Reduced Postburn Hypertrophic Scarring and Improved Physical Recovery With Yearlong Administration of Oxandrolone and Propranolol

Administration and effects of beta blockers and oxandrolone in severely burned adults: a post hoc analysis of the RE-ENERGIZE trial

Background

Prospective randomized trials in severely burned children have shown the positive effects of oxandrolone (OX), beta blockers (BB) and a combination of the two (BBOX) on hypermetabolism, catabolism and hyperinflammation short- and long-term post-burn. Although data on severely burned adults are lacking in comparison, BB, OX and BBOX appear to be commonly employed in this patient population. In this study, we perform a secondary analysis of an international prospective randomized trial dataset to provide descriptive evidence regarding the current utilization patterns and potential treatment effects of OX, BB and BBOX.

Methods

The RE-ENERGIZE (RandomizEd Trial of ENtERal Glutamine to minimIZE Thermal Injury, NCT00985205) trial included 1200 adult patients with severe burns. We stratified patients according to their receipt of OX, BB, BBOX or none of these drugs (None) during acute hospitalization. Descriptive statistics describe the details of drug therapy and unadjusted analyses identify predisposing factors for drug use per group. Association between OX, BB and BBOX and clinical outcomes such as time to discharge alive and 6-month mortality were modeled using adjusted multivariable Cox regressions.

Results

More than half of all patients in the trial received either OX (n = 138), BB (n = 293) or BBOX (n = 282), as opposed to None (n = 487, 40.6%). Per study site and geographical region, use of OX, BB and BBOX was highly variable. Predisposing factors for the use of OX, BB and BBOX included larger total body surface area (TBSA) burned, higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II scores on admission and younger patient age. After adjustment for multiple covariates, the use of OX was associated with a longer time to discharge alive [hazard ratio (HR) 0.62, confidence interval (CI) (0.47-0.82) per 100% increase, p = 0.001]. A higher proportion of days on BB was associated with lower in-hospital-mortality (HR: 0.5, CI 0.28-0.87, p = 0.015) and 6-month mortality (HR: 0.44, CI 0.24-0.82, p = 0.01).

Conclusions

The use of OX, BB and BBOX is common within the adult burn patient population, with its use varying considerably across sites worldwide. Our findings found mixed associations between outcomes and the use of BB and OX in adult burn patients, with lower acute and 6-month-mortality with BB and longer times to discharge with OX. Further research into these pharmacological modulators of the pathophysiological response to severe burn injury is indicated.

Evaluation of patient-reported outcome measures in burn-specific tools: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are now well-established tools to evaluate the quality of patient-centred care. Due to the multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary nature of the practice of burn care, as well as the range of significant potential sequelae, PROM's should form a fundamental component of burn quality improvement programs. We aim to 1. Explore biological, psychological, and social considerations that are currently listed in burn-specific PROM tools, as well as their efficacy, 2. Evaluate biological, psychological, and social factors that are considered in new burn-specific PROM tools or those under development, and 3. Identify any opportunities with respect to burn-specific PROM tools, in order to inform future investigation in this area.

METHODS

A search was performed of MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library databases. Two independent reviewers screened article titles/abstracts and then the full texts using Covidence. All studies were graded independently according to the Quality Rating Scheme for Studies and Other Evidences.

RESULTS

The initial search yielded 552 references. Based on ab initio inclusion and exclusion criteria, 133 full-text studies were assessed for eligibility, and 21 articles were ultimately included in the systematic review. Due to study heterogeneity, a qualitative synthesis was conducted. Existing burn-specific PROMs covered a range of biological, psychological, and social factors affecting adult and paediatric patients with burn injury, but several studies required additional PROMs for a thorough evaluation. Burn-specific PROM tools under development are poised to fill this deficit.

CONCLUSION

Major burn injuries are a unique form of trauma, requiring coordinated management that considers numerous factors not relevant to other patient populations. Further research is necessary to validate existing burn-specific PROM tools and to develop more comprehensive burn-specific PROM measures that more comprehensively incorporate the bio-psycho-social model of health.

Establishment of a humanized mouse model of keloid diseases following the migration of patient immune cells to the lesion: Patient-derived keloid xenograft (PDKX) model

Keloid disorder is an abnormal fibroproliferative reaction that can occur on any area of skin, and it can impair the quality of life of affected individuals. To investigate the pathogenesis and develop a treatment strategy, a preclinical animal model of keloid disorder is needed. However, keloid disorder is unique to humans, and the development of an animal model of keloid disorder is highly problematic. We developed the patient-derived keloid xenograft (PDKX), which is a humanized mouse model, and compared it to the traditional mouse xenograft model (transplantation of only keloid lesions). To establish the PDKX model, peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ten keloid patients or five healthy control subjects were injected into NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγnull mice, and their keloid lesions were grafted onto the back after the engraftment of immune cells (transplantation of keloid lesions and KP PBMCs or HC PBMCs). Four weeks after surgery, the grafted keloid lesion was subjected to histologic evaluation. Compared to the traditional model, neotissue formed along the margin of the grafted skin, and lymphocyte infiltration and collagen synthesis were significantly elevated in the PDKX model. The neotissue sites resembled the margin areas of keloids in several respects. In detail, the levels of human Th17 cells, IL-17, HIF-1a, and chemokines were significantly elevated in the neotissue of the PDKX model. Furthermore, the weight of the keloid lesion was increased significantly in the PDKX model, which was due to the proinflammatory microenvironment of the keloid lesion. We confirmed that our patient-derived keloid xenograft (PDKX) model mimicked keloid disorder by recapitulating the in vivo microenvironment. This model will contribute to the investigation of cellular mechanisms and therapeutic treatments for keloid disorders.

