portable devices may be affected by the necessity to take three pictures at three time points. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of portable devices for assessing the periocular region. Methods In 60 Caucasian volunteers (120 eyes), four facial scans (twice for each instrument) using the portable VECTRA H2 and static VECTRA M3 devices were performed; patients' heads were kept straight, looking ahead, with a neutral facial expression. One assessor set 52 periocular landmarks in the periocular area of each image and subsequently assessed intra- and inter-device reliability by comparing two within-device measurements and one between-device measurement, respectively. Results The mean absolute difference (MAD) (0.13 and 0.12 units), relative error of measurement (REM) (0.61 and 0.68%), technical error of measurement (TEM)(1.02 and 0.80 units), relative TEM (rTEM) (5.51 and 4.43%), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (0.89, 0.89) showed good intra-device reliability for M3 and H2; MAD (0.63, 0.62 units), REM (2.83, 2.69%), TEM (1.31, 1.10 units), rTEM (7.62, 5.57%), and ICC (0.79, 0.83) indicated that inter-device reliability deteriorated compared to intra-device reliability and that the inter-device reliability of the first scan (moderate) was lower than that of the average of the two scans (good). Conclusions The portable VECTRA H2 device proved reliable in assessing most periocular linear distances, curve distances, and angles; some improvement in inter-device reliability can be achieved by using the average of two scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Senmao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sitong Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philomena Alice Wawer Matos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Simon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C. Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander C. Rokohl
| | - Ludwig M. Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
- Ludwig M. Heindl
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Hansson S, Östlund E, Bazargani F. The Vectra M3 3-dimensional digital stereophotogrammetry system: A reliable technique for detecting chin asymmetry. Imaging Sci Dent 2022; 52:43-51. [PMID: 35387095 PMCID: PMC8967496 DOI: 10.5624/isd.20210168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the Vectra M3 (3D Imaging System; Canfield Scientific, Parsippany, NJ, USA) in detecting chin asymmetry, and to assess whether the automatic markerless tracking function is reliable compared to manually plotting landmarks. Materials and Methods Twenty subjects (18 females and 2 males) with a mean age of 42.5±10.5 years were included. Three-dimensional image acquisition was carried out on all subjects with simulated chin deviation in 4 stages (1-4 mm). The images were analyzed by 2 independent observers through manually plotting landmarks and by Vectra software auto-tracking mode. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Tukey post-hoc test were performed to evaluate the differences in mean measurements between the 2 operators and the software for measuring chin deviation in 4 stages. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to estimate the intra- and inter-examiner reliability. Results No significant difference was found between the accuracy of manually plotting landmarks between observers 1 and 2 and the auto-tracking mode (P=0.783 and P=0.999, respectively). The mean difference in detecting the degree of deviation according to the stage was <0.5 mm for all landmarks. Conclusion The auto-tracking mode could be considered as reliable as manually plotted landmarks in detecting small chin deviations with the Vectra® M3. The effect on the soft tissue when constructing a known dental movement yielded a small overestimation of the soft tissue movement compared to the dental movement (mean value<0.5 mm), which can be considered clinically non-significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Hansson
- Department of Orthodontics, Postgraduate Dental Education Center and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Emil Östlund
- Department of Orthodontics, Postgraduate Dental Education Center and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Farhan Bazargani
- Department of Orthodontics, Postgraduate Dental Education Center and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Li Z, Liang Y, Schenck TL, Frank K, Giunta RE, Koban KC. Investigating the Reliability of Novel Nasal Anthropometry Using Advanced Three-Dimensional Digital Stereophotogrammetry. