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Johnson TW, Holt J, Kleyman A, Zhou S, Sammut E, Bruno VD, Gaupp C, Stanzani G, Martin J, Arina P, Deutsch J, Ascione R, Singer M, Dyson A. Development and translation of thiometallate sulfide donors using a porcine model of coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Redox Biol 2024; 73:103167. [PMID: 38688060 PMCID: PMC11070758 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfide-releasing compounds reduce reperfusion injury by decreasing mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species production. We previously characterised ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM), a clinically used copper chelator, as a sulfide donor in rodents. Here we assessed translation to large mammals prior to clinical testing. In healthy pigs an intravenous ATTM dose escalation revealed a reproducible pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship with minimal adverse clinical or biochemical events. In a myocardial infarction (1-h occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery)-reperfusion model, intravenous ATTM or saline was commenced just prior to reperfusion. ATTM protected the heart (24-h histological examination) in a drug-exposure-dependent manner (r2 = 0.58, p < 0.05). Blood troponin T levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in ATTM-treated animals while myocardial glutathione peroxidase activity, an antioxidant selenoprotein, was elevated (p < 0.05). Overall, our study represents a significant advance in the development of sulfides as therapeutics and underlines the potential of ATTM as a novel adjunct therapy for reperfusion injury. Mechanistically, our study suggests that modulating selenoprotein activity could represent an additional mode of action of sulfide-releasing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Johnson
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre (TBRC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - James Holt
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Kleyman
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shengyu Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eva Sammut
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre (TBRC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Vito Domenico Bruno
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre (TBRC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Charlotte Gaupp
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giacomo Stanzani
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Martin
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pietro Arina
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julia Deutsch
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre (TBRC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Raimondo Ascione
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre (TBRC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Alex Dyson
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research, King's College London, London, UK.
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Cirino G, Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A. Physiological roles of hydrogen sulfide in mammalian cells, tissues and organs. Physiol Rev 2022; 103:31-276. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
H2S belongs to the class of molecules known as gasotransmitters, which also includes nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Three enzymes are recognized as endogenous sources of H2S in various cells and tissues: cystathionine g-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). The current article reviews the regulation of these enzymes as well as the pathways of their enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation and elimination. The multiple interactions of H2S with other labile endogenous molecules (e.g. NO) and reactive oxygen species are also outlined. The various biological targets and signaling pathways are discussed, with special reference to H2S and oxidative posttranscriptional modification of proteins, the effect of H2S on channels and intracellular second messenger pathways, the regulation of gene transcription and translation and the regulation of cellular bioenergetics and metabolism. The pharmacological and molecular tools currently available to study H2S physiology are also reviewed, including their utility and limitations. In subsequent sections, the role of H2S in the regulation of various physiological and cellular functions is reviewed. The physiological role of H2S in various cell types and organ systems are overviewed. Finally, the role of H2S in the regulation of various organ functions is discussed as well as the characteristic bell-shaped biphasic effects of H2S. In addition, key pathophysiological aspects, debated areas, and future research and translational areas are identified A wide array of significant roles of H2S in the physiological regulation of all organ functions emerges from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece & Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
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H2S in Critical Illness—A New Horizon for Sodium Thiosulfate? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040543. [PMID: 35454132 PMCID: PMC9029606 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of endogenous H2S and the identification of its cytoprotective properties, efforts have been made to develop strategies to use H2S as a therapeutic agent. The ability of H2S to regulate vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis might be particularly useful in the therapeutic management of critical illness. However, neither the inhalation of gaseous H2S, nor the administration of inorganic H2S-releasing salts or slow-releasing H2S-donors are feasible for clinical use. Na2S2O3 is a clinically approved compound with a good safety profile and is able to release H2S, in particular under hypoxic conditions. Pre-clinical studies show promise for Na2S2O3 in the acute management of critical illness. A current clinical trial is investigating the therapeutic potential for Na2S2O3 in myocardial infarct. Pre-eclampsia and COVID-19 pneumonia might be relevant targets for future clinical trials.
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de Koning MSLY, van Dorp P, Assa S, Hartman MHT, Voskuil M, Anthonio RL, Veen D, Pundziute-Do Prado G, Leiner T, van Goor H, van der Meer P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Nijveldt R, Lipsic E, van der Harst P. Rationale and Design of the Groningen Intervention Study for the Preservation of Cardiac Function with Sodium Thiosulfate after St-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (GIPS-IV) trial. Am Heart J 2022; 243:167-176. [PMID: 34534493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia and subsequent reperfusion cause myocardial injury in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) reduces "ischemia-reperfusion injury" in various experimental animal models, but has not been evaluated in humans. This trial will examine the efficacy and safety of the H2S-donor sodium thiosulfate (STS) in patients presenting with a STEMI. STUDY DESIGN The Groningen Intervention study for the Preservation of cardiac function with STS after STEMI (GIPS-IV) trial (NCT02899364) is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, which will enroll 380 patients with a first STEMI. Patients receive STS 12.5 grams intravenously or matching placebo in addition to standard care immediately at arrival at the catheterization laboratory after providing consent. A second dose is administered 6 hours later at the coronary care unit. The primary endpoint is myocardial infarct size as quantified by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 4 months after randomization. Secondary endpoints include the effect of STS on peak CK-MB during admission and left ventricular ejection fraction and NT-proBNP levels at 4 months follow-up. Patients will be followed-up for 2 years to assess clinical endpoints. CONCLUSIONS The GIPS-IV trial is the first study to determine the effect of a H2S-donor on myocardial infarct size in patients presenting with STEMI.
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The Hypothermic Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide Is Mediated by the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channel in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100992. [PMID: 34681216 PMCID: PMC8538668 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown in previous studies to cause hypothermia and hypometabolism in mice, and its thermoregulatory effects were subsequently investigated. However, the molecular target through which H2S triggers its effects on deep body temperature has remained unknown. We investigated the thermoregulatory response to fast-(Na2S) and slow-releasing (GYY4137) H2S donors in C57BL/6 mice, and then tested whether their effects depend on the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) channel in Trpa1 knockout (Trpa1−/−) and wild-type (Trpa1+/+) mice. Intracerebroventricular administration of Na2S (0.5–1 mg/kg) caused hypothermia in C57BL/6 mice, which was mediated by cutaneous vasodilation and decreased thermogenesis. In contrast, intraperitoneal administration of Na2S (5 mg/kg) did not cause any thermoregulatory effect. Central administration of GYY4137 (3 mg/kg) also caused hypothermia and hypometabolism. The hypothermic response to both H2S donors was significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated in Trpa1−/− mice compared to their Trpa1+/+ littermates. Trpa1 mRNA transcripts could be detected with RNAscope in hypothalamic and other brain neurons within the autonomic thermoeffector pathways. In conclusion, slow- and fast-releasing H2S donors induce hypothermia through hypometabolism and cutaneous vasodilation in mice that is mediated by TRPA1 channels located in the brain, presumably in hypothalamic neurons within the autonomic thermoeffector pathways.
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Abstract
This review addresses the plausibility of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) therapy for acute lung injury (ALI) and circulatory shock, by contrasting the promising preclinical results to the present clinical reality. The review discusses how the narrow therapeutic window and width, and potentially toxic effects, the route, dosing, and timing of administration all have to be balanced out very carefully. The development of standardized methods to determine in vitro and in vivo H2S concentrations, and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of H2S-releasing compounds is a necessity to facilitate the safety of H2S-based therapies. We suggest the potential of exploiting already clinically approved compounds, which are known or unknown H2S donors, as a surrogate strategy.
