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Porto Junior S, Meira DA, da Cunha BLB, Fontes J, Pustilnik HN, da Silva da Paz MG, Araujo TB, Alcântara T, Dourado JC, de Avellar LM. Endoscopic surgery for craniosynostosis: A systematic review and single-arm meta analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 242:108296. [PMID: 38749357 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis, a developmental craniofacial anomaly, can impair brain development and cause abnormal skull shape due to premature closure of one or more cranial sutures. Traditional surgical treatments have evolved from open operations to minimally invasive endoscopic techniques. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the endoscopic approach in craniosynostosis correction. METHODS Adhering to Cochrane Group standards and the PRISMA framework, this review utilized databases like PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, focusing on clinical and surgical outcomes of endoscopic craniosynostosis operations up to December 2023. Inclusion criteria emphasized studies with at least five patients undergoing endoscopic procedures, while exclusion criteria involved non-English papers, incomplete texts, and overlapping data. Statistical analysis used R software with various packages, and methodological bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I framework. RESULTS The review included 30 studies (4 prospective, 26 retrospective) with 2561 patients. The median age at operation was 3.20 months. Findings showed a mean operative time of 68.06 min, median hospital stay of 1.28 days, and mean blood loss of 29.89 ml. Blood transfusion was required in 9.97% of cases. Helmet therapy post-operation was common, with a median duration of 9 months. The rate of postoperative complications was 1.86%, and the reoperation rate was 3.07%. No procedure-related mortality was observed. The study noted substantial variations in the handling of craniosynostosis and a lack of consensus on the optimal timing and surgical approach. CONCLUSION Endoscopic techniques for craniosynostosis repair demonstrate safety and effectiveness, characterized by low complication risks and favorable surgical outcomes. However, due to the limitations of observational studies and inherent heterogeneity, further comprehensive and controlled trials are needed to validate these findings and understand the long-term outcomes of the endoscopic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Porto Junior
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Dom João VI Avenue, 275, Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Davi Amorim Meira
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Dom João VI Avenue, 275, Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Jefferson Fontes
- Metropolitan Union of Education and Culture, Luiz Tarquinio Pontes Avenue, 600, Fazenda Pitangueira, Lauro de Freitas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hugo Nunes Pustilnik
- University of Salvador, Dr. José Peroba Street, 251, Stiep, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Matheus Gomes da Silva da Paz
- General Hospital Roberto Santos, Neurosurgery Department, Direta do Saboeiro Street, s/n, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Taiane Brito Araujo
- General Hospital Roberto Santos, Neurosurgery Department, Direta do Saboeiro Street, s/n, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tancredo Alcântara
- General Hospital Roberto Santos, Neurosurgery Department, Direta do Saboeiro Street, s/n, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; NICC - Núcleo Integrado do Cérebro e Coluna, Pediatric Neurosurgery Department, Av. Juracy Magalhães Junior, 2096, Rio Vermelho, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jules Carlos Dourado
- General Hospital Roberto Santos, Neurosurgery Department, Direta do Saboeiro Street, s/n, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; NICC - Núcleo Integrado do Cérebro e Coluna, Neurosurgery Department, Av. Juracy Magalhães Junior, 2096, Rio Vermelho, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Miranda de Avellar
- General Hospital Roberto Santos, Neurosurgery Department, Direta do Saboeiro Street, s/n, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Choudhary A, Edgar M, Raman S, Alkureishi LW, Purnell CA. Craniometric and Aesthetic Outcomes in Craniosynostosis Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023:10556656231204506. [PMID: 37859464 DOI: 10.1177/10556656231204506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the published comparative aesthetic outcomes, and its determinants, for craniosynostoses surgically treated by minimally-invasive cranial procedures and open cranial vault remodeling (CVR). DESIGN PRISMA-compliant systematic review. SETTING Not-applicable. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS Articles were included if they compared spring cranioplasty, strip minimally-invasive craniectomy or CVR for outcomes related to aesthetics or head shape. Forty-two studies were included, comprising 2402 patients. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The craniometric and PROM used to determine surgical outcomes. RESULTS Twenty-five studies (59%) evaluated sagittal craniosynostosis, with metopic (7;17%) and unicoronal (4;10%) the next most prevalent. Thirty-eight studies (90%) included CVR, 24 (57%) included strip craniectomy with helmeting, 9 (22%) included strip craniectomy without helmeting, 11 (26%) included spring cranioplasty, and 3 (7%) included vault distraction. A majority of studies only used 1 (43%) or 2 (14%) craniometric measures to compare techniques. In sagittal synostosis, 13 (59%) studies showed no difference in craniometric outcomes, 5 (23%) showed better results with CVR, 3 (14%) with strip craniectomy, and 1 (5%) with springs. In studies describing other synostoses, 10/14 (71%) were equivocal. Subjective outcome measures followed similar trends. Meta-analysis shows no significant difference in cranial index (CI) outcomes between CVR and less invasive procedures in patients with sagittal synostosis. CONCLUSIONS There is no difference in CI outcomes between CVR and less invasive procedures. The majority of literature comparing craniometric and aesthetic outcomes between CVR and less invasive procedures shows equivocal results for sagittal synostosis. However, the heterogeneity of data for other craniosynostoses did not allow meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Choudhary