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12010060. [PMID: 35055375 PMCID: PMC8777712 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional surface imaging systems (3DSI) provide an effective and applicable approach for the quantification of facial morphology. Several researchers have implemented 3D techniques for nasal anthropometry; however, they only included limited classic nasal facial landmarks and parameters. In our clinical routines, we have identified a considerable number of novel facial landmarks and nasal anthropometric parameters, which could be of great benefit to personalized rhinoplasty. Our aim is to verify their reliability, thus laying the foundation for the comprehensive application of 3DSI in personalized rhinoplasty. We determined 46 facial landmarks and 57 anthropometric parameters. A total of 110 volunteers were recruited, and the intra-assessor, inter-assessor, and intra-method reliability of nasal anthropometry were assessed through 3DSI. Our results displayed the high intra-assessor reliability of MAD (0.012-0.29, 0.003-0.758 mm), REM (0.008-1.958%), TEM (0-0.06), rTEM (0.001-0.155%), and ICC (0.77-0.995); inter-assessor reliability of 0.216-1.476, 0.003-2.013 mm; 0.01-7.552%, 0-0.161, and 0.001-1.481%, 0.732-0.985, respectively; and intra-method reliability of 0.006-0.598°, 0-0.379 mm; 0 0.984%, 0-0.047, and 0-0.078%, 0.996-0.998, respectively. This study provides conclusive evidence for the high reliability of novel facial landmarks and anthropometric parameters for comprehensive nasal measurements using the 3DSI system. Considering this, the proposed landmarks and parameters could be widely used for digital planning and evaluation in personalized rhinoplasty, otorhinolaryngology, and oral and maxillofacial surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouxiao Li
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany; (T.L.S.); (K.F.); (R.E.G.); (K.C.K.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200086, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-89-4400-52697
| | - Yimin Liang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200086, China;
| | - Thilo Ludwig Schenck
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany; (T.L.S.); (K.F.); (R.E.G.); (K.C.K.)
| | - Konstantin Frank
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany; (T.L.S.); (K.F.); (R.E.G.); (K.C.K.)
| | - Riccardo Enzo Giunta
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany; (T.L.S.); (K.F.); (R.E.G.); (K.C.K.)
| | - Konstantin Christoph Koban
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany; (T.L.S.); (K.F.); (R.E.G.); (K.C.K.)
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14
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Xu W, Lu R, Hu Y, Cao L, Wang T, Tan H, Meng X, Ming Y, Zheng L. Reliability of cone beam CT for morphometry of nasolabial soft tissue in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion: A qualitative and quantitative analysis. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 30:195-206. [PMID: 34719475 DOI: 10.3233/xst-211018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess reliability of cone-beam CT (CBCT) for nasolabial soft tissue measurements in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion based on 3-dimensional (3D) facial scanner results. METHODS CBCT and 3D facial scan images of 20 orthognathic patients are used in this study. Eleven soft tissue landmarks and 15 linear and angular measurements are identified and performed. For qualitative evaluation, Shapiro-Wilk test and Bland-Altman plots are applied to analyze the equivalence of the measurements derived from these two kinds of images. To quantify specific deviation of CBCT measurements from facial scanner, the latter is set as a benchmark, and mean absolute difference (MAD) and relative error magnitude (REM) for each variable are also calculated. RESULTS Statistically significant differences are observed in regions of nasal base and lower lip vermilion between two methods. MAD value for all length measurements are less than 2 mm and for angular variables < 8°. The average MAD and REM for length measurements are 0.94 mm and 5.64%, and for angular measurements are 2.27° and 3.78%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The soft tissue results measured by CBCT show relatively good reliability and can be used for 3D measurement of soft tissue in the nasolabial region clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Xu
- Department of Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Department of Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Tan
- Department of Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuehuan Meng
- Department of Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Ye Ming
- Department of Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Leilei Zheng
- Department of Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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Standardized Three-Dimensional Lateral Distraction Test: Its Reliability to Assess Medial Canthal Tendon Laxity. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:2798-2807. [PMID: 34232357 PMCID: PMC8677635 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Assessment of MCT laxity is critical to the surgery options. Our study aimed to analyze the reliability of measuring medial canthal tendon (MCT) laxity by using a novel standardized three-dimensional lateral distraction test (3D-LDT). Methods Forty-eight Caucasian volunteers (25 males and 23 females, 96 eyes) between 22 and 84 years of age (55.6 ± 18.6 years old) were included in our study. From a neutral position, the lower eyelid was gently pulled laterally along a horizontal line to define the most distracted position of the lower punctum. Both in the neutral and distracted position, standardized 3D images were acquired for each subject by two observers, and each image were measured twice by two raters. Four landmarks and six corresponding linear measurements were evaluated for intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-method reliability. Results Intra-rater, inter-rater and inter-method reliability analyses of 3D-LDT revealed an intraclass correlation of more than 95%, a mean absolute difference of less than 1 mm, and a technical error of measurement of less than 1 mm. Measurements of relative error (2.59–12.04%) and relative technical error (1.83–16.05%) for the inter-landmarks distance from pupil center to the lower punctum were higher than those from limbus nasal center to the lower punctum (6.13–30.39 and 4.34–26.85%, respectively). Conclusions This study provided high reliability of the three-dimensional lateral distraction test (3D-LDT) for assessing medial canthal tendon (MCT) laxity, which were never evaluated by digital imaging system. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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16
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Liu J, Rokohl AC, Guo Y, Li S, Hou X, Fan W, Formuzal M, Lin M, Heindl LM. Reliability of Stereophotogrammetry for Area Measurement in the Periocular Region. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:1601-1610. [PMID: 33452540 PMCID: PMC8316180 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-02091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) stereophotography area measurements are essential for describing morphology in the periocular region. However, its reliability has not yet been sufficiently validated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetric area measurements in the periocular region. Forty healthy volunteers had five flat paper objects placed at each of the seven periocular positions including the endocanthion and the upper medial, upper middle, upper lateral, lower medial, lower middle, and the lower lateral eyelid. Two series of photographic images were captured twice by the same investigator. Each image of the first series was measured twice by the same rater, while images of both series were measured once by a second rater. Differences between these measurements were calculated, and the intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability was evaluated for intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), mean absolute differences (MADs), technical errors of measurements (TEMs), relative errors of measurements (REMs), and relative TEM (rTEM). Our results showed that 21.2% of all ICCs were considered as excellent, 45.5% were good, 27.3% were moderate, and 6.1% were poor. The interrater ICC for the endocanthion location was 0.4% on a low level. MAD values for all objects were less than 0.3 mm2, all TEM were less than 1 mm2, the REM and rTEM were less than 2% for all objects, showing high reliability. 3D stereophotogrammetry is a highly reliable system for periocular area measurements and may be used in the clinical routine for planning oculoplastic surgeries and for evaluating changes in periocular morphology. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Senmao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maxim Formuzal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ming Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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Accuracy and Reproducibility of Facial Measurements of Digital Photographs and Wrapped Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Photographs. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050757. [PMID: 33922543 PMCID: PMC8147051 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study sought to assess whether the soft tissue facial profile measurements of direct Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and wrapped CBCT images of non-standardized facial photographs are accurate compared to the standardized digital photographs. In this cross-sectional study, 60 patients with an age range of 18–30 years, who were indicated for CBCT, were enrolled. Two facial photographs were taken per patient: standardized and random (non-standardized). The non-standardized ones were wrapped with the CBCT images. The most used soft tissue facial profile landmarks/parameters (linear and angular) were measured on direct soft tissue three-dimensional (3D) images and on the photographs wrapped over the 3D-CBCT images, and then compared to the standardized photographs. The reliability analysis was performed using concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) and depicted graphically using Bland–Altman plots. Most of the linear and angular measurements showed high reliability (0.91 to 0.998). Nevertheless, four soft tissue measurements were unreliable; namely, posterior gonial angle (0.085 and 0.11 for wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively), mandibular plane angle (0.006 and 0.0016 for wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively), posterior facial height (0.63 and 0.62 for wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively) and total soft tissue facial convexity (0.52 for both wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively). The soft tissue facial profile measurements from either the direct 3D-CBCT images or the wrapped CBCT images of non-standardized frontal photographs were accurate, and can be used to analyze most of the soft tissue facial profile measurements.
