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Li CJ, Du HB, Zhao ZA, Sun Q, Li YM, Chen SJ, Zhang H, Zhang N, Niu CY, Zhao ZG. STELLATE GANGLION BLOCK REVERSES PHSML-INDUCED VASCULAR HYPOREACTIVITY THROUGH INHIBITING AUTOPHAGY-MEDIATED PHENOTYPIC TRANSFORMATION OF VSMCs. Shock 2024; 61:414-423. [PMID: 38150357 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) return-contributed excessive autophagy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is involved in vascular hyporeactivity, which is inhibited by stellate ganglion block (SGB) treatment. The contractile phenotype of VSMCs transforms into a synthetic phenotype after stimulation with excessive autophagy. Therefore, we hypothesized that SGB ameliorates PHSML-induced vascular hyporeactivity by inhibiting autophagy-mediated phenotypic transformation of VSMCs. To substantiate this hypothesis, a hemorrhagic shock model in conscious rats was used to observe the effects of SGB intervention or intravenous infusion of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on intestinal blood flow and the expression of autophagy- and phenotype-defining proteins in mesenteric secondary artery tissues. We also investigated the effects of intraperitoneal administration of PHSML intravenous infusion and the autophagy agonist rapamycin (RAPA) on the beneficial effect of SGB. The results showed that hemorrhagic shock decreased intestinal blood flow and enhanced the expression of LC3 II/I, Beclin 1, and matrix metalloproteinase 2, which were reversed by SGB or 3-MA treatment. In contrast, RAPA and PHSML administration abolished the beneficial effects of SGB. Furthermore, the effects of PHSML or PHSML obtained from rats treated with SGB (PHSML-SGB) on cellular contractility, autophagy, and VSMC phenotype were explored. Meanwhile, the effects of 3-MA on PHSML and RAPA on PHSML-SGB were observed. The results showed that PHSML, but not PHSML-SGB, incubation decreased VSMC contractility and induced autophagy activation and phenotype transformation. Importantly, 3-MA administration reversed the adverse effects of PHSML, and RAPA treatment attenuated the effects of PHSML-SGB incubation on VSMCs. Taken together, the protective effect of SGB on vascular reactivity is achieved by inhibiting excessive autophagy-mediated phenotypic transformation of VSMCs to maintain their contractile phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Juan Li
- Institute of Microcirculation and Basic Medicine College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, PR China
| | | | | | | | - Yi-Ming Li
- Institute of Microcirculation and Basic Medicine College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, PR China
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Institute of Microcirculation and Basic Medicine College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, PR China
| | | | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation and Basic Medicine College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, PR China
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Huang J, Zhou J, Dai Y, Liu Y, Li F, Gong S, Zhang Y, Kou J. Ruscogenin ameliorates dasatinib-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via ErbB4/YAP and ROCK/MLC pathways. J Nat Med 2023; 77:735-747. [PMID: 37347409 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Dasatinib is effective in the treatment of chronic and acute myeloid leukemia, which could cause the side effect of gastrointestinal bleeding by overdose or longtime use. Ruscogenin (RUS) from the traditional Chinese medicine Ophiopogon japonicas could protect endothelial microvascular barrier function. In this study, the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanisms of RUS were investigated on intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by dasatinib. Male C57BL/6 J mice were given three doses of dasatinib (70, 140, 210 mg/kg, ig) and RUS (3, 10, 30 μg/kg, ip) to explore the effect of dasatinib on intestinal barrier and the intervention of RUS. It was proved that dasatinib could reduce intestinal blood flow, inhibit phosphorylation of EGFR family member v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4 (ErbB4)/YES-associated protein (YAP) and activation of Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK)/phosphorylation of (myosin light chain) MLC. RUS could significantly increase intestinal blood flow, improve intestinal injury, reduce Evans blue leakage and serum content of FITC-dextran 4 kDa, and increase the expression of connexin (ZO-1, Occludin and VE-cadherin). Meanwhile, the in vitro effect of RUS (0.01, 0.1, 1 μM) on the dysfunction of the endothelial barrier was observed in dasatinib (150 nM)-pretreated HUVECs. The results showed that RUS suppressed dasatinib-induced the leakage of Evans blue, and degradation of F-actin and connexin. Furthermore, RUS could significantly increase the phosphorylation of ErbB4 at Tyr1284 site and YAP at Ser397 site, and inhibit ROCK expression and phosphorylation of MLC at Ser19 site in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, the present research proved that RUS could suppress the side effects of dasatinib-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by regulating ErbB4/YAP and ROCK/MLC pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhao Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuankai Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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Wang S, Wu J, Yang K, Liu C, Li X, Wu L, Qi X, Zhang R, Ni W, Pei J, Gu F, Lu B, Wang Y, Tian Y. Estrogen ameliorates sepsis-induced vascular hyporeactivity in thoracic aorta of female rats via permissive effect of GRα expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 657:108-118. [PMID: 37002984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogen is correlated to the lower mortality and disease severity of female than that of male, which indicates the potential therapeutic role of estrogen supplement therapy in sepsis. The structure of Daidzein is similar to that of 17β estradiol (E2), an estrogen in human body, causing the exogenous Daidzein can interact with estrogen receptor as well as E2 in the body. We aim to explore the