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Edgar
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shreya Raman
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lee W Alkureishi
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shriners Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chad A Purnell
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shriners Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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Chiang SN, Peterson EC, Lauzier DC, McEvoy SD, Skolnick GB, Naidoo SD, Smyth MD, Patel KB. Impact of age at endoscopic metopic synostosis repair on anthropometric outcomes. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2022; 30:595-601. [PMID: 36577049 DOI: 10.3171/2022.8.peds22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endoscopic strip craniectomy for metopic craniosynostosis relies on rapid growth and postoperative helmeting for correction. Endoscopic repair is generally performed before patients reach 4 months of age, and outcomes in older patients have yet to be quantified. Here, the authors examined a cohort of patients treated with endoscopic repair before or after 4 months of age to determine aesthetic outcomes of delayed repairs. METHODS Data from eligible patients were retrospectively assessed and aggregated in a dedicated metopic synostosis database. Inclusion criteria were radiographically confirmed metopic synostosis and endoscopic treatment. Patients were dichotomized into two groups: those younger than 4 months and those 4 months or older at the time of repair. The frontal width and interfrontal divergence angle (IFDA) were measured on reconstructed CT images. These measurements, alongside operative time, estimated blood loss, and transfusion rates, were compared between groups using the Student t-test or chi-square test. RESULTS The study population comprised 28 patients treated before 4 months of age and 8 patients treated at 4-6 months of age. Patient sex and perioperative complications did not differ by age group. Older age at repair was not significantly associated with 1-year postoperative IFDA (140° ± 4.2° vs 142° ± 5.0°, p = 0.28) or frontal width (84 ± 5.2 vs 83 ± 4.4 mm, p = 0.47). CONCLUSIONS One-year postoperative IFDA and frontal width do not differ significantly between patients treated before and after 4 months of age. Further study with longer follow-up is necessary to confirm the longevity of these results at skeletal maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Chiang
- 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Erin C Peterson
- 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - David C Lauzier
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery; and
- 3Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Gary B Skolnick
- 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Sybill D Naidoo
- 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Kamlesh B Patel
- 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery
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4
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Elawadly A, Smith L, Borghi A, Abdelaziz KI, Silva AHD, Dunaway DJ, Jeelani NUO, Ong J, James G. Correction of trigonocephaly after endoscopic strip craniectomy with postoperative helmet orthosis therapy: a 3D stereophotogrammetric study. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2022; 30:68-77. [PMID: 35364591 DOI: 10.3171/2022.2.peds21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endoscopic strip craniectomy with postoperative helmet orthosis therapy (ESCH) has emerged as a less invasive alternative to fronto-orbital remodeling for correction of trigonocephaly. However, there is no standardized objective method for monitoring morphological changes following ESCH. Such a method should be reproducible and avoid the use of ionizing radiation and general anesthesia for diagnostic imaging. The authors analyzed a number of metrics measured using 3D stereophotogrammetry (3DSPG) following ESCH, an imaging alternative that is free of ionizing radiation and can be performed on awake children. METHODS 3DSPG images obtained at two time points (perisurgical and 1-year follow-up [FU]) of children with metopic synostosis who had undergone ESCH were analyzed and compared to 3DSPG images of age-matched control children without craniofacial anomalies. In total, 9 parameters were measured, the frontal angle and anteroposterior volume in addition to 7 novel parameters: anteroposterior area ratio, anteroposterior width ratios 1 and 2, and right and left anteroposterior diagonal ratios 30 and 60. RESULTS Six eligible patients were identified in the operated group, and 15 children were in the control group. All 9 parameters differed significantly between perisurgical and age-matched controls, as well as from perisurgical to FU scans. Comparison of FU scans of metopic synostosis patients who underwent surgery to scans of age-matched controls without metopic synostosis revealed that all parameters were statistically identical, with the exception of the right anteroposterior diagonal ratio 30, which was not fully corrected in the treated patients. The left anterior part of the head showed the most change in surface area maps. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, ESCH showed satisfactory results at 1 year, with improvements in all measured parameters compared to perisurgical results and normalization of 8 of 9 parameters compared to an age-matched control group. The results indicate that these parameters may be useful for craniofacial units for monitoring changes in head shape after ESCH for trigonocephaly and that 3DSPG, which avoids the use of anesthesia and ionizing radiation, is a satisfactory monitoring method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elawadly
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
- 3Neurosurgery Department, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Smith
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adikarige Haritha Dulanka Silva
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Dunaway
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Noor Ul Owase Jeelani
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juling Ong
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Greg James
- 1Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
