Facial Anthropometric Proportion of Chinese Han Nationality

Three-dimensional anthropometric study of the facial morphology of black African Senegalese: 3D photogrammetric approach

Introduction

Anthropometric features are important in determining gender and ethnic groups. The aim of this 3D photogrammetric study was to assess the face of Senegalese subjects.

Material and methods

A total of 104 3D facial photographs taken with the Bellus 3D application were studied. Measurements were taken at various anthropometric points using Meshlab software. The acquired data were recorded and processed using Jamovi software version 1.8.4.0. Correlations between the quantitative variables were tested and only one with a significance of p 0.05 was retained.

Results

Overall, measured distances were higher in men. A statistically significant difference between men and women was found for nose width (p0. 001), face width (p < 0.005) and face height (p0. 0002). Conclusion: 3D anthropometric analysis shows a fairly significant sexual dimorphism, with males having greater facial and nasal proportions. A leptoprosopic (long) facial shape and a mesorrhine nose were maintained.

Ocular phenotype related SNP analysis in Southern Han Chinese population from Guangdong province

Ocular phenotype is recognizable among Asians, including eyelid fold, fissure inclination, and canthal index. Here we screened 27 facial phenotype-associated SNPs and reported a preliminary study in 246 Chinese individuals of Han origin in Guangdong province. Results showed that rs17760296 could explain 6.2% of the eyelid fold variation and double eyelids were more likely to appear when one's genotype was TT. With respect to the canthal index, rs4791774 and rs642961 were significantly associated with it. However, no individual SNP was associated with fissure inclination. We further constructed two models to predict eyelid fold and canthal index and evaluated them with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and support vector machine (SVM) regression, respectively. The models showed a moderate-to-high predictive capacity (AUC = 0.75, sensitivity = 76%, and specificity = 72%) for the eyelid fold while a mild performance (R² = 0.1074, MSE = 0.0005, P-value = 0.024) for the canthal index. In conclusion, our study indicates that rs17760296 could be selected into the facial phenotype prediction system for the Southern Han Chinese population. More SNPs are encouraged to improve the prediction accuracy of the canthal index besides rs4791774 and rs642961.

Anthropometric Periocular Soft Tissue Analysis From Preadolescence to Young Adulthood: Photogrammetric Measurements

ABSTRACT

The periocular region has a central role in the prediction of ethnicity, understanding emotional expression, age, and sex. The aim of this study was to determine the sex-related growth changes in the periocular region of Turkish preadolescents, adolescents, and young adults. The study included a total of 234 individuals (preadolescents: 34 females and 40 males; adolescents: 40 females, 40 males, and young adults: 40 males and 40 females). A total of 7 periocular parameters (3 bilateral, 3 unilateral linear, and 1 angular measurement) were analyzed statistically to determine sex-related differences. The palpebral fissure and canthal indexes were also calculated. Of the 14 periocular measurements, 9 were found to be sexually dimorphic in certain age groups (P < 0.05). Right-left palpebral fissure width and left palpebral fissure height were significantly different between young adult males and females (P = 0.018, P = 0.013, and P = 0.027, respectively). A significant sexual dimorphism was observed for outercanthal distance and canthal index in 3 age groups (P < 0.05). The data collected in this study may serve as a sex-dependent database source for the Turkish population during normal growth from preadolescence to young adulthood. The present study results would be useful for planning and designing aesthetic and post-traumatic surgical interventions in the periocular region as well as personal identification in this population.

Three-Dimensional Photogrammetric Study on Age-Related Facial Characteristics in Korean Females

Background

Understanding the age-related morphological changes of facial soft tissue is fundamental in achieving improved outcomes of rejuvenating procedures. Three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry is a reliable and convenient anthropometric tool to assess facial soft tissue.

Objective

The aim of this study was to establish age-related facial soft tissue morphology in Korean adult females using non-invasive 3D photogrammetry.

Methods

One hundred and ninety-two female participants were divided into three groups based on age: the younger group (aged 20~39 years), middle group (40~59 years), and older group (60~79 years). Thirty-six landmarks were identified via 3D photogrammetric scanning (Morpheus 3D, Morpheus Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Korea). Forty-one facial dimensions were analyzed using the imaging software to find significance between the age groups.

Results

Smaller upper-facial volume (p=0.019) and shorter upper-facial height (p=0.034) were observed in the older group than in the younger group. In the mid-face, narrowed palpebral fissure (p<0.001) with elongated upper eyelid height (p<0.001) and widened nose (p<0.001) were observed in the older group compared with the younger group. Longer lower-facial height (p<0.001) with longer and wider philtrum (p<0.001, p=0.004, respectively), shorter lower vermilion height (p<0.001), wider mouth width (p<0.001), and smaller lower vermilion angle (p<0.001) were seen in the older group when compared with the younger group. Moreover, greater angles of nasofrontal, nasomental, and labiomental angle (p=0.015, p=0.015, p=0.080, respectively), and smaller nasofacial angle (p=0.034) were observed in the older group than in the younger group.

Conclusion

Our results provide clues of aging-related facial morphological characteristics in Korean female population.

Workflow and Strategies for Recruitment and Retention in Longitudinal 3D Craniofacial Imaging Study

Longitudinal epidemiological studies are considered the gold standard for understanding craniofacial morphologic development, but participant recruitment and retention can be challenging. This study describes strategies used to recruit and maintain a high level of participation in a longitudinal study involving annual three-dimensional (3D) craniofacial soft-tissue imaging from healthy Taiwanese Chinese elementary school students aged 6 to 12 years. The key aspects for project delineation, implementation, and the initial three-year practical experiment are portrayed in an integrated multistep workflow: ethics- and grant-related issues; contact, approval, and engagement from partners of the project (school stakeholders and parents); a didactic approach to recruit the students; research staff composition with task design; three station-based data collection days with two educative activities (oral hygiene and psychosocial interaction stations) and one 3D craniofacial imaging activity; and reinforcement tactics to sustain the longitudinal annual participation after the first enrollment. Randomly selected students and teachers answered an experience satisfaction questionnaire (five-point Likert scale ranging from one to five) designed to assist in understanding what they think about the data collection day. Measures of frequency (percentage) and central tendency (mean) were adopted for descriptive analysis. Six of seven contacted schools accepted participation in the project. All parents who attended the explanatory meetings agreed to join the project. A cohort of 676 students (336 girls) participated at baseline enrollment, with a follow-up rate of 96% in the second data collection. The average questionnaire-related scores were 4.2 ± 0.7 and 4.4 ± 0.6 for teachers and students, respectively. These 3D craniofacial norms will benefit multidisciplinary teams managing cleft-craniofacial deformities in the globally distributed ethnic Chinese population, particularly useful for phenotypic variation characterization, conducting quantitative morphologic comparisons, and therapeutic planning and outcome assessment. The described pathway model will assist other groups to establish their own age-, sex-, and ethnic-specific normative databases.