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Muñoz G, Brito L, Olate S. Photographic Parameters in Three-Dimensional Facial Image Acquisition. A Scoping Review. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:e376-e380. [PMID: 38722365 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orthognathic surgery is a viable and reproducible treatment for facial deformities. Despite the precision of the skeletal planning of surgical procedures, there is little information about the relations between hard and soft tissues in three-dimensional (3D) analysis, resulting in unpredictable soft tissue outcomes. Three-dimensional photography is a viable tool for soft tissue analysis because it is easy to use, has wide availability, low cost, and is harmless. This review aims to establish parameters for acquiring consistent and reproducible 3D facial images. METHODS A scoping review was conducted across PubMed, SCOPUS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Web of Science databases, adhering to "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews" guidelines. Articles presenting 3D facial photographs in the diagnostic phase were considered. RESULTS A total of 79 articles were identified, of which 29 were selected for analysis. CONCLUSION The predominant use of automated systems like 3dMD and VECTRA M3 was noted. User positioning has highest agreement among authors. Noteworthy aspects include the importance of proper lighting, facial expression, and dental positioning, with observed discrepancies and inconsistencies among authors. Finally, the authors proposed a 3D image acquisition protocol based on this research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Muñoz
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, School of medicine, Universidad de La Frontera
- CEMyQ, Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera
| | - Leonardo Brito
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, School of medicine, Universidad de La Frontera
- Undergraduate Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera
- Research Group (GIPO), Faculty of Health Sciences (FACSA), Universidad Autónoma de Chile
| | - Sergio Olate
- CEMyQ, Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera
- Division of Oral, Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Araucania, Chile
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Hussein MO. Photogrammetry technology in implant dentistry: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:318-326. [PMID: 34801243 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Photogrammetry technology may be useful in implant dentistry, but a systematic review is lacking and is indicated before routine use in clinical practice. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the role of the photogrammetry technology used in implant dentistry and determine its validity as an accurate tool with clinical applications. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four major databases, PubMed MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, were selected to retrieve articles published from January 2011 to February 2021 based on custom criteria. The search was augmented by a manual search. After screening of the collected articles, data, including study design and setting, type of application, digitizer used, reference body, method of evaluation, and overall outcomes, were extracted. RESULTS Twenty articles were included based on the selection criteria. Most of the articles confirmed that the use of photogrammetry was promising as an implant coordinate transfer system. However, few articles showed its use for 3-dimensional scanning, which might require more development. CONCLUSIONS The initial reports of using photogrammetry technology considered this method as a valid and reliable clinical tool in implant dentistry. More studies to develop the photogrammetry technology and to assess the results with evidence-based research are recommended to enhance its application in different clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Omran Hussein
- Associate Professor of Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry in Ar Rass, Qassim University, El-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
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Ficarella E, Natalicchio A, Spina R, Galantucci LM. Technological scouting of bi-material face masks: simulation of adherence using 3D Facial Norms. PROCEDIA CIRP 2022; 110:259-264. [PMID: 35822104 PMCID: PMC9264978 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2022.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic started in March 2020, the need for personal protective equipment rapidly grew as it became mandatory. The availability of a set of faces can be of great utility in designing a face mask with proper adherence and comfortability in wearing and breathing. A 3D geometry of a face with user-defined anthropometric measures was generated with Blender, a powerful development tool for creating 3D images. Using 3D Facial Norms, a free online database, it was possible to compute the mean anthropometric measures for the age groups of 17-20, 20-30, and 30-40 years old and then generate the respective faces for both genders. The adherence of an innovative face mask was then simulated with the reverse engineering software considering both the face mask and the faces rigid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ficarella
- Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Spina
- Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Ficarella E, Natalicchio A, Spina R, Galantucci LM. Technological scouting of bi-material face masks: experimental analysis on real faces. PROCEDIA CIRP 2022; 110:354-359. [PMID: 35822103 PMCID: PMC9264979 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2022.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The need for personal protective equipment rapidly grew during the COVID-19. Companies had to face problems related to their products' sustainability, adherence, and comfortability. Designing a face mask with proper adherence and comfortability in wearing and breathing became a matter of great importance. In this work, the adherence of an innovative face mask and its comfortability were experimentally tested with real faces, considering the deformation of the mask and the soft facial tissues. A stereophotogrammetric acquisition was made of the face with the face mask during these tests. A comparison between the geometries of the face and the mask, undeformed and deformed, gave the respective deformations. The force applied by the mask to the face was calculated, measuring the elastic strain of the mask bands during wearing and the deformation.