- 2Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Hayek GM, Jimenez DF, Yates DM. Management of Unicoronal and Metopic Synostoses: Minimally Invasive Approaches. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2022; 34:381-394. [PMID: 35787823 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early endoscopic-assisted correction of unicoronal and metopic synostosis is an excellent, safe, cost-effective, and highly effective option for affected patients. Although open calvarial remodeling has a place in the armamentarium of the craniofacial team, the skull base changes seen in endoscopic-assisted techniques are unparalleled. The procedures are associated with low morbidity and no mortality. There is minimal blood loss, decreased operating time, significantly reduced blood transfusion rates, decreased hospitalization length, decreased cost, and less pain and swelling. Early diagnosis and referral for surgical evaluation are critical to obtaining these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Hayek
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - David F Jimenez
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, El Paso Children's Hospital, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - David M Yates
- Division of Cleft and Craniofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, El Paso Children's Hospital, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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6
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Sakar M, Haidar H, Sönmez Ö, Erdoğan O, Saçak B, Bayri Y, Dağçınar A. A new method for quantification of frontal retrusion and complex skull shape in metopic craniosynostosis: a pilot study of a new outcome measure for endoscopic strip craniectomy. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35276659 DOI: 10.3171/2022.1.peds21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to propose a new skull outline-based method to objectively quantify complex 3D skull shapes and frontal and supraorbital retrusion in metopic craniosynostosis using 3D photogrammetry. METHODS A standard section from 3D photogrammetry, which represents the trigonocephalic shape, was used in this study. From the midpoint of the area of this section, half diagonals were calculated to the skull outline at 5° increments in the anterior half of the head. These half diagonals were used to create a sinusoidal curve, and the area under the sinusoidal curve (AUC) was used to represent the mathematical expression of the trigonocephalic head shape. The AUC from 0° to 180° (90° from the midline to each side) was calculated and is referred to as AUC0→180. The AUC from 60° to 120° (30° from the midline to each side) was also calculated and is referred to as AUC60→120. A total of 24 patients who underwent endoscopic strip craniectomy and 13 age- and sex-matched controls were included in the study. The AUC values obtained in patients at different time points and controls were analyzed. RESULTS The mean preoperative AUC60→120 and AUC0→180 in the patients were significantly lower than those in control individuals. The increase in both AUC60→120 and AUC0→180 values is statistically significant at the discontinuation of helmet therapy and at final follow-up. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that AUC60→120 is a more accurate classifier than AUC0→180. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method objectively quantifies complex head shape and frontal retrusion in patients with metopic craniosynostosis and provides a quantitative measure for follow-up after surgical treatment. It avoids ionizing radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Sakar
- 1Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey.,2Marmara University, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hassan Haidar
- 3Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; and
| | - Özcan Sönmez
- 1Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Erdoğan
- 1Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Saçak
- 4Marmara University, School of Medicine, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Bayri
- 1Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey.,2Marmara University, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adnan Dağçınar
- 1Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey.,2Marmara University, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Superior Long-term Appearance of Strip Craniectomy Compared with Cranial Vault Reconstruction in Metopic Craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2022; 10:e4097. [PMID: 35169528 PMCID: PMC8830858 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Strip craniectomy with orthotic helmet therapy (SCOT) is an increasingly supported treatment for metopic craniosynostosis, although the long-term efficacy of deformity correction remains poorly defined. We compared the longterm outcomes of SCOT versus open cranial vault reconstruction (OCVR). Methods: Patients who underwent OCVR or SCOT for isolated metopic synostosis with at least 3 years of follow-up were identified at our institution. Anthropometric measurements were used to assess baseline severity and postoperative skull morphology. Independent laypersons and craniofacial surgeons rated the appearance of each patient’s 3D photographs, compared to normal controls. Results: Thirty-five patients were included (15 SCOT and 20 OCVR), with similar follow-up between groups (SCOT 7.9 ± 3.2 years, OCVR 9.2 ± 4.1 years). Baseline severity and postoperative anthropometric measurements were equivalent. Independent adolescent raters reported that the forehead, eye, and overall appearance of SCOT patients was better than OCVR patients (P < 0.05, all comparisons). Craniofacial surgeons assigned Whitaker class I to a greater proportion of SCOT patients with moderate-to-severe synostosis (72.2 ± 5.6%) compared with OCVR patients with the same severity (33.3 ± 9.2%, P = 0.02). Parents of children who underwent SCOT reported equivalent satisfaction with the results of surgery (100% versus 95%, P > 0.99), and were no more likely to report bullying (7% versus 15%, P = 0.82). Conclusions: SCOT was associated with superior long-term appearance and perioperative outcomes compared with OCVR. These findings suggest that SCOT should be the treatment of choice for patients with a timely diagnosis of metopic craniosynostosis.