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Safety and Tolerability of Sodium Thiosulfate in Patients with an Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Coronary Angiography: A Dose-Escalation Safety Pilot Study (SAFE-ACS). J Interv Cardiol 2020; 2020:6014915. [PMID: 33041696 PMCID: PMC7532357 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6014915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In animal studies, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to protect the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study evaluates the safety and tolerability of the H2S donor sodium thiosulfate (STS) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods Eighteen patients, undergoing coronary angiography for ACS, received STS intravenously immediately after arrival at the catheterization laboratory according to a “3 + 3 dose-escalation design” with fixed dosing endpoint (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 12.5, and 15 grams). This first dose STS was combined with verapamil and nitroglycerin required for transradial procedures. A second dose STS was administered 6 hours later. Primary endpoint was dose-limiting toxicity, defined as significant hemodynamic instability or death up to 24 hours or before discharge from the coronary care unit. Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of anaphylaxis, nausea, vomiting, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) course. Results Sixteen patients received two dosages of STS and two patients one dosage. None of the patients reached the primary endpoint, nor experienced a serious adverse event. We observed a clinically well-tolerated decline in SBP 1 hour after administration of the first STS dose and concomitant verapamil/nitroglycerin. SBP for all patients together reduced 16.8 (8.1–25.5) mmHg (P = 0.0008). No significant decline in SBP occurred after the second dose. Mild nausea was observed in one patient. Conclusion This is the first report on sodium thiosulfate administration in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Our data suggest that sodium thiosulfate was well tolerated in this setting. The potential benefit of this intervention has to be examined in larger studies.
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Datzmann T, Hoffmann A, McCook O, Merz T, Wachter U, Preuss J, Vettorazzi S, Calzia E, Gröger M, Kohn F, Schmid A, Denoix N, Radermacher P, Wepler M. Effects of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in swine with preexisting atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 151:104536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel signaling molecule most recently found to be of fundamental importance in cellular function as a regulator of apoptosis, inflammation, and perfusion. Mechanisms of endogenous H2S signaling are poorly understood; however, signal transmission is thought to occur via persulfidation at reactive cysteine residues on proteins. Although much has been discovered about how H2S is synthesized in the body, less is known about how it is metabolized. Recent studies have discovered a multitude of different targets for H2S therapy, including those related to protein modification, intracellular signaling, and ion channel depolarization. The most difficult part of studying hydrogen sulfide has been finding a way to accurately and reproducibly measure it. The purpose of this review is to: elaborate on the biosynthesis and catabolism of H2S in the human body, review current knowledge of the mechanisms of action of this gas in relation to ischemic injury, define strategies for physiological measurement of H2S in biological systems, and review potential novel therapies that use H2S for treatment.
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10
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Exogenous hydrogen sulfide gas does not induce hypothermia in normoxic mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3855. [PMID: 29497053 PMCID: PMC5832815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S, 80 ppm) gas in an atmosphere of 17.5% oxygen reportedly induces suspended animation in mice; a state analogous to hibernation that entails hypothermia and hypometabolism. However, exogenous H2S in combination with 17.5% oxygen is able to induce hypoxia, which in itself is a trigger of hypometabolism/hypothermia. Using non-invasive thermographic imaging, we demonstrated that mice exposed to hypoxia (5% oxygen) reduce their body temperature to ambient temperature. In contrast, animals exposed to 80 ppm H2S under normoxic conditions did not exhibit a reduction in body temperature compared to normoxic controls. In conclusion, mice induce hypothermia in response to hypoxia but not H2S gas, which contradicts the reported findings and putative contentions.
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11
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Nakayama S, Taguchi N, Tanaka M. Role of Cranial Temperature in Neuroprotection by Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide After Cardiac Arrest in Mice. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2018; 8:203-210. [PMID: 29431591 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2017.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrogen sulfide donor sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) is recognized as a neuroprotective agent, which induces a hibernation-like metabolic state and hypothermia. However, it remains unclear whether it is the sulfide itself or the hypothermia induced by the sulfide that mediates treatment outcomes following cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We therefore tested whether NaHS improved outcomes following CA/CPR in mice maintained at 35.0°C by active warming during recovery. Adult male mice were subjected to 8 minutes CA/CPR and randomly treated intraperitoneally with either implantation of miniosmotic pump with NaHS (50 μmol/kg/day) for 3 days or vehicle 30 minutes after CPR. A normothermia group had cranial temperatures kept >35.0°C for 6 hours with a heat pad, and a hypothermia group was allowed to spontaneous hypothermia at room temperature (26.0°C). Behavioral testing and histological evaluation of neurons in the CA1 hippocampal region and striatum were performed on days 4 and 12 after CA/CPR. Both cranial and body temperature decreased following CA/CPR in the hypothermia group, and this was enhanced by NaHS treatment. In the active warming (normothermia) group, NaHS protected striatal neurons and improved long-term survival, which was comparable to the hypothermia groups. No differences were found in the CA1 region. Following CA/CPR, NaHS treatment decreased the heart rate, but not the mean arterial pressure. Our study demonstrated that post-CPR treatment with NaHS exerted neuroprotection in mice while maintaining a normal cranial temperature, indicating that NaHS-related neuroprotection is independent of the known protective effect of spontaneous hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Nakayama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noriko Taguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Tanaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Eom NSA, Cho HB, Lim HR, Hwang TY, Song Y, Choa YH. Ultrasensitive detection of low-ppm H2S gases based on palladium-doped porous silicon sensors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29995-30001. [PMID: 35547312 PMCID: PMC9085253 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05520c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the sensing properties of palladium-doped porous silicon (Pd/p-Si) substrates for low-ppm level detection of toxic H2S gas are investigated. A Si substrate with dead-end pores ranging from nano- to macroscale was generated by a combined process of metal-assisted chemical etching (MacE) and electrochemical etching with tuned reaction time, in which nano-Pd catalysts were decorated by E-beam sputtering deposition. The sensing properties of the Pd/p-Si were enhanced as the thickness of the substrate layer increased; along with the resulting variation in surface area, this resulted in superior H2S sensing performances in the low-ppm range (less than 3 ppm), with a detection limit of 300 ppb (sensitivity 30%) at room temperature. Furthermore, the sensor displayed excellent selectivity toward the hazardous H2S molecules in comparison with various other reducing gases, including NO2, CO2, NH3, and H2, showing its potential for application in workplaces or environments affected by other toxic gases. The enhancement in sensing performance was possibly due to the increased dispersion and surface area of Pd nano-catalysts, which led to an increase in chemisorption sites of adsorbate molecules. In this study, the sensing properties of palladium-doped porous silicon (Pd/p-Si) substrates for low-ppm level detection of toxic H2S gas are investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu Si A. Eom
- Electrochemistry Department
- Korea Institute of Materials Science
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Fusion Chemical Engineering
| | - Hong-Baek Cho
- Department of Fusion Chemical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- Department of Fusion Chemical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Tea-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Fusion Chemical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yoseb Song
- Department of Fusion Chemical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Choa
- Department of Fusion Chemical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- Republic of Korea
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Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CII: Pharmacological Modulation of H 2S Levels: H 2S Donors and H 2S Biosynthesis Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:497-564. [PMID: 28978633 PMCID: PMC5629631 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important endogenous gasotransmitter in mammalian cells and tissues. Similar to the previously characterized gasotransmitters nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, H2S is produced by various enzymatic reactions and regulates a host of physiologic and pathophysiological processes in various cells and tissues. H2S levels are decreased in a number of conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus, ischemia, and aging) and are increased in other states (e.g., inflammation, critical illness, and cancer). Over the last decades, multiple approaches have been identified for the therapeutic exploitation of H2S, either based on H2S donation or inhibition of H2S biosynthesis. H2S donation can be achieved through the inhalation of H2S gas and/or the parenteral or enteral administration of so-called fast-releasing H2S donors (salts of H2S such as NaHS and Na2S) or slow-releasing H2S donors (GYY4137 being the prototypical compound used in hundreds of studies in vitro and in vivo). Recent work also identifies various donors with regulated H2S release profiles, including oxidant-triggered donors, pH-dependent donors, esterase-activated donors, and organelle-targeted (e.g., mitochondrial) compounds. There are also approaches where existing, clinically approved drugs of various classes (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories) are coupled with H2S-donating groups (the most advanced compound in clinical trials is ATB-346, an H2S-donating derivative of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound naproxen). For pharmacological inhibition of H2S synthesis, there are now several small molecule compounds targeting each of the three H2S-producing enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. Although many of these compounds have their limitations (potency, selectivity), these molecules, especially in combination with genetic approaches, can be instrumental for the delineation of the biologic processes involving endogenous H2S production. Moreover, some of these compounds (e.g., cell-permeable prodrugs of the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetate, or benserazide, a potentially repurposable CBS inhibitor) may serve as starting points for future clinical translation. The present article overviews the currently known H2S donors and H2S biosynthesis inhibitors, delineates their mode of action, and offers examples for their biologic effects and potential therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.S.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece (A.P.); and Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.S.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece (A.P.); and Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (A.P.)
