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Farronato M, Cenzato N, Crispino R, Tartaglia FC, Biagi R, Baldini B, Maspero C. Divergence between CBCT and Optical Scans for Soft Tissue Analysis and Cephalometry in Facial Imaging: A cross-sectional study on healthy adults. Int Orthod 2024; 22:100845. [PMID: 38350255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2024.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial soft tissue analysis is becoming increasingly emphasized in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. While traditional cephalometry primarily focuses on hard tissues, recent non-invasive imaging techniques offer the potential to comprehensively evaluate three-dimensional (3D) facial soft tissues. The aim of the study was to establish the geometrical 3D and cephalometric divergence between Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) derived images and scanned soft tissues. Crucial for enhancing orthodontic diagnosis, minimizing patient exposure to ionizing radiation and providing facial cephalometric parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to May 2023. CBCT and 3D facial scans were obtained simultaneously using a specialized imaging system. Reproducible landmark points were selected for both cephalometric and soft tissue analysis. Angular and linear measurements were recorded, and correlations between CT and facial scans were statistically assessed. RESULTS Comparisons between 10 CBCT-derived and 10 facial scan-based soft tissue representations resulted into 1.8mm mean root median square (RMS). Angular measurements, such as ANB, right gonial angle, and left gonial angle, exhibited a 0.9° of difference with their respective soft tissue variables. In contrast, linear measurements of total anterior facial height showed a lower correlation coefficient, equal to 0.51. The correlation between soft tissues and underlying hard tissues was more pronounced for gonial angles. CONCLUSION Facial soft tissue analysis using either 3D facial scans or CBCT-derived offers similar results for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. These findings support the use of non-invasive diagnostic tools in orthodontics, although further investigations are needed to comprehensively understand the complexity of hard and soft tissue relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Farronato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy.
| | - Niccolò Cenzato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Crispino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Carlo Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Roberto Biagi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Baldini
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Maspero
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
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Ficarella E, Natalicchio A, Spina R, Galantucci LM. Technological scouting of bi-material face masks: simulation of adherence using 3D Facial Norms. PROCEDIA CIRP 2022; 110:259-264. [PMID: 35822104 PMCID: PMC9264978 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2022.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic started in March 2020, the need for personal protective equipment rapidly grew as it became mandatory. The availability of a set of faces can be of great utility in designing a face mask with proper adherence and comfortability in wearing and breathing. A 3D geometry of a face with user-defined anthropometric measures was generated with Blender, a powerful development tool for creating 3D images. Using 3D Facial Norms, a free online database, it was possible to compute the mean anthropometric measures for the age groups of 17-20, 20-30, and 30-40 years old and then generate the respective faces for both genders. The adherence of an innovative face mask was then simulated with the reverse engineering software considering both the face mask and the faces rigid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ficarella
- Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Spina
- Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Ficarella E, Natalicchio A, Spina R, Galantucci LM. Technological scouting of bi-material face masks: experimental analysis on real faces. PROCEDIA CIRP 2022; 110:354-359. [PMID: 35822103 PMCID: PMC9264979 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2022.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The need for personal protective equipment rapidly grew during the COVID-19. Companies had to face problems related to their products' sustainability, adherence, and comfortability. Designing a face mask with proper adherence and comfortability in wearing and breathing became a matter of great importance. In this work, the adherence of an innovative face mask and its comfortability were experimentally tested with real faces, considering the deformation of the mask and the soft facial tissues. A stereophotogrammetric acquisition was made of the face with the face mask during these tests. A comparison between the geometries of the face and the mask, undeformed and deformed, gave the respective deformations. The force applied by the mask to the face was calculated, measuring the elastic strain of the mask bands during wearing and the deformation.
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Esthetic treatment planning with digital animation of the smile dynamics: A technique to create a 4-dimensional virtual patient. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 128:130-138. [PMID: 33573832 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method is presented for obtaining a virtual 4-dimensional patient that replicates the intended esthetic treatment. The process involves facial and intraoral scanning to acquire records and software manipulation to enable a virtual waxing of the smile. Once the digital design is complete, patient information can be merged to generate an animated video of the projected rehabilitation, displaying movement and smile dynamics. This strategy provides a noninvasive and reliable diagnostic tool for predicting clinical outcomes.
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Assessment of Position Repeatability Error in an Electromagnetic Tracking System for Surgical Navigation. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20040961. [PMID: 32053941 PMCID: PMC7070586 DOI: 10.3390/s20040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present a study of the repeatability of an innovative electromagnetic tracking system (EMTS) for surgical navigation, developed to overcome the state of the art of current commercial systems, allowing for the placement of the magnetic field generator far from the operating table. Previous studies led to the development of a preliminary EMTS prototype. Several hardware improvements are described, which result in noise reduction in both signal generation and the measurement process, as shown by experimental tests. The analysis of experimental results has highlighted the presence of drift in voltage components, whose effect has been quantified and related to the variation of the sensor position. Repeatability in the sensor position measurement is evaluated by means of the propagation of the voltage repeatability error, and the results are compared with the performance of the Aurora system (which represents the state of the art for EMTS for surgical navigation), showing a repeatability error about ten times lower. Finally, the proposed improvements aim to overcome the limited operating distance between the field generator and electromagnetic (EM) sensors provided by commercial EM tracking systems for surgical applications and seem to provide a not negligible technological advantage.