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Sood S, Marupudi N, Reisen B, Rozzelle A. Endoscopy in craniosynostosis surgery: Evolution and current trends. J Pediatr Neurosci 2022; 17:S44-S53. [DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_47_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Correction of Metopic Craniosynostosis Using Limited Incision Strip Craniectomy Versus Open Fronto-Orbital Reconstruction: An Assessment of Aesthetic Outcomes. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2768-2770. [PMID: 34727476 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metopic craniosynostosis is traditionally repaired with fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) or, alternatively, limited short scar strip craniectomy (LSSSC) followed by helmet therapy. There is controversy among surgeons regarding resultant head shape outcomes between the 2 methods. This study aims to assess how surgeons perceive the postoperative aesthetic results of the 2 metopic craniosynostosis repair methods. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on 13 (n = 6 LSSSC; n = 7 FOA) patients who presented for surgical correction of isolated metopic craniosynostosis via either LSSSC (followed by helmet therapy) or FOA. Clinical photographs at 1 year postop were shown to 10 craniofacial surgeons who rated the aesthetic outcomes on a Likert scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent) and guessed which surgical method was performed. RESULTS Mean age at the time of the procedure was younger in LSSSC than FOA (3.1 ± 1.0 versus 17.5 ± 8.5 months; P < 0.001). Mean blood loss was significantly lower with LSSSC versus FOA (202.0 ± 361.2 versus 371.43 ± 122.9 mL; P < 0.001), as was mean blood transfusion requirement (92.5 ± 49.9 versus 151.3 ± 51.2 mL; P < 0.001) and mean duration of the operation (3:06 ± 0:24 versus 7:53 ± 0:31 hours; P < 0.001). Mean surgeon scores of aesthetic outcomes were similar between groups: LSSSC, 3.27 ± 1.09; FOA, 3.51 ± 0.95 (P = 0.171). When asked to identify which procedure patients had received, only 63.8% of responses were correct. CONCLUSIONS Limited short scar strip craniectomy offers an important alternative to traditional open FOA and should be considered as an option for children diagnosed with metopic craniosynostosis.
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Modified Cephalic Index Measured at Superior Levels of the Cranium Revealed Improved Correction With Helmet Therapy for Patients With Sagittal Suture Craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:e88-e92. [PMID: 34387265 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Historically, studies have shown that cranial remolding therapy improves surgical correction and protects against regression for patients with sagittal suture craniosynostosis. This study aimed to define the most responsive cranial height for measuring cephalic index (CI) following cranial remolding therapy for infants with sagittal suture craniosynostosis. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective analysis of data between January 2018 and August 2019. The outcomes measured were CI-3 (level of glabella) through CI-7 (superior to eurions), where each value was defined as the width at levels 3 through 7 divided by the length at level 3. Differences between baseline- and post-treatment measurements were assessed using a 5 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Data from thirty-four patients (19 males, 15 females, and mean age 2.79 months) were analyzed. Mean treatment duration was 4.59 ± 1.86 months. There was a significant increase between baseline and posttreatment measurements (baseline: 72.60% ± 0.70%, post: 76.30% ± 0.80%; F1,33 = 27.74, P < 0.001). The interaction effect for CI level * baseline-post was also significant (F1.43,47.16 = 6.75, P = 0.006). Post hoc analyses revealed the posttreatment measures were significantly greater than baseline measures at every CI level. The magnitude of the measured differences systematically decreased from CI-7 to CI-3, with a greater effect size at the most superior level (ie CI-7) of 0.961 compared to 0.778 at the traditional level (ie CI-3). CONCLUSIONS The CI measurement at level 7 demonstrated the greatest responsiveness to treatment, whereas the traditional CI measurement taken at level 3, the current standard, proved the least responsive.