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Menéndez López-Mateos ML, Carreño-Carreño J, Palma JC, Alarcón JA, Menéndez López-Mateos C, Menéndez-Núñez M. Three-dimensional photographic analysis of the face in European adults from southern Spain with normal occlusion: reference anthropometric measurements. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:196. [PMID: 31462244 PMCID: PMC6714104 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent non-invasive 3D photography method has been applied to facial analysis, offering numerous advantages in orthodontic. The purpose of this study was to analyze the faces of a sample of healthy European adults from southern Spain with normal occlusion in order to establish reference facial soft tissue anthropometric parameters in this specific geographic-ethnic population, as well as to analyze sexual dimorphism. Methods A sample of 100 healthy adult volunteers consisting of 50 women (mean age, 22.92 ± 1.56 years) and 50 men (mean age, 22.37 ± 2.12 years) were enrolled in this study. All participants had normal occlusion, skeletal Class I, mesofacial pattern, and healthy body mass index. Three-dimensional photographs of the faces were captured non-invasively using Planmeca ProMax 3D ProFace®. Thirty landmarks related to the face, eyes, nose, and orolabial and chin areas were identified. Results Male displayed higher values in all vertical and transversal dimensions, with the exception of the lower lip height. Larger differences between sexes were observed in face, mandible, and nose. Male also had higher values in the angular measurements which referred to the nose. No sex differences were found in transverse upper lip prominence or transverse mandibular prominence. No differences were found in the ratio measurements, with the exception of intercantal width/nasal width, which was higher in women than in men. Conclusions Reference anthropometric measurements of facial soft tissues have been established in European adults from southern Spain with normal occlusion. Significant sexual dimorphism was found, with remarkable differences in size between sexes Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12903-019-0898-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Menéndez López-Mateos
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Odontology, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | | | - J C Palma
- Department of Stomatology IV, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Alarcón
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Odontology, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - C Menéndez López-Mateos
- Department of Stomatology IV, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Menéndez-Núñez
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Odontology, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Santoro V, Lubelli S, De Donno A, Inchingolo A, Lavecchia F, Introna F. Photogrammetric 3D skull/photo superimposition: A pilot study. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 273:168-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Noninvasive computerized scanning method for the correlation between the facial soft and hard tissues for an integrated three-dimensional anthropometry and cephalometry. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 24:797-804. [PMID: 23714883 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e31828dcc81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The article describes a new methodology to scan and integrate facial soft tissue surface with dental hard tissue models in a three-dimensional (3D) virtual environment, for a novel diagnostic approach.The facial and the dental scans can be acquired using any optical scanning systems: the models are then aligned and integrated to obtain a full virtual navigable representation of the head of the patient. METHODS In this article, we report in detail and further implemented a method for integrating 3D digital cast models into a 3D facial image, to visualize the anatomic position of the dentition. This system uses several 3D technologies to scan and digitize, integrating them with traditional dentistry records. The acquisitions were mainly performed using photogrammetric scanners, suitable for clinics or hospitals, able to obtain high mesh resolution and optimal surface texture for the photorealistic rendering of the face. To increase the quality and the resolution of the photogrammetric scanning of the dental elements, the authors propose a new technique to enhance the texture of the dental surface. RESULTS Three examples of the application of the proposed procedure are reported in this article, using first laser scanning and photogrammetry and then only photogrammetry. Using cheek retractors, it is possible to scan directly a great number of dental elements. The final results are good navigable 3D models that integrate facial soft tissue and dental hard tissues. The method is characterized by the complete absence of ionizing radiation, portability and simplicity, fast acquisition, easy alignment of the 3D models, and wide angle of view of the scanner. CONCLUSIONS This method is completely noninvasive and can be repeated any time the physician needs new clinical records. The 3D virtual model is a precise representation both of the soft and the hard tissue scanned, and it is possible to make any dimensional measure directly in the virtual space, for a full integrated 3D anthropometry and cephalometry. Moreover, the authors propose a method completely based on close-range photogrammetric scanning, able to detect facial and dental surfaces, and reducing the time, the complexity, and the cost of the scanning operations and the numerical elaboration.
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A Low-cost Multi Camera 3D Scanning System for Quality Measurement of Non-static Subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Agustín-Panadero R, Bagán L, Giménez B, Peñarrocha M. Impression of multiple implants using photogrammetry: description of technique and case presentation. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2014; 19:e366-71. [PMID: 24608216 PMCID: PMC4119312 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.19365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To describe a technique for registering the positions of multiple dental implants using a system based on photogrammetry. A case is presented in which a prosthetic treatment was performed using this technique.