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14
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Hartmann C, Nussbaum B, Calzia E, Radermacher P, Wepler M. Gaseous Mediators and Mitochondrial Function: The Future of Pharmacologically Induced Suspended Animation? Front Physiol 2017; 8:691. [PMID: 28974933 PMCID: PMC5610695 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as poisonous gases is well-established. However, they are not only endogenously produced but also, at low concentrations, exert beneficial effects, such as anti-inflammation, and cytoprotection. This knowledge initiated the ongoing debate, as to whether these molecules, also referred to as “gaseous mediators” or “gasotransmitters,” could serve as novel therapeutic agents. In this context, it is noteworthy, that all gasotransmitters specifically target the mitochondria, and that this interaction may modulate mitochondrial bioenergetics, thereby subsequently affecting metabolic function. This feature is of crucial interest for the possible induction of “suspended animation.” Suspended animation, similar to mammalian hibernation (and/or estivation), refers to an externally induced hypometabolic state, with the intention to preserve organ function in order to survive otherwise life-threatening conditions. This hypometabolic state is usually linked to therapeutic hypothermia, which, however, comes along with adverse effects (e.g., coagulopathy, impaired host defense). Therefore, inducing an on-demand hypometabolic state by directly lowering the energy metabolism would be an attractive alternative. Theoretically, gasotransmitters should reversibly interact and inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain during pharmacologically induced suspended animation. However, it has to be kept in mind that this effect also bears the risk of cytotoxicity resulting from the blockade of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge of the impact of gasotransmitters on modulating mitochondrial function. Further, we will discuss their role as potential candidates in inducing a suspended animation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair Hartmann
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany
| | - Benedikt Nussbaum
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany
| | - Enrico Calzia
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany
| | - Martin Wepler
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany
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15
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Nußbaum BL, Vogt J, Wachter U, McCook O, Wepler M, Matallo J, Calzia E, Gröger M, Georgieff M, Wood ME, Whiteman M, Radermacher P, Hafner S. Metabolic, Cardiac, and Renal Effects of the Slow Hydrogen Sulfide-Releasing Molecule GYY4137 During Resuscitated Septic Shock in Swine with Pre-Existing Coronary Artery Disease. Shock 2017; 48:175-184. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Inducing metabolic suppression in severe hemorrhagic shock: Pilot study results from the Biochronicity Project. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 81:1003-1011. [PMID: 27537510 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suspended animation-like states have been achieved in small animal models, but not in larger species. Inducing metabolic suppression and temporary oxygen independence could enhance survivability of massive injury. Based on prior analyses of key pathways, we hypothesized that phosphoinositol-3-kinase inhibition would produce metabolic suppression without worsening organ injury or systemic physiology. METHODS Twenty swine were studied using LY294002 (LY), a nonselective phosphoinositol-3-kinase inhibitor. Animals were assigned to trauma only (TO, n = 3); dimethyl sulfoxide only (DMSO, n = 4), LY drug only (LYO, n = 3), and drug + trauma (LY + T, n = 10) groups. Both trauma groups underwent laparotomy, 35% hemorrhage, severe ischemia/reperfusion injury, and protocolized resuscitation. Laboratory, physiologic, cytokine, and metabolic cart data were obtained. Histology of key end organs was also compared. RESULTS Baseline values were similar among the groups. Compared with the TO group, the LYO group had reversible decreases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production. Compared with TO, LY + T showed sustained decreases in heart rate (113 vs. 76, p = 0.03), mean arterial pressure (40 vs. 31 mm Hg, p = 0.02), and cardiac output (3.8 vs. 1.9 L/min, p = 0.05) at 6 hours. Metabolic parameters showed profound suppression in the LY + T group. Oxygen consumption in LY + T was lower than both TO (119 vs. 229 mL/min, p = 0.012) and LYO (119 vs. 225 mL/min, p = 0.014) at 6 hours. Similarly, carbon dioxide production was decreased at 6 hours in LY + T when compared with TO (114 vs. 191 mL/min, p = 0.043) and LYO (114 vs. 195 mL/min, p = 0.034) groups. There was no worsening of acidosis (lactate 6.4 vs. 8.3 mmol/L, p = 0.4) or other endpoints. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) showed a significant increase in LY + T when compared with TO at 6 hours (60.5 vs. 2.47, p = 0.043). Tumor necrosis factor α and IL-1β were decreased, and IL-10 increased in TO and LY + T at 6 hours. Markers of liver and kidney injury were no different between TO and LY + T groups at 6 hours. CONCLUSIONS Phosphoinositol-3-kinase inhibition produced metabolic suppression in healthy and injured swine without increasing end-organ injury or systemic physiologic markers and demonstrated prolonged efficacy in injured animals. Further study may lead to targeted therapies to prolong tolerance to hemorrhage and extend the "golden hour" for injured patients.
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Dyson A, Dal-Pizzol F, Sabbatini G, Lach AB, Galfo F, dos Santos Cardoso J, Pescador Mendonça B, Hargreaves I, Bollen Pinto B, Bromage DI, Martin JF, Moore KP, Feelisch M, Singer M. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate following ischemia/reperfusion injury: Chemistry, pharmacology, and impact of a new class of sulfide donor in preclinical injury models. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002310. [PMID: 28678794 PMCID: PMC5497958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early revascularization of ischemic organs is key to improving outcomes, yet consequent reperfusion injury may be harmful. Reperfusion injury is largely attributed to excess mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sulfide inhibits mitochondria and reduces ROS production. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM), a copper chelator, releases sulfide in a controlled and novel manner, and may offer potential therapeutic utility. METHODS AND FINDINGS In vitro, ATTM releases sulfide in a time-, pH-, temperature-, and thiol-dependent manner. Controlled sulfide release from ATTM reduces metabolism (measured as oxygen consumption) both in vivo in awake rats and ex vivo in skeletal muscle tissue, with a superior safety profile compared to standard sulfide generators. Given intravenously at reperfusion/resuscitation to rats, ATTM significantly reduced infarct size following either myocardial or cerebral ischemia, and conferred survival benefit following severe hemorrhage. Mechanistic studies (in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation) demonstrated a mitochondrial site of action (decreased MitoSOX fluorescence), where the majority of damaging ROS is produced. CONCLUSIONS The inorganic thiometallate ATTM represents a new class of sulfide-releasing drugs. Our findings provide impetus for further investigation of this compound as a novel adjunct therapy for reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dyson
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Magnus Oxygen, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Sabbatini
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B. Lach
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Magnus Oxygen, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Galfo
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Bruna Pescador Mendonça
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Bollen Pinto
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel I. Bromage
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Martin
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Magnus Oxygen, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin P. Moore
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Magnus Oxygen, London, United Kingdom
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Gorr TA. Hypometabolism as the ultimate defence in stress response: how the comparative approach helps understanding of medically relevant questions. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:409-440. [PMID: 27364602 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
First conceptualized from breath-hold diving mammals, later recognized as the ultimate cell autonomous survival strategy in anoxia-tolerant vertebrates and burrowing or hibernating rodents, hypometabolism is typically recruited by resilient organisms to withstand and recover from otherwise life-threatening hazards. Through the coordinated down-regulation of biosynthetic, proliferative and electrogenic expenditures at times when little ATP can be generated, a metabolism turned 'down to the pilot light' allows the re-balancing of energy demand with supply at a greatly suppressed level in response to noxious exogenous stimuli or seasonal endogenous cues. A unifying hallmark of stress-tolerant organisms, the adaptation effectively prevents lethal depletion of ATP, thus delineating a marked contrast with susceptible species. Along with disengaged macromolecular syntheses, attenuated transmembrane ion shuttling and PO2 -conforming respiration rates, the metabolic slowdown in tolerant species usually culminates in a non-cycling, quiescent phenotype. However, such a reprogramming also occurs in leading human pathophysiologies. Ranging from microbial infections through ischaemia-driven infarcts to solid malignancies, cells involved in these disorders may again invoke hypometabolism to endure conditions non-permissive for growth. At the same time, their reduced activities underlie the frequent development of a general resistance to therapeutic interventions. On the other hand, a controlled induction of hypometabolic and/or hypothermic states by pharmacological means has recently stimulated intense research aimed at improved organ preservation and patient survival in situations requiring acutely administered critical care. The current review article therefore presents an up-to-date survey of concepts and applications of a coordinated and reversibly down-regulated metabolic rate as the ultimate defence in stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Gorr