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11
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Hersh DS, Lambert WA, Bookland MJ, Martin JE. Minimally invasive strip craniectomy for metopic craniosynostosis using a lighted retractor. NEUROSURGICAL FOCUS: VIDEO 2021; 4:V5. [PMID: 36284843 PMCID: PMC9542507 DOI: 10.3171/2021.1.focvid20123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surgical options for metopic craniosynostosis include the traditional open approach or a minimally invasive approach that typically involves an endoscopy-assisted strip craniectomy. The minimally invasive approach has been associated with less blood loss and operative time, a lower transfusion rate, and a shorter length of stay. Additionally, it is more cost-effective than open reconstruction, despite the need for a postoperative cranial orthosis and multiple follow-up visits. The authors describe a variation of the minimally invasive approach using a lighted retractor to perform a strip craniectomy of the metopic suture in a 2-month-old patient with metopic craniosynostosis. The video can be found here: https://vimeo.com/511237503.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Hersh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Connecticut Children's, Hartford
- Pediatrics, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington; and
| | | | - Markus J. Bookland
- Division of Neurosurgery, Connecticut Children's, Hartford
- Pediatrics, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington; and
| | - Jonathan E. Martin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Connecticut Children's, Hartford
- Departments of Surgery and
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12
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Lajthia O, Rogers GF, Tsering D, Keating RF, Magge SN. Quantitative outcomes of endoscopic strip craniectomy for metopic craniosynostosis in children with severe trigonocephaly. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:573-579. [PMID: 32812117 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess intermediate-term (> 3 years) outcomes of endoscopic strip craniectomy with postoperative helmet therapy (ESC + HT) for the treatment of infants with severe trigonocephaly. METHODS This retrospective study examined cranial morphology of consecutive patients with severe trigonocephaly treated with minimally invasive ESC + HT. Preoperative and follow-up clinical parameters were collected from patient charts. Interfrontal divergence angle (IFDA), a validated and accurate measure of forehead narrowing, was measured on preoperative CT scans and on preoperative and postoperative 2D photographs. RESULTS Seven patients (4 male, 3 female) were included with a mean age at surgery of 2.76 months (range 1.8 to 4.1 months) and mean clinical follow-up of 3.71 years (photographic follow-up 2.73 years). The mean operative time was 91.4 min, with a mean estimated blood loss (EBL) of 57.1 ml and mean hospital length of stay of 1.14 days. IFDA improved from 118.8° to 135.9° (p < 0.01), with the mean final measurement falling within normal limits. The head circumference percentile was not significantly changed in follow-up. There was a statistically significant improvement in the inner-to-outer canthal distance ratio (p = 0.01) in follow-up, showing an improvement in hypotelorism. There were no dural tears, CSF leaks, infections, or other significant surgical morbidities, and there were no serious complications related to the use of helmet therapy. All patients achieved excellent aesthetic results judged by photographic comparison. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that patients treated with ESC + HT for metopic craniosynostosis showed measurable and significant improvement in forehead shape. This technique is a safe and effective alternative to more invasive surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orgest Lajthia
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's National Hospital, 4th Floor, Suite 100, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gary F Rogers
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deki Tsering
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's National Hospital, 4th Floor, Suite 100, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Robert F Keating
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's National Hospital, 4th Floor, Suite 100, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Suresh N Magge
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's National Hospital, 4th Floor, Suite 100, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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13
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Pressler MP, Hallac RR, Geisler EL, Seaward JR, Kane AA. Comparison of Head Shape Outcomes in Metopic Synostosis Using Limited Strip Craniectomy and Open Vault Reconstruction Techniques. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 58:669-677. [PMID: 33153285 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620969294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Metopic craniosynostosis (MCS), with its trigonocephalic head shape, is often treated with either limited incision strip craniectomy (LISC) followed by helmet orthotic treatment, or open cranial vault reconstruction techniques (OCVR). There is controversy regarding resultant shape outcomes among craniofacial surgeons. Those adverse to LISC claim normal head shape is never attained, while proponents believe there is gradual correction to an equivalent outcome. This study aims to quantitate, over time, the three-dimensional (3D) head shapes in patients who have undergone LISC or OCVR intervention for MCS. METHODS Sixty-three 3D images of 26 patients with MCS were analyzed retrospectively. Head shape analyses were performed at: (1) preoperative, (2) 1-month postoperative, (3) 10 to 14 months postoperative (1 year), and (4) 2 years postoperative. Composite 3D head shapes of patients were compared at each time point. Two-dimensional (2D) standardized cross sections of the forehead were also compared. RESULTS Composite head shapes for both groups were nested, to allow visual comparison as the child's forehead grows and expands. The difference between LISC and OCVR 2D cross sections was calculated; 108.26 mm preoperatively, 127.18 mm after 1-month postoperative, 51.05 mm after 10 to 14 months postoperative, and 27.03 mm after 2 years postoperative. CONCLUSIONS This study found excellent head shape outcomes for both the LISC and OCVR techniques at 2 years of age. It also corroborates the slow and progressive improvement in head shape with the LISC technique. This study highlights the advantages of 3D photography for measurement of contour outcomes, utilizing both 2D vector and 3D whole head analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Philip Pressler
- Department of Plastic Surgery, 89063UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.,Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, 2755Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rami R Hallac