Study Design: Three Euroteknika® dental implants were placed to rehabilitate a 55-year-old male patient with right posterior maxillary edentulism. Three months later, the positions of the implants were registered using a photogrammetry-based stereo-camera (PICcamera®). After processing patient and implant data, special abutments (PICabutment®) were screwed onto each implant. The PICcamera® was then used to capture images of the implant positions, automatically taking 150 images in less than 60 seconds. From this information a file was obtained describing the relative positions – angles and distances – of each implant in vector form. Information regarding the soft tissues was obtained from an alginate impression that was cast in plaster and scanned. A Cr-Co structure was obtained using CAD/CAM, and its passive fit was verified in the patient’s mouth using the Sheffield test and the screw resistance test.
Results and Conclusions: Twelve months after loading, peri-implant tissues were healthy and no marginal bone loss was observed.
The clinical application of this new system using photogrammetry to record the position of multiple dental implants facilitated the rehabilitation of a patient with posterior maxillary edentulism by means of a prosthesis with optimal fit. The prosthetic process was accurate, fast, simple to apply and comfortable for the patient.
Key words:Dental implants, photogrammetry, dental impression technique, CAD/CAM.
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Galantucci LM, Di Gioia E, Lavecchia F, Percoco G. Is principal component analysis an effective tool to predict face attractiveness? A contribution based on real 3D faces of highly selected attractive women, scanned with stereophotogrammetry. Med Biol Eng Comput 2014; 52:475-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-014-1148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Deli R, Galantucci LM, Laino A, D'Alessio R, Di Gioia E, Savastano C, Lavecchia F, Percoco G. Three-dimensional methodology for photogrammetric acquisition of the soft tissues of the face: a new clinical-instrumental protocol. Prog Orthod 2013; 14:32. [PMID: 24325783 PMCID: PMC4384937 DOI: 10.1186/2196-1042-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study is to define an acquisition protocol that is clear, precise, repeatable, simple, fast and that is useful for analysis of the anthropometric characteristics of the soft tissue of the face. Methods The analysis was carried out according to a new clinical-instrumental protocol that comprises four distinct phases: (1) setup of portable equipment in the space in which field analysis will be performed, (2) preparation of the subject and spatial positioning, (3) scanning of the subject with different facial expressions, and (4) treatment and processing of data. The protocol was tested on a sample comprising 66 female subjects (64 Caucasian, 1 Ethiopian, and 1 Brazilian) who were the finalists of an Italian national beauty contest in 2010. To illustrate the potential of the method, we report here the measurements and full analysis that were carried out on the facial model of one of the subjects who was scanned. Results This new protocol for the acquisition of faces is shown to be fast (phase 1, about 1 h; phase 2, about 1.5 min; phase 3, about 1.5 min; phase 4, about 15 min), simple (phases 1 to 3 requiring a short operator training period; only phase 4 requires expert operators), repeatable (with direct palpation of anatomical landmarks and marking of their positions on the face, the problem of identification of these same landmarks on the digital model is solved), reliable and precise (average precision of measurements, 0.5 to 0.6 mm over the entire surface of the face). Conclusions This standardization allows the mapping of the subjects to be carried out following the same conditions in a reliable and fast process for all of the subjects scanned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Deli
- Studio Associato di Odontoiatria dei Dottori Di Gioia, Bari 70122, Italy.
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Galantucci LM, Percoco G, Lavecchia F. A New Three-Dimensional Photogrammetric Face Scanner for the Morpho-Biometric 3D Feature Extraction Applied to a Massive Field Analysis of Italian Attractive Women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2013.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sepehr A, Mathew PJ, Pepper JP, Karimi K, Devcic Z, Karam AM. The Persian woman's face: a photogrammetric analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2012; 36:687-91. [PMID: 22350308 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-012-9870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to establish normative quantitative anthropometric measurements of the Persian woman's face and assess differences from established North American White women's measurements. METHODS Standard photographs (frontal, left lateral, and base views) of 107 Persian women volunteers (both parents of Persian ancestry) between the ages of 18 and 40 were digitally acquired. Twenty-six standard anthropometric measurements were obtained using Adobe Photoshop. The results were compared with those previously published for North American White women using an unpaired t test with differences being considered significant if p<0.05. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was found between Persian women and North American White women in 18 of 26 anthropometric measurements. CONCLUSION The anthropometric differences between Persian women and North American White women reflect fundamental differences in the osseochondrous scaffold and soft tissue covering of the face. These differences partially account for the disharmony and loss of ethnic identity that occurs when surgery is planned using classical canons. For patients wishing to maintain their ethnic features following aesthetic surgery, access to ethnicity-specific normative anthropometric data will help guide the surgeon to achieve this goal. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors at www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehr
- Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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