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Meng C, Cui X, Qi S, Zhang J, Kang J, Zhou H. Lung inflation with hydrogen sulfide during the warm ischemia phase ameliorates injury in rat donor lungs via metabolic inhibition after cardiac death. Surgery 2016; 161:1287-1298. [PMID: 27989602 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury when inhaled or administered intraperitoneally. This study investigated the effects of lung inflation with H2S during the warm ischemia phase on lung grafts from rat donors after cardiac death. METHODS One hour after cardiac death, donor lungs were inflated in situ for 2 h with either O2 or H2S (O2 or H2S group) during the warm ischemia phase or were deflated as a control procedure (n = 8). After 3 h of cold preservation, lung transplantation was performed. During the warm ischemia phase, the metabolism and mitochondrial structures of donor lungs were analyzed. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed on the recipients. Protein expression in the graft of nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf)2 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was analyzed by Western blotting, and static compliance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis were assessed after 3 h of reperfusion. RESULTS When the O2 and H2S groups were compared with the control group, the mitochondrial structures were improved, and lactic acid levels, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis were significantly decreased; and glucose levels, as well as graft oxygenation and static compliance were increased. Simultaneously, the above indices showed further improvements, and the Nrf2 protein expression was significantly greater, and NF-κB protein expression was less in the H2S group than the O2 group. CONCLUSION Lung inflation with H2S during the warm ischemia phase inhibited metabolism in donor lungs via mitochondrial protection, attenuated graft ischemic-reperfusion injury, and improved graft function through NF-κB-dependent anti-inflammatory and Nrf2-dependent antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, and the Hei Longjiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoguang Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, and the Hei Longjiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Sihua Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiahang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, and the Hei Longjiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiyu Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huacheng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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20
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Bos EM, van Goor H, Joles JA, Whiteman M, Leuvenink HGD. Hydrogen sulfide: physiological properties and therapeutic potential in ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 172:1479-93. [PMID: 25091411 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has become a molecule of high interest in recent years, and it is now recognized as the third gasotransmitter in addition to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the physiology of endogenous and exogenous H2 S, focusing upon the protective effects of hydrogen sulfide in models of hypoxia and ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelke M Bos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Satterly SA, Salgar S, Hoffer Z, Hempel J, DeHart MJ, Wingerd M, Raywin H, Stallings JD, Martin M. Hydrogen sulfide improves resuscitation via non-hibernatory mechanisms in a porcine shock model. J Surg Res 2015; 199:197-210. [PMID: 25956183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been demonstrated to induce a "suspended animation-like" state in rodent models by reversible inhibition of cellular respiration and marked metabolic suppression and has been proposed as a potential pharmacologic adjunct to resuscitation from shock states. There are few data currently available about the mechanisms and efficacy of H2S in larger animals or humans. We examined H2S as a pharmacologic adjunct to resuscitation in a porcine model of severe traumatic shock. METHODS Twenty-one adult swine were assigned to three study arms: sham, H2S, and saline vehicle controls (SC). All pigs underwent laparotomy and instrumentation, and the two study arms then underwent a 35% controlled hemorrhage followed by 50 min of truncal ischemia via aortic cross-clamp. H2S (5 mg/kg) or saline was administered immediately before reperfusion, followed by 6 h of resuscitation. Resuscitation requirements, laboratory parameters, end-organ histology, and inflammatory product gene expression (by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) were measured and compared between groups. RESULTS All animals survived to the 6-h postresuscitation time point. Both treatment arms demonstrated severe shock characterized by fluid and vasopressor requirements, metabolic acidosis, and hypotension compared with sham animals. Animals treated with H2S demonstrated significantly lower resuscitative requirements (total epinephrine 727 versus 3052 μg; P < 0.05), decreased fluid requirements, and lower serum lactate levels (7 versus 10 mmol/L) versus SC. Cardiac output was slightly decreased with H2S treatment but all other hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were equivalent between H2S and C groups. Serum liver and kidney biomarkers were unchanged, but administration of H2S was associated with a significant improvement in histopathologic liver and kidney injury scores compared with SC (both P < 0.05). Both study groups demonstrated significantly increased gene expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and nitric oxide synthase (endogenous nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]2, iNOS3) relative to sham animals. However, H2S was associated with increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and decreased iNOS2 levels compared with SC. CONCLUSIONS Administration of H2S in a large-animal model of severe traumatic shock resulted in a significant decrease in resuscitative requirements, decreased metabolic acidosis, and less end-organ histologic injury compared with standard resuscitation. H2S did not induce profound metabolic suppression as seen in rodents, and appears to have alternative mechanisms of action in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Satterly
- Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Shashikumar Salgar
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Zachary Hoffer
- Department of Pathology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - James Hempel
- Department of Pathology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Mary J DeHart
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Mark Wingerd
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Huang Raywin
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Jonathan D Stallings
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Matthew Martin
- Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington; Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Service, Legacy Emanuel Medical Center, Portland, Oregon.
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Dirkes MC, Milstein DM, Heger M, van Gulik TM. Absence of Hydrogen Sulfide-Induced Hypometabolism in Pigs: A Mechanistic Explanation in Relation to Small Nonhibernating Mammals. Eur Surg Res 2015; 54:178-91. [DOI: 10.1159/000369795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Artificially induced hypometabolism in nonhibernating mammals may have considerable clinical implications. Numerous studies in small rodent models have demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) induces hypometabolism, supposedly as a result of histotoxic hypoxia. However, the induction of hypometabolism is absent in large animals following H2S administration. To determine the cause of this animal size-dependent discrepancy in H2S pharmacodynamics, the effects of sodium H2S (NaSH; 5 mg/kg/h, 4-hour intravenous administration) on systemic, pneumocardial, hematological, biochemical, microvascular (sublingual), and histological parameters were investigated in pigs. After 4 h, no differences were observed between the NaSH and control group with respect to systemic, pneumocardial, hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters. However, NaSH triggered significant hyperperfusion in the sublingual microcirculation, as evidenced by an increased blood vessel diameter (154 ± 16 and 85 ± 25% vs. baseline for NaSH and NaCl, respectively), total vessel density (139 ± 18 and 98 ± 13%, respectively), and perfused vessel density (139 ± 18 and 99 ± 13%, respectively). These phenomena are consistent with microvascular changes that occur during a panting response, an important heat loss mechanism (i.e., thermoregulatory effector) in pigs that is controlled by the thermoneutral zone (Ztn). On the basis of our findings and the literature, a mechanistic explanation is provided for the differential manifestation of hypometabolism between small and large animals. In large animals, H2S does not act via histotoxic hypoxia but likely triggers carotid bodies to transmit a hypoxic signal, which subsequently lowers the Ztn and activates heat loss mechanisms (e.g., panting) to align ATP consumption with ATP production through hypothermia. Since large animals have a small surface:size ratio, the cooling rate is too inefficient to accommodate hypothermia and subsequent hypometabolism. This is why large animals do not exhibit hypometabolism, despite the activation of thermoregulatory effectors. This is also a reason for the poor translatability of artificial hypometabolism to the clinical setting.