- Department of Plastic Surgery, 89063UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.,Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, 2755Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Emily L Geisler
- Department of Plastic Surgery, 89063UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.,Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, 2755Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James R Seaward
- Department of Plastic Surgery, 89063UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.,Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, 2755Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alex A Kane
- Department of Plastic Surgery, 89063UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.,Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, 2755Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Ha AY, Skolnick GB, Chi D, Nguyen DC, Naidoo SD, Smyth MD, Patel KB. School-Aged Anthropometric Outcomes After Endoscopic or Open Repair of Metopic Synostosis. Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2020-0238. [PMID: 32784224 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Metopic craniosynostosis can be treated by fronto-orbital advancement or endoscopic strip craniectomy with postoperative helmeting. Infants younger than 6 months of age are eligible for the endoscopic repair. One-year postoperative anthropometric outcomes have been shown to be equivalent, with significantly less morbidity after endoscopic treatment. The authors hypothesized that both repairs would yield equivalent anthropometric outcomes at 5-years postoperative. METHODS This study was a retrospective chart review of 31 consecutive nonsyndromic patients with isolated metopic craniosynostosis treated with either endoscopic or open correction. The primary anthropometric outcomes were frontal width, interfrontal divergence angle, the Whitaker classification, and the presence of lateral frontal retrusion. Peri-operative variables included estimated blood loss, rates of blood transfusion, length of stay, and operating time. RESULTS There was a significantly lower rate of lateral frontal retrusion in the endoscopic group. No statistically significant differences were found in the other 3 anthropometric outcomes at 5-years postoperative. The endoscopic group was younger at the time of surgery and had improved peri-operative outcomes related to operating time, hospital stay and blood loss. Both groups had low complication and reoperation rates. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort of school-aged children with isolated metopic craniosynostosis, patients who underwent endoscopic repair had superior or equivalent outcomes on all 4 primary anthropometric measures compared with those who underwent open repair. Endoscopic repair was associated with significantly faster recovery and decreased morbidity. Endoscopic repair should be considered in patients diagnosed with metopic craniosynostosis before 6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Y Ha
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery and
| | - Gary B Skolnick
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery and
| | - David Chi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery and
| | - Dennis C Nguyen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery and
| | - Sybill D Naidoo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery and
| | - Matthew D Smyth
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Kamlesh B Patel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery and
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15
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Surgical Approach and Periprocedural Outcomes by Race and Ethnicity of Children Undergoing Craniosynostosis Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144:1384-1391. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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One-Piece Fronto-orbital Distraction With Midline Splitting But Without Bandeau for Metopic Craniosynostosis. Ann Plast Surg 2019; 83:285-292. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Jimenez DF, McGinity MJ, Barone CM. Endoscopy-assisted early correction of single-suture metopic craniosynostosis: a 19-year experience. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2019; 23:61-74. [PMID: 30265229 DOI: 10.3171/2018.6.peds1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In BriefThe long-term results of treating infants with metopic craniosynostosis by using endoscopic, minimally invasive techniques are reported. The impetus arose from the lack of consistent and favorable outcomes associated with calvarial vault remodeling techniques and from the very traumatic and invasive nature of these procedures. The results presented show excellent and consistent long-term outcomes that are superior to traditional methods and are associated with minimal trauma, blood loss, and anesthetic exposure, and with short surgical times.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Jimenez
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio; and
| | - Michael J McGinity
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio; and
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18
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Yan H, Abel TJ, Alotaibi NM, Anderson M, Niazi TN, Weil AG, Fallah A, Phillips JH, Forrest CR, Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Ibrahim GM. A systematic review of endoscopic versus open treatment of craniosynostosis. Part 2: the nonsagittal single sutures. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2018; 22:361-368. [PMID: 29979132 DOI: 10.3171/2018.4.peds17730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite increasing adoption of endoscopic techniques for repair of nonsagittal single-suture craniosynostosis, the efficacy and safety of the procedure relative to established open approaches are unknown. In this systematic review the authors aimed to directly compare open surgical and endoscope-assisted techniques for the treatment of metopic, unilateral coronal, and lambdoid craniosynostosis, with an emphasis on quantitative reported outcomes. METHODS A literature search was performed in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Relevant articles were identified from 3 electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL [Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials]) from their inception to August 2017. The quality of methodology and bias risk were assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. RESULTS Of 316 screened records, 7 studies were included in a qualitative synthesis of the evidence, of which none were eligible for meta-analysis. These reported on 111 unique patients with metopic, 65 with unilateral coronal, and 12 with lambdoid craniosynostosis. For all suture types, 100 (53%) children underwent endoscope-assisted craniosynostosis surgery and 32 (47%) patients underwent open repair. These studies all suggest that blood loss, transfusion rate, operating time, and length of hospital stay were superior for endoscopically treated children. Although potentially comparable or better cosmetic outcomes are reported, the paucity of evidence and considerable variability in outcomes preclude meaningful conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Limited data comparing open and endoscopic treatments for metopic, unilateral coronal, and lambdoid synostosis suggest a benefit for endoscopic techniques with respect to blood loss, transfusion, length of stay, and operating time. This report highlights shortcomings in evidence and gaps in knowledge regarding endoscopic repair of nonsagittal single-suture craniosynostosis, emphasizing the need for further matched-control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