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18
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Three-dimensional scanners for soft-tissue facial assessment in clinical practice. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021; 74:605-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pucciarelli V, Gibelli D, Mastella C, Bertoli S, Alberti K, De Amicis R, Codari M, Dolci C, Battezzati A, Baranello G, Sforza C. 3D Facial morphology in children affected by spinal muscular atrophy type 2 (SMAII). Eur J Orthod 2021; 42:500-508. [PMID: 31529029 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to assess the three-dimensional facial characteristics of children affected by spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a severe muscular disorder characterized by hypotonia, areflexia, weakness, and respiratory impairment. MATERIALS/METHODS Stereophotogrammetric facial scans from 22 SMA type II patients aged 2-7 years were obtained. Data were analysed using both inter-landmark distances and principal component analysis and compared with data collected from matched control subjects. RESULTS Patients had wider transverse facial diameters, but smaller biocular width. Middle and lower anterior face heights were increased, whereas the mandibular ramus was shorter, with a reduced posterior-to-anterior face height ratio. Facial width-to-length ratio was reduced. In the sagittal plane, mandibular body length, and facial divergence were increased, whereas the gonial angles were decreased. In the horizontal plane, lower facial convexity was greater in patients, whereas mandibular convexity was smaller. Patients had smaller and down-slanted eye fissures, with a larger and more vertically developed nose. LIMITATIONS This study assessed a relatively small number of patients, due to the rare frequency of SMA type II. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS SMA type II children possess peculiar facial alterations that may be due to the altered muscular activity. As feeding problems may derive also by malocclusion and masticatory muscular alterations, a detailed assessment of the craniofacial individual alterations should be considered in the standards of care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pucciarelli
- LAFAS, Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Gibelli
- LAFAS, Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mastella
- SAPRE, Parents Early Habilitation Service, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- ICANS, International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Alberti
- SAPRE, Parents Early Habilitation Service, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- ICANS, International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Codari
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Dolci
- LAFAS, Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- ICANS, International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Baranello
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- LAFAS, Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Reliability of Periocular Anthropometry: A Comparison of Direct, 2-Dimensional, and 3-Dimensional Techniques. Dermatol Surg 2021; 46:e23-e31. [PMID: 31809350 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has become increasingly popular in aesthetic surgery. However, few studies have emphasized its application in the periocular region. OBJECTIVE To provide evidence supporting the reliability of generalizing periocular measurements obtained using caliper-derived direct anthropometry and 2-dimensional (2D) photogrammetry to 3D stereophotogrammetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periocular surfaces were captured using a stereophotogrammetry system for 46 normal Caucasian individuals. Twenty-two periocular variables were directly, 2-dimensionally, and 3-dimensionally measured. Reliability of these measurements was evaluated and compared with each other. RESULTS The results revealed that, for direct (intra-rater reliability only), 2D, and 3D anthropometry, overall intra-rater and inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficient estimates were 0.88, 0.99 and 0.97, and 0.98 and 0.92, respectively; mean absolute differences were 0.84 mm, 0.26 and 0.36 units, and 0.35 and 0.67 units, respectively; technical error of measurement (TEM) estimates were 0.85 mm, 0.25 and 0.36 units, and 0.32 and 0.65 units, respectively; relative error measurement estimates were 6.46%, 1.69% and 2.74%, and 1.67% and 5.11%, respectively; and relative TEM estimates were 6.25%, 1.62% and 2.78%, and 2.12% and 5.12%, respectively. CONCLUSION Stereophotogrammetry and the authors' landmark location protocol yield very good reliability for a series of 2D and 3D measurements.