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Abstract
Synapses are the functional connection between neurons which are necessary for the transfer of electric activity or chemical activity from one cell to another. Synapses are formed by the pre- and postsynaptic membrane which communicates between pre- and postneurons while a neurochemical modulator is operated in this process. H2S has been known as a toxic gas with rotten eggs smell. However, increasing number of researches show that it regulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes in mammals. Hence, H2S is a physiologically important molecule and has been referred to as the third gaseous molecule alongside carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. The previous era has made an exponential development in the physiological and pathological significance of H2S. Specifically, in the central nervous system, H2S facilitates long-term potentiation and regulates intracellular calcium concentration in brain cells. We as well as others have also shown that H2S has antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties against various neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. In this chapter, we highlight the current knowledge of H2S and its neuroprotective effects with a special emphasis on synaptic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Kumar Kamat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Anuradha Kalani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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Abstract
Ageing, a progressive structural and functional decline, is considered to be a major risk factor for virtually all ageing-associated pathologies and disabilities, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, diabetes, atherosclerosis and certain cancers. Biogerontology research has now been largely directed towards finding novel drug targets to decelerate the ageing process and attain healthy ageing in order to delay the onset of all ageing-related diseases. H2S has been reported to exert vasodilatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions and has been shown to act as a signalling molecule, neuromodulator and cytoprotectant. Intriguingly, H2S has been reported to regulate cell cycle and survival in healthy cells which suggests that it may regulate cell fate and hence the ageing process. This chapter sets out to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the involvement of H2S in ageing, with a specific focus on the invertebrate model nematode C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedoor Qabazard
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Módis K, Bos EM, Calzia E, van Goor H, Coletta C, Papapetropoulos A, Hellmich MR, Radermacher P, Bouillaud F, Szabo C. Regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetic function by hydrogen sulfide. Part II. Pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2123-46. [PMID: 23991749 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging work demonstrates the dual regulation of mitochondrial function by hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), including, at lower concentrations, a stimulatory effect as an electron donor, and, at higher concentrations, an inhibitory effect on cytochrome C oxidase. In the current article, we overview the pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of these processes. During cellular hypoxia/acidosis, the inhibitory effect of H2 S on complex IV is enhanced, which may shift the balance of H2 S from protective to deleterious. Several pathophysiological conditions are associated with an overproduction of H2 S (e.g. sepsis), while in other disease states H2 S levels and H2 S bioavailability are reduced and its therapeutic replacement is warranted (e.g. diabetic vascular complications). Moreover, recent studies demonstrate that colorectal cancer cells up-regulate the H2 S-producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), and utilize its product, H2 S, as a metabolic fuel and tumour-cell survival factor; pharmacological CBS inhibition or genetic CBS silencing suppresses cancer cell bioenergetics and suppresses cell proliferation and cell chemotaxis. In the last chapter of the current article, we overview the field of H2 S-induced therapeutic 'suspended animation', a concept in which a temporary pharmacological reduction in cell metabolism is achieved, producing a decreased oxygen demand for the experimental therapy of critical illness and/or organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Módis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Hydrogen sulfide mitigates reperfusion injury in a porcine model of vascularized composite autotransplantation. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 72:594-8. [PMID: 24317241 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Devastating extremity injuries are prevalent but often survivable on the modern battlefield. These complex injuries require advanced methods of reconstruction, involving prolonged ischemic periods and reperfusion injury. Using our group's validated porcine model of gracilis myocutaneous flap transplantation, this study demonstrates that an interim perfusion of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) mitigates the effects of reperfusion injury in the setting of delayed restoration of blood flow. METHODS A gracilis myocutaneous flap (200-400 g; surface area, 250 cm²) was procured from the hind limb of a Yorkshire swine (70-90 kg, n=16). The right external carotid artery and the internal jugular vein are the recipient axis. Group 1 (control, n = 6) underwent delayed anastomosis with a 3-hour ischemic period. Group 2 (n=10) underwent a similar delayed anastomosis with an interim perfusion of H2S during the ischemic period. The animals survived for 14 days. Systemic biomarker assays for skeletal muscle tissue injury (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate transaminase) and proinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6) provide assessment of reperfusion injury at the cellular level. RESULTS The control animals (3 hours of ischemia with an interim perfusion of heparinized saline) demonstrated increased levels of injury biomarkers and proinflammatory cytokines compared with the animals receiving H2S infusion and identical ischemic interval. The control flaps had a mean creatine kinase level of 280³×10 U/L (±80×10³), compared with the H2S group, which had a mean of 99×10³ U/L (±14×10³; P=0.0007 at postoperative day 2). lactate dehydrogenase levels (mean) were 26×10³ U/L (±8×10³) versus 9×10³ U/L (±3×10³; P=0.0004) and aspartate transaminase levels (mean) were 1651 U/L (±324) versus (873 U/L [±279]; P=0.0013) for the control and treatment groups, respectively. Similarly, an intergroup difference in IL-6 was found, although not statistically significant. Tumor necrosis factor α levels (mean) were 93 pg/mL (±14) versus 39 pg/mL (±4; P=0.0013) for the control and treatment groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the mitigating properties of H2S on reperfusion injury. Interim perfusion with H2S resulted in diminution of ischemia-dependent biomarkers after 3 hours of ischemia. Follow-up studies will translate these findings as an evolving method for reconstructing previously unreconstructable injuries.