| | - Taylor J Abel
- 2Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Naif M Alotaibi
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
| | - Melanie Anderson
- 3Library and Information Services, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toba N Niazi
- 4Division of Neurosurgery, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Alexander G Weil
- 5Division of Neurosurgery, CCHU-Ste-Justine Children's, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aria Fallah
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California; and
| | - John H Phillips
- 7Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher R Forrest
- 7Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhaya V Kulkarni
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto.,2Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - James M Drake
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto.,2Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - George M Ibrahim
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto.,2Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
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19
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Dalle Ore CL, Dilip M, Brandel MG, McIntyre JK, Hoshide R, Calayag M, Gosman AA, Cohen SR, Meltzer HS. Endoscopic surgery for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: a 16-year single-center experience. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2018; 22:335-343. [PMID: 29979128 DOI: 10.3171/2018.2.peds17364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this paper the authors review their 16-year single-institution consecutive patient experience in the endoscopic treatment of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis with an emphasis on careful review of any associated treatment-related complications and methods of complication avoidance, including preoperative planning, intraoperative management, and postoperative care and follow-up. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients undergoing endoscopic, minimally invasive surgery for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis at Rady Children's Hospital from 2000 to 2015. All patients were operated on by a single neurosurgeon in collaboration with two plastic and reconstructive surgeons as part of the institution's craniofacial team. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-five patients underwent minimally invasive endoscopic surgery for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis from 2000 to 2015. The median age at surgery was 3.8 months. The median operative and anesthesia times were 55 and 105 minutes, respectively. The median estimated blood loss (EBL) was 25 ml (median percentage EBL 4.2%). There were no identified episodes of air embolism or operative deaths. One patient suffered an intraoperative sagittal sinus injury, 2 patients underwent intraoperative conversion of planned endoscopic to open procedures, 1 patient experienced a dural tear, and 1 patient had an immediate reexploration for a developing subgaleal hematoma. Two hundred twenty-five patients (96%) were admitted directly to the standard surgical ward where the median length of stay was 1 day. Eight patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) postoperatively, 7 of whom had preexisting medical conditions that the team had identified preoperatively as necessitating a planned ICU admission. The 30-day readmission rate was 1.7% (4 patients), only 1 of whom had a diagnosis (surgical site infection) related to their initial admission. Average length of follow-up was 2.8 years (range < 1 year to 13.4 years). Six children (< 3%) had subsequent open procedures for perceived suboptimal aesthetic results, 4 of whom (> 66%) had either coronal or metopic craniosynostosis. No patient in this series either presented with or subsequently developed signs or symptoms of intracranial hypertension. CONCLUSIONS In this large single-center consecutive patient series in the endoscopic treatment of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, significant complications were avoided, allowing for postoperative care for the vast majority of infants on a standard surgical ward. No deaths, catastrophic postoperative morbidity, or evidence of the development of symptomatic intracranial hypertension was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monisha Dilip
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego; and
| | - Michael G Brandel
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego; and
| | | | - Reid Hoshide
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego; and
| | - Mark Calayag
- 3Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Hal S Meltzer
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego; and.,3Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, California
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20
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Safety Outcomes in Endoscopic Versus Open Repair of Metopic Craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 29:856-860. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000004299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Pendharkar AV, Shahin MN, Cavallo C, Zhao X, Ho AL, Sussman ES, Grant GA. Minimally invasive approaches to craniosynostosis. J Neurosurg Sci 2018; 62:745-764. [PMID: 29790726 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.18.04483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS) is defined as the premature fusion of one or more calvarial sutures. This carries several consequences, including abnormal/asymmetric cranial vault development, increased intracranial pressure, compromised neurocognitive development, and craniofacial deformity. Definitive management is surgical with the goal of protecting cerebral development by re-establishing normal cranial vault expansion and correcting cosmetic deformity. In today's practice, CS surgery has advanced radically from simple craniectomies to major cranial vault reconstructive (CVR) procedures. More recently there has been considerable interest in endoscopic assisted surgery (EAS). Theoretical benefits include decreased operative time, morbidity, blood loss, postoperative pain, cost and faster recovery times. In this focused review, we summarize the current body of literature reporting clinical outcomes in EAS and review the data comparing EAS and CVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun V Pendharkar