Oxandrolone Efficacy in Wound Healing in Burned and Decubitus Ulcer Patients: A Systematic Review

Wounds with delayed or impaired healing represent a considerable challenge in medical practice. These patients develop a sustained hypermetabolic and catabolic state, directly impacting the wound healing process. The use of oxandrolone has been studied to control this metabolic imbalance and protect lean body mass as a beneficial resource in wound healing. This systematic review aims to analyze previously conducted randomized controlled trials to evaluate the evidence of the applicability of oxandrolone therapy. We compared its use in adult patients with burns and adult patients with pressure ulcers in terms of wound healing and healing time of the skin graft donor site in days. The digital searches were done from March 23-28, 2022, within the databases: Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, and EBSCO (Elton B. Stephens Company). Data from six studies were analyzed and included in this review. Analysis of the available data demonstrated a significant advantage in skin healing using oxandrolone in adult burn patients as an adjunct. For adult patients with pressure ulcers, the drug showed no benefit on wound healing and skin graft site healing. Importantly, we found only one study evaluating the use of oxandrolone in patients with decubitus ulcers that met our eligibility criteria, and the certainty of the evidence was low. Thus, further prospective randomized studies with larger samples and standard wound care protocols are needed to produce more solid results, allowing more definitive conclusions to be made on this theme.

Controlling Inflammation Pre-Emptively or at the Time of Cutaneous Injury Optimises Outcome of Skin Scarring

Inflammation plays an active role during the wound healing process. There is a direct association between the extent of injury as well as inflammation and the amount of subsequent cutaneous scarring. Evidence to date demonstrates that high levels of inflammation are associated with excessive dermal scarring and formation of abnormal pathological scars such as keloids and hypertrophic scars. In view of the multiple important cell types being involved in the inflammatory process and their influence on the extent of scar formation, many scar therapies should aim to target these cells in order to control inflammation and by association help improve scar outcome. However, most current treatment strategies for the management of a newly formed skin scar often adopt a watch-and-wait approach prior to commencing targeted anti-inflammatory therapy. Moreover, most of these therapies have been evaluated in the remodelling phase of wound healing and the evaluation of anti-inflammatory treatments at earlier stages of healing have not been fully explored and remain limited. Taken together, in order to minimise the risk of developing a poor scar outcome, it is clear that adopting an early intervention prior to skin injury would be optimal, however, the concept of pre-emptively priming the skin prior to injury has not yet been thoroughly evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the available literature regarding scar therapies that aim to target inflammation which are commenced prior to when a scar is formed or immediately after injury, with a particular focus on the role of pre-emptive priming of skin prior to injury in order to control inflammation for the prevention of poor scarring outcome.

A Review of Hypertrophic Scar and Keloid Treatment and Prevention in the Pediatric Population: Where Are We Now?

Significance: This body of work gives a concise and comprehensive overview for the clinician and scientist on the latest treatment modalities for hypertrophic scars (HTS) and keloids in the pediatric population, as well as the most promising methods of prevention currently being investigated. This review will serve as a guide to the clinician for treatment selection and as an efficient tool for the scientist to achieve a comprehensive overview of the scientific literature to guide their future experiments aimed at pathologic scar prevention. Recent Advances: Current studies in the literature suggest carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser and E-light (bipolar radiofrequency, intense pulsed light, and cooling) are two of the most effective treatment modalities for HTS, while surgical excision+CO₂ laser+triamcinolone injection was one of the most successful treatments for keloids. In animal models, drug impregnated electrospun nanofiber dressings offer encouraging results for HTS prevention, while Kelulut honey showed promising results for keloid prevention. Critical Issues: Treatment outcome reproducibility is hindered by small cohorts of patients, inadequate-follow up, and variability in assessment tools. Prevention studies show multiple ways of achieving the same result, yet fall short of complete prevention. Furthermore, some studies that have purported full prevention have not been validated. Future Directions: To establish a standard of care, large clinical trials of the most successful modalities in small cohorts are needed. The key for prevention will be validation in animal models of the most successful methods, followed by translational and clinical studies.

Metabolic Responses to Severe Burn Injury

ABSTRACT

Management of the metabolic responses to severe burn injury is recognized as a fundamental part of burn care. Definition of burn hypermetabolism is being refined to subcellular and genomic levels, and treatment concepts are need to be refined into increasingly sophisticated strategies.