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Pan H, Xie X, Chen D, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Yang G. Protective and biogenesis effects of sodium hydrosulfide on brain mitochondria after cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 741:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Andreadou I, Iliodromitis EK, Rassaf T, Schulz R, Papapetropoulos A, Ferdinandy P. The role of gasotransmitters NO, H2S and CO in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection by preconditioning, postconditioning and remote conditioning. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1587-606. [PMID: 24923364 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of cardioprotective therapeutic agents remains a partly unmet need and a challenge for both medicine and industry, with significant financial and social implications. Protection of the myocardium can be achieved by mechanical vascular occlusions such as preconditioning (PC), when brief episodes of ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) are experienced prior to ischaemia; postconditioning (PostC), when the brief episodes are experienced at the immediate onset of reperfusion; and remote conditioning (RC), when the brief episodes are experienced in another vascular territory. The elucidation of the signalling pathways, which underlie the protective effects of PC, PostC and RC, would be expected to reveal novel molecular targets for cardioprotection that could be modulated by pharmacological agents to prevent reperfusion injury. Gasotransmitters including NO, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO) are a growing family of regulatory molecules that affect physiological and pathological functions. NO, H2S and CO share several common properties; they are beneficial at low concentrations but hazardous in higher amounts; they relax smooth muscle cells, inhibit apoptosis and exert anti-inflammatory effects. In the cardiovascular system, NO, H2S and CO induce vasorelaxation and promote cardioprotection. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge on the role of the gasotransmitters NO, H2S and CO in myocardial I/R injury and cardioprotection provided by conditioning strategies and highlight future perspectives in cardioprotection by NO, H2S, CO, as well as their donor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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McCook O, Radermacher P, Volani C, Asfar P, Ignatius A, Kemmler J, Möller P, Szabó C, Whiteman M, Wood ME, Wang R, Georgieff M, Wachter U. H2S during circulatory shock: some unresolved questions. Nitric Oxide 2014; 41:48-61. [PMID: 24650697 PMCID: PMC4229245 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.03.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous papers have been published on the role of H2S during circulatory shock. Consequently, knowledge about vascular sulfide concentrations may assume major importance, in particular in the context of "acute on chronic disease", i.e., during circulatory shock in animals with pre-existing chronic disease. This review addresses the questions (i) of the "real" sulfide levels during circulatory shock, and (ii) to which extent injury and pre-existing co-morbidity may affect the expression of H2S producing enzymes under these conditions. In the literature there is a huge range on sulfide blood levels during circulatory shock, in part as a result of the different analytical methods used, but also due to the variable of the models and species studied. Clearly, some of the very high levels reported should be questioned in the context of the well-known H2S toxicity. As long as "real" sulfide levels during circulatory shock are unknown and/or undetectable "on line" due to the lack of appropriate techniques, it appears to be premature to correlate the measured blood levels of hydrogen sulfide with the severity of shock or the H2S therapy-related biological outcomes. The available data on the tissue expression of the H2S-releasing enzymes during circulatory shock suggest that a "constitutive" CSE expression may play a crucial role of for the maintenance of organ function, at least in the kidney. The data also indicate that increased CBS and CSE expression, in particular in the lung and the liver, represents an adaptive response to stress states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar McCook
- Sektion Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum, Helmholtzstrasse 8-1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Sektion Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum, Helmholtzstrasse 8-1, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Chiara Volani
- Sektion Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum, Helmholtzstrasse 8-1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Pierre Asfar
- Département de Réanimation Médicale et de Médecine Hyperbare, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 4 rue Larrey, Cedex 9, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institut für Unfallchirurgische Forschung und Biomechanik, Universitätsklinikum, Helmholtzstrasse 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Kemmler
- Institut für Unfallchirurgische Forschung und Biomechanik, Universitätsklinikum, Helmholtzstrasse 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Möller
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum, Albert-Einstein-Allee 20-23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Csaba Szabó
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 601 Harborside Drive, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Matthew Whiteman
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Mark E Wood
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Michael Georgieff
- Sektion Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum, Helmholtzstrasse 8-1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wachter
- Sektion Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum, Helmholtzstrasse 8-1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Prolonged induced hypothermia in hemorrhagic shock is associated with decreased muscle metabolism: a nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics study. Shock 2014; 41:79-84. [PMID: 24052038 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock is a leading cause of trauma-related death in war and is associated with significant alterations in metabolism. Using archived serum samples from a previous study, the purpose of this work was to identify metabolic changes associated with induced hypothermia in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. Twelve Yorkshire pigs underwent a standardized hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation protocol to simulate battlefield injury with prolonged evacuation to definitive care in cold environments. Animals were randomized to receive either hypothermic (33°C) or normothermic (39°C) limited resuscitation for 8 h, followed by standard resuscitation. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to evaluate serum metabolites from these animals at intervals throughout the hypothermic resuscitation period. Animals in the hypothermic group had a significantly higher survival rate (P = 0.02) than normothermic animals. Using random forest analysis, a difference in metabolic response between hypothermic and normothermic animals was identified. Hypothermic resuscitation was characterized by decreased concentrations of several muscle-related metabolites including taurine, creatine, creatinine, and amino acids. This study suggests that a decrease in muscle metabolism as a result of induced hypothermia is associated with improved survival.
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Asfar P, Calzia E, Radermacher P. Is pharmacological, H₂S-induced 'suspended animation' feasible in the ICU? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:215. [PMID: 25028804 PMCID: PMC4060059 DOI: 10.1186/cc13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Petruci JFDS, Fortes PR, Kokoric V, Wilk A, Raimundo IM, Cardoso AA, Mizaikoff B. Monitoring of hydrogen sulfide via substrate-integrated hollow waveguide mid-infrared sensors in real-time. Analyst 2014; 139:198-203. [PMID: 24256718 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly corrosive, harmful, and toxic gas produced under anaerobic conditions within industrial processes or in natural environments, and plays an important role in the sulfur cycle. According to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the permissible exposure limit (during 8 hours) is 10 ppm. Concentrations of 20 ppm are the threshold for critical health issues. In workplace environments with human subjects frequently exposed to H2S, e.g., during petroleum extraction and refining, real-time monitoring of exposure levels is mandatory. Sensors based on electrochemical measurement principles, semiconducting metal-oxides, taking advantage of their optical properties, have been described for H2S monitoring. However, extended response times, limited selectivity, and bulkiness of the instrumentation are common disadvantages of the sensing techniques reported to date. Here, we describe for the first time usage of a new generation of compact gas cells, i.e., so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWGs), combined with a compact Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer for advanced gas sensing of H2S. The principle of detection is based on the immediate UV-assisted conversion of the rather weak IR-absorber H2S into much more pronounced and distinctively responding SO2. A calibration was established in the range of 10-100 ppm with a limit of detection (LOD) at 3 ppm, which is suitable for occupational health monitoring purposes. The developed sensing scheme provides an analytical response time of less than 60 seconds. Considering the substantial potential for miniaturization using e.g., a dedicated quantum cascade laser (QCL) in lieu of the FTIR spectrometer, the developed sensing approach may be evolved into a hand-held instrument, which may be tailored to a variety of applications ranging from environmental monitoring to workplace safety surveillance, process analysis and clinical diagnostics, e.g., breath analysis.
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Effects of post-resuscitation administration with sodium hydrosulfide on cardiac recovery in hypoxia-reoxygenated newborn piglets. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 718:74-80. [PMID: 24056121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide may protect multiple organ systems against ischemic-reperfusion injuries. It is unknown if treatment with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a hydrogen sulfide donor) will improve myocardial function and minimize oxidative stress in hypoxic-reoxygenated newborn piglets. Mixed breed piglets (1-5 day, 1.5-2.5 kg) were anesthetized and acutely instrumented for the measurement of systemic, pulmonary and regional (carotid, superior mesenteric and renal) hemodynamics and blood gas parameters. The piglets were induced with normocapnic alveolar hypoxia (10-15% oxygen, 2h) followed by reoxygenation with 100% (1h) then 21% oxygen (3h). At 10 min of reoxygenation, either NaHS (10mg/kg, 5 ml) or saline (5 ml) was administered intravenously for 30 min (5 min bolus followed by 25 min of continuous infusion) in a blinded, block-randomized fashion (n = 7/group). Plasma lactate and troponin I levels and tissue markers of myocardial oxidative stress were also determined. Two hours hypoxia caused cardiogenic shock (45 ± 3% of respective normoxic baseline), reduced regional perfusion with metabolic acidosis (pH 6.94 ± 0.02). NaHS infusion significantly improved recovery of cardiac index (84 ± 3% vs. 72 ± 5% in controls), systemic oxygen delivery (84 ± 3% vs. 72 ± 5% in controls) and systemic oxygen consumption (102 ± 5% vs. 84 ± 6% in controls) at 4h of reoxygenation. NaHS had no significant effect on systemic and pulmonary blood pressures, regional blood flows, plasma lactate and troponin I levels. The myocardial glutathionine ratio was reduced in piglets treated with NaHS (vs. controls, P<0.05). Post-resuscitation administration of NaHS improves cardiac function and systemic perfusion and attenuates myocardial oxidative stress in newborn piglets following hypoxia-reoxygenation.