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA -
| | - Maryam N Shahin
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Claudio Cavallo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiaochun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Allen L Ho
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric S Sussman
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerald A Grant
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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22
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Jaskolka MS. Current Controversies in Metopic Suture Craniosynostosis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2017; 29:447-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Anthropometric Outcomes following Fronto-Orbital Advancement for Metopic Synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137:1539-1547. [PMID: 27119926 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors' purpose is to present changes in anthropometric fronto-orbital dimensions after surgical correction of metopic synostosis. METHODS The authors retrospectively analyzed craniometric dimensions in older patients with metopic synostosis corrected by fronto-orbital advancement performed by the senior author (J.B.M.). Preoperative and postoperative linear measures (frontal breadth, cranial width, and intercanthal distance) were taken by direct anthropometry. Interdacryon distance and width of the bandeau were also recorded intraoperatively, before and after widening. Follow-up anthropometric values were compared to age- and sex-matched normative data and standard (z) scores were calculated. RESULTS Sixteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Syndromic diagnosis was documented in five of 16 patients. Average age at the last postoperative evaluation was 8.9 ± 3.8 years (range, 4 to 16 years). Mean frontal width z-scores decreased postoperatively from 0.82 to -0.32 (p = 0.007), indicating diminished growth in this dimension. The last measured frontal width strongly correlated with the breadth of the bandeau after surgical correction but not with preoperative values. Postoperative mean cranial width diminished significantly to a more normal value. Mean intercanthal distance was normal preoperatively and remained so but was significantly greater in syndromic than in nonsyndromic cases. CONCLUSIONS Frontal growth rate is diminished in the coronal plane after fronto-orbital advancement. The authors recommend primary techniques to overcorrect the width of the bandeau and frontal region, including zygomaticosphenoid osteotomies and interpositional cranial bone grafts to advance/widen the lateral orbital rim. Continued evaluation is required to assess whether overcorrection results in normal frontotemporal shape and breadth at skeletal maturity.
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Distraction Osteogenesis Technique for the Treatment of Nonsyndromic Sagittal Synostosis. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2015; 3:e474. [PMID: 26301163 PMCID: PMC4527648 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Historically, surgical treatment of children with a delayed presentation of cranial synostosis required complex cranial vault reconstruction. Recently, less invasive options for surgical correction, such as internal distraction osteogenesis, have been explored. In this study, we describe the successful management of delayed presentation of sagittal synostosis using distraction osteogenesis. Methods A bicoronal incision was made and 2 large rectangular osteotomies were performed bilaterally, involving the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones. A 2 cm strut of bone over the sagittal sinus was preserved, creating bilateral free-floating bone segments. Two pairs of distractors were placed transversely, along the midline strut of bone, providing lateral distraction of these segments. This placement allowed maximum displacement at the apex of the cranial vault. Distraction was performed differentially at 1 mm per day anteriorly and 2 mm per day posteriorly, for a total of 17 days, allowing for a greater degree of expansion of the posterior vault. The consolidation phase lasted for 10 weeks. The distractors were removed via the same bicoronal incision and cranioplasty was performed to smooth prominent ridging at the margins of the distracted segments. Results The child’s cranial index improved from 0.67 preoperatively to 0.76 postoperatively. The overall vault contour was smooth with no bony defects. There was a significant cosmetic improvement of the child’s head shape. No major complications requiring reoperation or rehospitalization were encountered. Conclusion The use of distraction osteogenesis to laterally expand the cranial vault is a useful alternative in the treatment of delayed presentation, nonsyndromic, sagittal synostosis.
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Are Endoscopic and Open Treatments of Metopic Synostosis Equivalent in Treating Trigonocephaly and Hypotelorism? J Craniofac Surg 2015; 26:129-34. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Erşahin Y. Endoscope-assisted repair of metopic synostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29:2195-9. [PMID: 24092423 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endoscopic treatment of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis has been used in recent decades. The aim of this study is to present the results of endoscope-assisted surgery of the patients with metopic synostosis. METHODS Nineteen patients with metopic synostosis underwent endoscope-assisted surgery between 2005 and 2012. The frontal angle was measured on CT scans pre- and postoperatively. A midline strip craniectomy was made, making sure that the removal extended inferiorly to the nasofrontal suture. Postoperatively, all patients wear a custom molding helmet. The helmet was then worn for 23 h daily and worn for the next 10-12 months. RESULTS There were 15 boys and 4 girls, ranging in age from 4 to 24 weeks. Mean operative time and transfused blood volume were 43.42 min and 76.31 ml, respectively. Mean follow-up was 59.3 weeks. Good esthetic results, judged by radiological examination and photograph comparison, were obtained in all patients. CONCLUSIONS Endoscope-assisted repair of metopic synostosis is safe and offers promising results in infants before the age of 6 months. Molding helmet therapy following surgery is very important in obtaining the good results. Early diagnosis and referral for surgery are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Erşahin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey,
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