therapeutic role of estrogen in sepsis-induced vascular dysfunction. Also, we wonder if estrogen regulates blood pressure via glucocorticoid-mediated vascular reactivity. METHODS Female SD rats received ovariectomy (OVX) to induce estrogen deficiency. After 12 weeks of administration, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used to establish the in vivo model of sepsis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to construct the in vitro model of sepsis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). E2 and Daidzein were used for estrogen supplement therapy. RESULTS E2 and Daidzein significantly inhibited inflammation infiltration and histopathological injury in thoracic aorta in the rat model with CLP. E2 and Daidzein improved carotid pressure and vascular hyporeactivity in sepsis rats with OVX. Importantly, E2 and Daidzein promoted glucocorticoid permissive action and increased glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) expression in thoracic aorta smooth muscle cells. E2 and Daidzein upregulated GRα, and inhibits cytokine production, proliferative phenotype and cell migration in LPS-induced VSMCs. CONCLUSION Estrogen improved vascular hyporeactivity in thoracic aorta induced by sepsis via permissive effect of GRα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jue Wu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Kai Yang
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Liben Wu
- Clinical Biobank Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Qi
- Clinical Biobank Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Wenfeng Ni
- Clinical Biobank Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jinlian Pei
- Clinical Biobank Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Fangyan Gu
- Clinical Biobank Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yaping Tian
- Birth Defect Prevention and Control Technology Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Sun Q, Zhang H, Du HB, Zhao ZA, Li CJ, Chen SJ, Li YM, Zhang SL, Liu JC, Niu CY, Zhao ZG. ESTROGEN ALLEVIATES POSTHEMORRHAGIC SHOCK MESENTERIC LYMPH-MEDIATED LUNG INJURY THROUGH AUTOPHAGY INHIBITION. Shock 2023; 59:754-762. [PMID: 36840514 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Hemorrhagic shock-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is commonly associated with the posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) return. Whether excessive autophagy is involved in PHSML-mediated ALI remains unclear. The relationship between estrogen treatment and PHSML or autophagy needs to verify. The current study will clarify the role of estrogen in reducing PHSML-mediated ALI through inhibition of autophagy. Methods: First, a hemorrhagic shock model in conscious rats was used to observe the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on intestinal blood flow, pulmonary function, intestinal and pulmonary morphology, and expression of autophagy marker proteins. Meanwhile, the effect of PHSML and autophagy agonist during E2 treatment was also investigated. Secondly, rat primary pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were used to observe the effect of PHSML, PHSML plus E2, and E2-PHSML (PHSML obtained from rats treated by E2) on the cell viability. Results: Hemorrhagic shock induced intestinal and pulmonary tissue damage and increased wet/dry ratio, reduced intestinal blood flow, along with pulmonary dysfunction characterized by increased functional residual capacity and lung resistance and decreased inspiratory capacity and peak expiratory flow. Hemorrhagic shock also enhanced the autophagy levels in intestinal and pulmonary tissue, which was characterized by increased expressions of LC3 II/I and Beclin-1 and decreased expression of p62. E2 treatment significantly attenuated these adverse changes after hemorrhagic shock, which was reversed by PHSML or rapamycin administration. Importantly, PHSML incubation decreased the viability of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, while E2 coincubation or E2-treated lymph counteracted the adverse roles of PHSML. Conclusions: The role of estrogen reducing PHSML-mediated ALI is associated with the inhibition of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Si-Jie Chen
- Institute of Microcirculation and Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- Institute of Microcirculation and Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Sen-Lu Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation and Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jun-Chao Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
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Ma J, Hu J, Wang X, Zhang S, Li Z, Liu J. Improvement of Cardiovascular Function in Aging Females by the Prolonged Activation of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 16:371-381. [PMID: 36121620 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence suggests that estrogen replacement therapy is associated with beneficial effects with regard to cardiovascular diseases when the therapy is initiated temporally close to menopause but not when it is initiated later. Little is known about the complex interactions between hormone receptors after menopause. Coronary artery function and cardiac function were measured in rats that had either received no treatment or had been pretreated with an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist and/or a GPER agonist G-1. ICI 182,780 was used to block the classical estrogen receptors (ERs) to investigate their complex interactions with GPER. The beneficial effects of GPER were only observed by blocking ARs and classical ERs in aged female rats. The results demonstrate that GPER activation is a potential therapeutic target for the inhibition of age-dependent coronary artery dysfunction and cardiac dysfunction under the condition of blocking ARs and classical ERs after menopause. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women significantly increased. The role of sex hormones and their receptors during this process is still complicated. Our present study demonstrated that the imbalance of androgen and estrogen may contribute to the impairment of vascular reactivity and subsequent cardiac function. Treatment with GPER agonist G1 combined with the inhibition of ERα and ERβ could improve vascular function and reduce the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. These findings may provide the novel and effective strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zilin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Chen S, Guo F, Liu X, Xi J, Xue M, Guo Y, Wen J, Dong L, Chen Z. Roles of the RhoA-ROCK Signaling Pathway in the Endothelial H 2S Production and Vasodilation in Rat Cerebral Arteries. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18498-18508. [PMID: 35694456 PMCID: PMC9178624 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral endothelial H2S protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through vasodilation, but its cerebral vasodilation mechanism and regulation of production are poorly understood. The RhoA-ROCK pathway plays important roles in vascular function. In this study, the roles of this pathway in the endothelial H2S production and vasodilation in rat cerebral arteries were investigated. Acetylcholine significantly increased H2S-generating enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) protein expressions and H2S production in rat cerebrovascular endothelial cells (ECs), but the increases were markedly decreased by the M receptor blocker atropine or the CSE inhibitor dl-propargylglycine. Pretreatment with dl-propargylglycine or the 3-MST inhibitor l-aspartic acid markedly reduced the acetylcholine-increased H2S; CSE protein expression and H2S levels in the ECs were obviously attenuated by the RhoA agonist U46619 but increased by the RhoA inhibitor C3 transferase. U46619 also reduced 3-MST protein expression; Acetylcholine markedly inhibited RhoA protein expression and activity, but the inhibition was obviously reversed by atropine, dl-propargylglycine, and l-aspartic acid, respectively; Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in rat cerebral basilar artery was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with dl-propargylglycine or l-aspartic acid or RhoA inhibitor CCG-1423 or ROCK inhibitor KD025, and was further decreased by co-pretreatment with dl-propargylglycine (or l-aspartic acid) and CCG-1423 (or KD025); NaHS significantly relaxed rat cerebral basilar artery vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibited ROCK1/2 activities, phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC) protein expression, and KCl-increased [Ca2+]i, but these relaxation and inhibitions were markedly attenuated by pretreatment with C3 transferase or ROCK inhibitor Y27632. Our results demonstrated that endothelial H2S production is promoted by activation of the M receptor but inhibited by the RhoA-ROCK pathway in rat cerebral arteries; the endothelial H2S induces cerebral vasodilation by inhibiting this pathway to reduce phosphorylation of MLC and [Ca2+]i in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhiwu Chen
- . Tel: (+86)-0551-65161133. Fax: (+86)-0551-65161123
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Wang C, Du HB, Zhao ZA, Zhai JY, Zhang LM, Niu CY, Zhao ZG. Autophagy Is Involved in Stellate Ganglion Block Reversing Posthemorrhagic Shock Mesenteric Lymph-Mediated Vascular Hyporeactivity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:728191. [PMID: 34621184 PMCID: PMC8491623 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.728191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of autophagy in stellate ganglion block (SGB) reversing posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML)-mediated vascular hyporeactivity. Methods: Hemorrhagic shock model in conscious rats was employed to observe the effects of SGB (0.2 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine hydrochloride hydrate) and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA; 30 mg/kg) on the vascular reactivity of second-order rat mesenteric arteries in vitro, while the effects of PHSML (1 ml/kg) and autophagy agonist rapamycin (Rapa, 10 mg/kg) on the beneficial effect of SGB were investigated. The cellular viability, contractility, and autophagy-related protein expressions in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were detected following treatments of PHSML, PHSML obtained from the rats that underwent hemorrhagic shock plus SGB (PHSML-SGB), and PHSML plus 3-MA (5 mM), respectively. Results: Hemorrhagic shock significantly decreased the vascular reactivity to gradient norepinephrine (NE), which is reversed by the SGB treatment and 3-MA administration. On the contrary, PHSML intravenous infusion and Rapa administration inhibited the vascular contractile responses in rats that underwent hemorrhagic shock plus SGB treatment. PHSML treatment significantly inhibited the cellular viability and contractility in VSMCs, increased the expressions of LC3-II and Beclin 1, and decreased the expression of p62, along with opposite appearances in these indices following PHSML-SGB treatment. In addition, 3-MA counteracted the adverse roles of PHSML in these indices in VSMCs. Conclusion: SGB inhibits PHSML-mediated vascular hyporeactivity by reducing the excessive autophagy in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Hui-Bo Du
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention in Hebei, Hebei Medical University & Hebei North University, Shijiazhuang & Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhai
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention in Hebei, Hebei Medical University & Hebei North University, Shijiazhuang & Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Chun-Yu Niu
- Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention in Hebei, Hebei Medical University & Hebei North University, Shijiazhuang & Zhangjiakou, China.,Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zi-Gang Zhao
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention in Hebei, Hebei Medical University & Hebei North University, Shijiazhuang & Zhangjiakou, China
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What's New in Shock, October 2021? Shock 2021; 56:479-483. [PMID: 34524265 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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