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Zhang Q, Fu H, Zhang H, Xu F, Zou Z, Liu M, Wang Q, Miao M, Shi X. Hydrogen sulfide preconditioning protects rat liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating Akt-GSK-3β signaling and inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74422. [PMID: 24058562 PMCID: PMC3772845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the third most common endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule, but its impact on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, especially on mitochondrial function, remains unclear. In this study, rats were randomized into Sham, I/R, ischemia preconditioning (IPC) or sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, an H2S donor) preconditioning groups. To establish a model of segmental (70%) warm hepatic ischemia, the hepatic artery, left portal vein and median liver lobes were occluded for 60 min and then unclamped to allow reperfusion. Preconditioning with 12.5, 25 or 50 μmol/kg NaHS prior to the I/R insult significantly increased serum H2S levels, and, similar to IPC, NaHS preconditioning decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the plasma and prevented hepatocytes from undergoing I/R-induced necrosis. Moreover, a sub-toxic dose of NaHS (25 μmol/kg) did not disrupt the systemic hemodynamics but dramatically inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening and thus prevented mitochondrial-related cell death and apoptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that NaHS preconditioning markedly increased the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (p-GSK-3β) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and decreased the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3/9 levels. Therefore, NaHS administration prior to hepatic I/R ameliorates mitochondrial and hepatocellular damage through the inhibition of MPTP opening and the activation of Akt-GSK-3β signaling. Furthermore, this study provides experimental evidence for the clinical use of H2S to reduce liver damage after perioperative I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailong Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengying Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zui Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanxing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyong Miao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyin Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Snijder PM, de Boer RA, Bos EM, van den Born JC, Ruifrok WPT, Vreeswijk-Baudoin I, van Dijk MCRF, Hillebrands JL, Leuvenink HGD, van Goor H. Gaseous hydrogen sulfide protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice partially independent from hypometabolism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63291. [PMID: 23675473 PMCID: PMC3651205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of cardiac damage following various pathological processes. Gaseous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is protective during IRI by inducing a hypometabolic state in mice which is associated with anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We investigated whether gaseous H2S administration is protective in cardiac IRI and whether non-hypometabolic concentrations of H2S have similar protective properties. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice received a 0, 10, or 100 ppm H2S-N2 mixture starting 30 minutes prior to ischemia until 5 minutes pre-reperfusion. IRI was inflicted by temporary ligation of the left coronary artery for 30 minutes. High-resolution respirometry equipment was used to assess CO2-production and blood pressure was measured using internal transmitters. The effects of H2S were assessed by histological and molecular analysis. Results Treatment with 100 ppm H2S decreased CO2-production by 72%, blood pressure by 14% and heart rate by 25%, while treatment with 10 ppm H2S had no effects. At day 1 of reperfusion 10 ppm H2S showed no effect on necrosis, while treatment with 100 ppm H2S reduced necrosis by 62% (p<0.05). Seven days post-reperfusion, both 10 ppm (p<0.01) and 100 ppm (p<0.05) H2S showed a reduction in fibrosis compared to IRI animals. Both 10 ppm and 100 ppm H2S reduced granulocyte-influx by 43% (p<0.05) and 60% (p<0.001), respectively. At 7 days post-reperfusion both 10 and 100 ppm H2S reduced expression of fibronectin by 63% (p<0.05) and 67% (p<0.01) and ANP by 84% and 63% (p<0.05), respectively. Conclusions Gaseous administration of H2S is protective when administered during a cardiac ischemic insult. Although hypometabolism is restricted to small animals, we now showed that low non-hypometabolic concentrations of H2S also have protective properties in IRI. Since IRI is a frequent cause of myocardial damage during percutaneous coronary intervention and cardiac transplantation, H2S treatment might lead to novel therapeutical modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M Snijder
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Whiteman M, Winyard PG. Hydrogen sulfide and inflammation: the good, the bad, the ugly and the promising. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 4:13-32. [PMID: 22115346 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is rapidly gaining ground as a physiological mediator of inflammation, but there is no clear consensus as to its precise role in inflammatory signaling. This article discusses the disparate anti-inflammatory ('the good') and proinflammatory ('the bad') effects of endogenous and pharmacological H(2)S in disparate animal model and cell culture systems. We also discuss 'the ugly', such as problems of using wholly specific inhibitors of enzymatic H(2)S synthesis, and the use of pharmacological donor compounds, which release H(2)S too quickly to be physiologically representative of endogenous H(2)S synthesis. Furthermore, recently developed slow-release H(2)S donors, which offer a more physiological approach to understanding the complex role of H(2)S in acute and chronic inflammation ('the promising') are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Whiteman
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.
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Epelman S, Tang WW. H2S—The Newest Gaseous Messenger on the Block. J Card Fail 2012; 18:597-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.06.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang R. Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: a whiff exploration that blossomed. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:791-896. [PMID: 22535897 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1349] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The important life-supporting role of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has evolved from bacteria to plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and finally to mammals. Over the centuries, however, H(2)S had only been known for its toxicity and environmental hazard. Physiological importance of H(2)S has been appreciated for about a decade. It started by the discovery of endogenous H(2)S production in mammalian cells and gained momentum by typifying this gasotransmitter with a variety of physiological functions. The H(2)S-catalyzing enzymes are differentially expressed in cardiovascular, neuronal, immune, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, liver, and endocrine systems and affect the functions of these systems through the production of H(2)S. The physiological functions of H(2)S are mediated by different molecular targets, such as different ion channels and signaling proteins. Alternations of H(2)S metabolism lead to an array of pathological disturbances in the form of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, inflammation, sepsis, neurodegenerative disease, erectile dysfunction, and asthma, to name a few. Many new technologies have been developed to detect endogenous H(2)S production, and novel H(2)S-delivery compounds have been invented to aid therapeutic intervention of diseases related to abnormal H(2)S metabolism. While acknowledging the challenges ahead, research on H(2)S physiology and medicine is entering an exponential exploration era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE An abundance of experimental evidence suggests that hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays a prominent role in physiology and pathophysiology. Many targets exist for H(2)S therapy. The molecular targets of H(2)S include proteins, enzymes, transcription factors, and membrane ion channels. RECENT ADVANCES Novel H(2)S precursors are being synthesized and discovered that are capable of releasing H(2)S in a slow and sustained manner. This presents a novel and advantageous approach to H(2)S therapy for treatment of chronic conditions associated with a decline in endogenous H(2)S, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES While H(2)S is cytoprotective at physiological concentrations, it is not universally cytoprotective, as it appears to have pro-apoptotic actions in cancer cells and is well known to be toxic at supraphysiological concentrations. Many of the pleiotropic effects of H(2)S on health are associated with the inhibition of inflammation and upregulation of prosurvival pathways. The powerful anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, immunomodulating, and trophic effects of H(2)S on the vast majority of normal cells seem to be mediated mainly by its actions as an extremely versatile direct and indirect antioxidant and free radical scavenger. While the overall effects of H(2)S on transformed (i.e., malignant) cells can be characterized as pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic, they contrast sharply with the cytoprotective effects on most normal cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS H(2)S has become a molecule of great interest, and several slow-releasing H(2)S prodrugs are currently under development. We believe that additional agents regulating H(2)S bioavailability will be developed during the next 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lee Predmore
- Department of Surgery-Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Bos EM, Snijder PM, Jekel H, Weij M, Leemans JC, van Dijk MCF, Hillebrands JL, Lisman T, van Goor H, Leuvenink HGD. Beneficial effects of gaseous hydrogen sulfide in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Transpl Int 2012; 25:897-908. [PMID: 22716165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012.01514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) can induce a reversible hypometabolic state, which could protect against hypoxia. In this study we investigated whether H2 S could protect livers from ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to partial hepatic IRI for 60 min. Animals received 0 (IRI) or 100 ppm H2 S (IRI + H2 S) from 30 min prior to ischemia until 5 min before reperfusion. Core body temperature was maintained at 37° C. Animals were sacrificed after 1, 6 or 24 h. Hepatic ischemia caused extensive hepatic necrosis in the IRI animals which coincided with an increase in ALT and AST serum levels. Animals treated with H2 S showed attenuated serum ALT and AST levels and reduced necrotic lesions after 24 h. IRI animals had increased Bcl-2 mRNA expression and increased active Caspase 3 protein, which were both significantly lower in H2 S treated animals. Increased TNFα and IL-6 mRNA in the IRI livers was significantly attenuated by H2 S treatment, as was hepatic influx of Ly-6G positive granulocytes. Hepatic superoxide production after ischemia was attenuated by H2 S treatment. In hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, gaseous H2 S treatment is highly protective, substantially reducing necrosis, apoptosis and inflammation. Gaseous H2 S is therefore a very promising treatment for reducing IRI during hepatic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelke M Bos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Previous animal and human studies have suggested that total plasma sulfide plays a role in the pathophysiology of shock. This study's aim was to determine the value of total plasma sulfide as a marker of shock severity in nonsurgical adult patients admitted to the ICU. Forty-one patients, with various types of shock (septic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and hypovolemic), were included in the study, with an average total plasma sulfide concentration of 23.2 ± 26.3 µM. Survivors (of shock) had lower total plasma sulfide concentrations than nonsurvivors (13.0 ± 26.3 vs. 31.9 ± 31.5 µM; P = 0.02). Total plasma sulfide correlated with dose of administered norepinephrine (R linear = 0.829; P = 0.001) and with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score (R cubic = 0.767; P = 0.001). Area under the receiver operating characteristic for total plasma sulfide as a predictor of ICU mortality was 0.739 (confidence interval, 0.587-0.892; P = 0.009). Even after correcting for APACHE II score and lactate values, total plasma sulfide correlated with mortality (odds ratio, 1.058; 95% confidence interval, 1.001-1.118; P = 0.045). The study provides evidence that, in nonsurgical adult ICU patients admitted because of any type of shock, total plasma sulfide correlates with administered norepinephrine dose at admission, severity of disease (APACHE II score ≥30 points), and survival outcome.