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21
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Guo Y, Liu J, Ruan Y, Rokohl AC, Hou X, Li S, Jia R, Koch KR, Heindl LM. A novel approach quantifying the periorbital morphology: A comparison of direct, 2-dimensional, and 3-dimensional technologies. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:1888-1899. [PMID: 33358464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of anatomical structures is critical in plastic and reconstructive surgery. However, few detailed and standardized measurements have been widely used in the periorbital region. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a novel detailed and standardized protocol with 2D and 3D technologies, and explore the relationship between them and direct measurements. METHODS Fifty healthy Caucasians (100 eyes) between 20 and 68 years old were recruited and captured for 3D photographs by VECTRA M3 3D Imaging System. Subsequently, 24 landmarks were located on each 3D photographs following a standardized protocol, and then 19 linear and 3 angular periorbital variables were measured. Furthermore, two-dimensional (2D) and direct measurements were conducted on each subject and compared with 3D measurements and one another. RESULTS The grand r means across all measurements were 0.77, 0.78, and 0.88 for direct vs. 2D values, direct vs. 3D values, and 3D vs. 2D values, respectively. The mean absolute differences were 1 mm (ranging from 0.2 mm to 3.7 mm) between direct and 3D measurements, 1 mm (ranging from 0.04 mm to 2.4 mm) between direct and 2D measurements, and 1 mm and 6.6° (ranging from 0.04 mm or 0.5° to 3 mm or 12.8°) between 2D and 3D measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study verified the feasibility of this detailed and standardized landmark localization protocol for assessing the periorbital morphology with 2D and 3D technologies. This protocol may work as a bridge communicating with all studies involving any of the three technologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Eye Center, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Y Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - X Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - R Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - K R Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - L M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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A Simple Standardized Three-Dimensional Anthropometry for the Periocular Region in a European Population. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 145:514e-523e. [PMID: 32097302 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The three-dimensional surface imaging system is becoming more common in plastic surgeries. However, few studies have assessed three-dimensional periocular structures and surgical outcomes. This study aimed to propose a standardized three-dimensional anthropometric protocol for the periocular region, investigate its precision and accuracy, and determine the three-dimensional periocular anthropometric norms for young Caucasians. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy young Caucasians (78 eyes) were enrolled. Three-dimensional facial images were obtained with a VECTRA M3 stereophotogrammetry device. Thirty-eight measurements in periocular regions were obtained from these images. Every subject underwent facial surface capture twice to evaluate its precision. A paper ruler was applied to assess its accuracy. RESULTS Sixty-three percent of measurements in linear distances, curvatures, angles, and indices were found to reach a statistically significant difference between sexes (p ≤ 0.05, respectively). Across all measurements, the average mean absolute difference was 0.29 mm in linear dimensions, 0.56 mm in curvatures, 1.67 degrees in angles, and 0.02 in indices. In relative error of magnitude, 18 percent of the measurements were determined excellent, 51 percent very good, 31 percent good, and none moderate. The mean value of the paper-ruler scale was 10.01 ± 0.05 mm, the mean absolute difference value 0.02 mm, and the relative error of magnitude 0.17 percent. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to propose a detailed and standardized three-dimensional anthropometric protocol for the periocular region and confirm its high precision and accuracy. The results provided novel metric data concerning young Caucasian periocular anthropometry and determined the variability between sexes.
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Ayaz I, Shaheen E, Aly M, Shujaat S, Gallo G, Coucke W, Politis C, Jacobs R. Accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional photography versus 3-dimensional soft tissue imaging. Imaging Sci Dent 2020; 50:15-22. [PMID: 32206616 PMCID: PMC7078411 DOI: 10.5624/isd.2020.50.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted to objectively and subjectively compare the accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional (2D) photography and 3-dimensional (3D) soft tissue imaging. Materials and Methods Facial images of 50 volunteers (25 males, 25 females) were captured with a Nikon D800 2D camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), 3D stereophotogrammetry (SPG), and laser scanning (LS). All subjects were imaged in a relaxed, closed-mouth position with a normal smile. The 2D images were then exported to Mirror® Software (Canfield Scientific, Inc, NJ, USA) and the 3D images into Proplan CMF® software (version 2.1, Materialise HQ, Leuven, Belgium) for further evaluation. For an objective evaluation, 2 observers identified soft tissue landmarks and performed linear measurements on subjects' faces (direct measurements) and both linear and angular measurements on all images (indirect measurements). For a qualitative analysis, 10 dental observers and an expert in facial imaging (subjective gold standard) completed a questionnaire regarding facial characteristics. The reliability of the quantitative data was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients, whereas the Fleiss kappa was calculated for qualitative data. Results Linear and angular measurements carried out on 2D and 3D images showed excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability. The 2D photographs displayed the highest combined total error for linear measurements. SPG performed better than LS, with borderline significance (P=0.052). The qualitative assessment showed no significant differences among the 2D and 3D imaging modalities. Conclusion SPG was found to a reliable and accurate tool for the morphological evaluation of soft tissue in comparison to 2D imaging and laser scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Ayaz