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Facially Driven Digital Diagnostic Waxing: New Software Features to Simulate and Define Restorative Outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40496-019-00233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Integration of intraoral digital scans with a 3D facial scan for anterior tooth rehabilitation. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 121:394-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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JUNQUEIRA-JÚNIOR AA, MAGRI LV, CAZAL MS, MORI AA, RODRIGUES DA SILVA AMB, RODRIGUES DA SILVA MAM. Accuracy evaluation of tridimensional images performed by portable stereophotogrammetric system. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.08919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Human facial characteristics vary according to individual dental occlusion, facial harmony, orofacial musculature and the format and configuration of craniofacial structures. Traditionally, anthropometric measurements have been acquired through direct evaluation of subjects in a clinical environment using calipers and metric tapes to measure distances between arches and landmarks. Scientific breakthroughs have enabled the digitization of data and introduced the possibility of quick, precise, radiation-free acquisitions; details can be archived for future analysis and easily shared with patients and colleagues. Among new facial analysis methods, the stereophotogrammetry technique has emerged, which uses a group of cameras to take many photographs of a subject in rapid succession from multiple angles. Nowadays, portable stereophotogrammetric systems are being proposed, as they are more practical and easier to use. Objective The aim of this work was to analyze the accuracy and reproducibility of a portable 3D stereophotogrammetric system (Vectra H1, Canfield, Fairfield, NJ, USA) in measuring soft facial tissues of 30 participants, defining measures of a cube and comparing these measurements with those obtained by a set 3D stereophotogrammetric system (Vectra M3, Canfield, Fairfield, NJ, USA) with previously validated accuracy and reproducibility through quantitative analysis of possible errors. Material and method Thirty temporary landmarks were used to measure (in mm) 34 distances in 30 participants (n = 30). Regarding the cube, 12 angles and 9 linear distances were evaluated. Result The results obtained by the established methodology indicated that the Vectra H1 portable system has shown accuracy and reproducibility equal to that of the Vectra M3 set system. Conclusion Data analysis and correlation to literature findings show Vectra H1's capability to reliably capture tridimensional images, which makes it practical for use in diverse clinical applications.
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Santoro V, Lubelli S, De Donno A, Inchingolo A, Lavecchia F, Introna F. Photogrammetric 3D skull/photo superimposition: A pilot study. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 273:168-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Galantucci LM, Lavecchia F, Pastore P, Percoco G. Application of off-the-shelf stereo-cameras for the 3D assessment of morphometric variations caused by rhinoplasty. J Med Eng Technol 2017; 41:186-199. [PMID: 28256162 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2017.1281356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present paper shows how a non-invasive and low-cost photogrammetric stereo device allows the assessment of morphometric variations of the nose following rhinoplasty. Six female patients, aged between 24 and 37 years, underwent 3D stereo-photogrammetric scanning. Three-dimensional computerised models were generated, extracting also information related to the coordinates of facial landmarks, distances between landmarks, angles, in pre- and postoperative situation. Two kinds of analysis were carried out: (i) statistical correlation between size variations and (ii) morphometric analysis, including General Procrustes Analysis (GPA), Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Warping. The study shows the usefulness of the stereo-photogrammetric facial digitisation for morphometric analysis of the human face. Three-dimensional computerised models are also an important tool for the assessment of the surgeon's performance in the event of dispute between doctor and patient. Moreover, confirmation of the PCA as an analytical tool for the identification of components characterising the morphometric structure of the nose is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Maria Galantucci
- a Dipartimento di Meccanica Matematica e Management , Politecnico di Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Fulvio Lavecchia
- a Dipartimento di Meccanica Matematica e Management , Politecnico di Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Patrizia Pastore
- a Dipartimento di Meccanica Matematica e Management , Politecnico di Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Gianluca Percoco
- a Dipartimento di Meccanica Matematica e Management , Politecnico di Bari , Bari , Italy
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Kang SH, Kim MK, An SI, Lee JY. The effect of orthognathic surgery on the lip lines while smiling in skeletal class III patients with facial asymmetry. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 38:18. [PMID: 27077071 PMCID: PMC4820018 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-016-0065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between improvements in lip asymmetry at rest and while smiling after orthognathic surgery in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion. METHODS This study included 21 patients with skeletal class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry. We used preoperative and postoperative CT data and photographs to measure the vertical distance of the lips when smiling. The photographs were calibrated based on these distances and the CT image. We compared preoperative and postoperative results with the t test and correlations between measurements at rest and when smiling by regression analyses. RESULTS There were significant correlations between the postoperative changes in canting of the mouth corners at rest, canting of the canines, canting of the first molars, the slope of the line connecting the canines, and the slope of the line connecting first molars. The magnitude of the postoperative lip line improvement while smiling was not significantly correlated with changes in the canting and slopes of the canines, molars, and lip lines at rest. CONCLUSIONS It remains difficult to predict lip line changes while smiling compared with at rest after orthognathic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism, accompanied by facial asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan-donggu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-719 Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Key Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan-donggu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-719 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-In An
- Department of Orthodontics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan-donggu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-719 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan-donggu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-719 Republic of Korea
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Validation of a technique for integration of a digital dental model into stereophotogrammetric images of the face using cone-beam computed tomographic data. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 54:584-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Galantucci LM, Di Gioia E, Lavecchia F, Percoco G. Is principal component analysis an effective tool to predict face attractiveness? A contribution based on real 3D faces of highly selected attractive women, scanned with stereophotogrammetry. Med Biol Eng Comput 2014; 52:475-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-014-1148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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