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Schoenfeld MP, Ansari RR, Nakao A, Wink D. A hypothesis on biological protection from space radiation through the use of new therapeutic gases as medical counter measures. Med Gas Res 2012; 2:8. [PMID: 22475015 PMCID: PMC3348081 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation exposure to astronauts could be a significant obstacle for long duration manned space exploration because of current uncertainties regarding the extent of biological effects. Furthermore, concepts for protective shielding also pose a technically challenging issue due to the nature of cosmic radiation and current mass and power constraints with modern exploration technology. The concern regarding exposure to cosmic radiation is biological damage that is associated with increased oxidative stress. It is therefore important and would be enabling to mitigate and/or prevent oxidative stress prior to the development of clinical symptoms and disease. This paper hypothesizes a "systems biology" approach in which a combination of chemical and biological mitigation techniques are used conjunctively. It proposes using new, therapeutic, medical gases as chemical radioprotectors for radical scavenging and as biological signaling molecules for management of the body's response to exposure. From reviewing radiochemistry of water, biological effects of CO, H2, NO, and H2S gas, and mechanisms of radiation biology, it can be concluded that this approach may have therapeutic potential for radiation exposure. Furthermore, it also appears to have similar potential for curtailing the pathogenesis of other diseases in which oxidative stress has been implicated including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic inflammatory disease, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and aging. We envision applying these therapies through inhalation of gas mixtures or ingestion of water with dissolved gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Schoenfeld
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, USA.
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Rivers JR, Badiei A, Bhatia M. Hydrogen sulfide as a therapeutic target for inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:439-49. [PMID: 22448627 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.673591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Bouma HR, Verhaag EM, Otis JP, Heldmaier G, Swoap SJ, Strijkstra AM, Henning RH, Carey HV. Induction of torpor: mimicking natural metabolic suppression for biomedical applications. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1285-90. [PMID: 21618525 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian hibernation consists of periods of depressed metabolism and reduced body temperature called "torpor" that are interspersed by normothermic arousal periods. Numerous cellular processes are halted during torpor, including transcription, translation, and ion homeostasis. Hibernators are able to survive long periods of low blood flow and body temperature followed by rewarming and reperfusion without overt signs of organ injury, which makes these animals excellent models for application of natural protective mechanisms to human medicine. This review examines efforts to induce torpor-like states in non-hibernating species using pharmacological compounds. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of natural and pharmacologically induced torpor will speed the development of new clinical approaches to treat a variety of trauma and stress states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalmar R Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Claudet I, Marcoux MO, Karsenty C, Rittié JL, Honorat R, Lelong-Tissier MC. [Severe hydrogen sulfide intoxication: a pediatric case of survival]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 31:255-8. [PMID: 22305402 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a paediatric case of survival following severe hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas intoxication. A 13-year-old boy was found submerged to the neck in a manure tank. He was hypothermic, unresponsive with bilateral mydriasis, and had poor oxygen saturation. After intubation, he was transferred to the paediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care children's hospital. He developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring high frequency percussive ventilation. Cardiac evaluation was significant for myocardial infarction and left ventricular function impairment. He completely recovered from the respiratory and cardiac failure. Neurological examinations showed abnormal signals on MRI in the semi-oval center and in the frontal cortex. Follow-up detected partial impairment of axonal fibers of the right external popliteal sciatic nerve. Paediatric cases of survival after H2S intoxication have been rarely reported. Such exposures can evolve to severe ARDS and benefit from high frequency percussive ventilation. Hypothermia and other metabolic abnormalities are now better explained thanks to actual knowledge about endogenous H2S function. Lessons learned from paediatric accidents should result in better information about this threat for farmers and families living in houses with septic tanks, reducing the risk to their own and their children's safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Claudet
- Service d'accueil des urgences pédiatriques, hôpital des Enfants, 330, avenue de Grande-Bretagne, TSA 740034, 31059 Toulouse cedex 09, France.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Access to genetically engineered mice has opened many new opportunities to address questions relevant to the pathophysiology and treatment of patients in critical conditions. However, the results of studies in mice cannot disregard the unique ability of small rodents to adjust their temperature and high metabolic rate and the corresponding respiratory and circulatory requirements in response to hypoxia. POINT OF VIEW Studies performed in mice on questions related to metabolic, circulatory, and respiratory regulation should always be considered in light of the ability of mice to rapidly drop their nonshivering thermogenesis-related metabolism. As an example, it has been recently argued that a moderate level of inhaled hydrogen sulfide may have a potential benefit in patients in coma or shock or during an anoxic or ischemic insult, as this toxic gas dramatically reduces the metabolic rate in resting mice. However, acute hypometabolism has long been described in small mammals in response to hypoxia and is not specific to hydrogen sulfide. More importantly, mice have a specific metabolic rate that is 15-20 times higher than the specific metabolic level of a resting human. This difference can be accounted for by the large amount of heat produced by mice through nonshivering thermogenesis, related to the activity of uncoupling proteins. This mechanism, which is essential for maintaining homeothermia in small mammals, is virtually absent in larger animals, including in adult humans. Accordingly, no direct metabolic effect of hydrogen sulfide is observed in large mammals. We present the view that similar reasoning should be applied when the circulatory or respiratory response to hypoxic exposure is considered. This leads us to question whether a similar strategy could occur in mice in critical conditions other than hypoxia, such as in hypovolemic, septic, or cardiogenic shock. CONCLUSION Mouse models developed to understand the mechanisms of protection against hypoxia or ischemia or to propose new therapeutic approaches applicable in critical care patients should be understood in light of the specificity of the metabolic, respiratory, and circulatory responses of mice to a hypoxic insult, since many of these adaptations have no clear equivalent in humans.
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HIF-1 and SKN-1 coordinate the transcriptional response to hydrogen sulfide in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25476. [PMID: 21980473 PMCID: PMC3183046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has dramatic physiological effects on animals that are associated with improved survival. C. elegans grown in H2S are long-lived and thermotolerant. To identify mechanisms by which adaptation to H2S effects physiological functions, we have measured transcriptional responses to H2S exposure. Using microarray analysis we observe rapid changes in the abundance of specific mRNAs. The number and magnitude of transcriptional changes increased with the duration of H2S exposure. Functional annotation suggests that genes associated with protein homeostasis are upregulated upon prolonged exposure to H2S. Previous work has shown that the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, HIF-1, is required for survival in H2S. In fact, we show that hif-1 is required for most, if not all, early transcriptional changes in H2S. Moreover, our data demonstrate that SKN-1, the C. elegans homologue of NRF2, also contributes to H2S-dependent changes in transcription. We show that these results are functionally important, as skn-1 is essential to survive exposure to H2S. Our results suggest a model in which HIF-1 and SKN-1 coordinate a broad transcriptional response to H2S that culminates in a global reorganization of protein homeostasis networks.
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