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eman Shaheen
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Medhat Aly
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sohaib Shujaat
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giulia Gallo
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Coucke
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Quality of Medical Laboratories, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Constantinus Politis
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Guo Y, Rokohl AC, Schaub F, Hou X, Liu J, Ruan Y, Jia R, Koch KR, Heindl LM. Reliability of periocular anthropometry using three-dimensional digital stereophotogrammetry. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:2517-2531. [PMID: 31407036 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-invasive three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry is becoming increasingly popular in many fields. However, few studies have focused on its periocular application. We aimed to provide evidence for the periocular application of a novel anthropometric procedure using 3D stereophotogrammetry by evaluating its reliability. METHODS Fifty-one Caucasians were recruited (102 eyes; mean age, 31.9 ± 13.6 years). Two sets of 3D images were acquired for each subject, and two measurement sessions were performed on each image by two raters. Fifty-two periocular landmarks were identified, and then 49 corresponding linear, curvilinear, and angular measurements were evaluated for intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability. RESULTS Our findings showed highly reliable results for mean absolute difference (0.59 and 0.68 unit), relative error measurement (2.66% and 3.08%), technical error of measurement (0.59 and 0.66 unit), relative technical error of measurement (2.71% and 2.96%), and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.98) for intrarater 1 and intrarater 2 reliability; respectively 0.94 unit, 4.06%, 0.89 unit, and 3.94%, as well as 0.97 for interrater reliability; and respectively 0.98 unit, 4.66%, 0.96 unit, and 4.64%, as well as 0.96 for intramethod reliability. CONCLUSIONS This imaging system and the landmark identification protocol are highly reliable. The collected measurements and their errors can be applied for the comparison of reliability among various 3D imaging systems and populations. It could be utilized for planning surgeries and evaluating treatment outcomes for physicians in ophthalmology, plastic and esthetic surgery, and in the maxillofacial field where periocular morphology alterations are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friederike Schaub
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Konrad R Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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JUNQUEIRA-JÚNIOR AA, MAGRI LV, CAZAL MS, MORI AA, RODRIGUES DA SILVA AMB, RODRIGUES DA SILVA MAM. Accuracy evaluation of tridimensional images performed by portable stereophotogrammetric system. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.08919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Human facial characteristics vary according to individual dental occlusion, facial harmony, orofacial musculature and the format and configuration of craniofacial structures. Traditionally, anthropometric measurements have been acquired through direct evaluation of subjects in a clinical environment using calipers and metric tapes to measure distances between arches and landmarks. Scientific breakthroughs have enabled the digitization of data and introduced the possibility of quick, precise, radiation-free acquisitions; details can be archived for future analysis and easily shared with patients and colleagues. Among new facial analysis methods, the stereophotogrammetry technique has emerged, which uses a group of cameras to take many photographs of a subject in rapid succession from multiple angles. Nowadays, portable stereophotogrammetric systems are being proposed, as they are more practical and easier to use. Objective The aim of this work was to analyze the accuracy and reproducibility of a portable 3D stereophotogrammetric system (Vectra H1, Canfield, Fairfield, NJ, USA) in measuring soft facial tissues of 30 participants, defining measures of a cube and comparing these measurements with those obtained by a set 3D stereophotogrammetric system (Vectra M3, Canfield, Fairfield, NJ, USA) with previously validated accuracy and reproducibility through quantitative analysis of possible errors. Material and method Thirty temporary landmarks were used to measure (in mm) 34 distances in 30 participants (n = 30). Regarding the cube, 12 angles and 9 linear distances were evaluated. Result The results obtained by the established methodology indicated that the Vectra H1 portable system has shown accuracy and reproducibility equal to that of the Vectra M3 set system. Conclusion Data analysis and correlation to literature findings show Vectra H1's capability to reliably capture tridimensional images, which makes it practical for use in diverse clinical applications.
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