Dual drug delivery collagen vehicles for modulation of skin fibrosisin vitro

Single molecule drug delivery systems have failed to yield functional therapeutic outcomes, triggering investigations into multi-molecular drug delivery vehicles. In the context of skin fibrosis, although multi-drug systems have been assessed, no system has assessed molecular combinations that directly and specifically reduce cell proliferation, collagen synthesis and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) expression. Herein, a core-shell collagen type I hydrogel system was developed for the dual delivery of a TGFβ trap, a soluble recombinant protein that inhibits TGFβ signalling, and Trichostatin A (TSA), a small molecule inhibitor of histone deacetylases. The antifibrotic potential of the dual delivery system was assessed in an in vitro skin fibrosis model induced by macromolecular crowding (MMC) and TGFβ1. SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses revealed that ~ 50 % of the TGFβ trap and ~ 30 % of the TSA were released from the core and shell compartments, respectively, of the hydrogel system after 10 days (longest time point assessed) in culture. As a direct consequence of this slow release, the core (TGFβ trap) / shell (TSA) hydrogel system induced significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the control group (MMC and TGFβ1) collagen type I deposition (assessed via SDS-PAGE and immunocytochemistry), α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression (assessed via immunocytochemistry) and cellular proliferation (assessed via DNA quantification) and viability (assessed via calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-I staining) after 10 days in culture. On the other hand, direct TSA-TGFβ supplementation induced the lowest (p < 0.05) collagen type I deposition, αSMA expression and cellular proliferation and viability after 10 days in culture. Our results illustrate the potential of core-shell collagen hydrogel systems for sustained delivery of antifibrotic molecules.

The Adrenergic System in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Physiology and Clinical Considerations

ABSTRACT

The primary organ systems and tissues concerning plastic and reconstructive surgery include the integument, vasculature, subcutis, and peripheral nerves, because these may individually or collectively be injured requiring reconstruction, or indeed be used in reconstruction themselves through grafts, flaps, or anastomoses. Adrenergic receptors are present throughout these anatomic components on the vasculature, adipose, platelets, immune cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, peripheral nerves, and tendons. Herein, the influence of adrenergic signaling on the physiology of anatomic components related to plastic surgery is discussed, along with clinical considerations of this systems involvement in procedures, such as free flap reconstruction, skin grafting, fat grafting, and other areas relevant to plastic and reconstructive surgery. Current evidence as well as potential for further investigation is discussed.

Standards in Biologic Lesions: Cutaneous Thermal Injury and Inhalation Injury Working Group 2018 Meeting Proceedings

On August 27 and 28, 2018, the American Burn Association, in conjunction with Underwriters Laboratories, convened a group of experts on burn and inhalation injury in Washington, DC. The goal of the meeting was to identify and discuss the existing knowledge, data, and modeling gaps related to understanding cutaneous thermal injury and inhalation injury due to exposure from a fire environment, and in addition, address two more areas proposed by the American Burn Association Research Committee that are critical to burn care but may have current translational research gaps (inflammatory response and hypermetabolic response). Representatives from the Underwriters Laboratories Firefighter Safety Research Institute and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Fire Research Laboratory presented the state of the science in their fields, highlighting areas that required further investigation and guidance from the burn community. Four areas were discussed by the full 24 participant group and in smaller groups: Basic and Translational Understanding of Inhalation Injury, Thermal Contact and Resulting Injury, Systemic Inflammatory Response and Resuscitation, and Hypermetabolic Response and Healing. A primary finding was the need for validating historic models to develop a set of reliable data on contact time and temperature and resulting injury. The working groups identified common areas of focus across each subtopic, including gaining an understanding of individual response to injury that would allow for precision medicine approaches. Predisposed phenotype in response to insult, the effects of age and sex, and the role of microbiomes could all be studied by employing multi-omic (systems biology) approaches.

"Living Well" After Burn Injury: Using Case Reports to Illustrate Significant Contributions From the Burn Model System Research Program

The Burn Model System (BMS) program of research has been funded since 1993 by the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR). The overarching aim of this program is to improve outcomes and quality of life for people with burns in the areas of health and function, employment, and community living and participation. This review reports on BMS contributions that have affected the lives of individuals with a significant burn injury using case reports to associate BMS contributions with recovery. In January 2020, current BMS grantee researchers assessed peer-reviewed BMS publications from 1994 to 2020. Using case report methodology, contributions were linked to three individuals treated at one of the four Burn Model System institutions. With over 25 years of NIDILRR funding, unique BMS contributions to patient recovery were identified and categorized into one of several domains: treatment, assessment measures, sequelae, peer support, employment, and long-term functional outcomes. A second review for significant results of BMS research that add to the understanding of burn injury, pathophysiology, and recovery research was identified and categorized as injury recovery research. The case study participants featured in this review identified select NIDILRR research contributions as having direct, personal benefit to their recovery. The knowledge generation and clinical innovation that this research program has contributed to our collective understanding of recovery after burn injury is considerable. Using case study methodology with three adult burn survivors, we highlight the impact and individual significance of program findings and reinforce the recognition that the value of any clinical research must have relevance to the lives of the study population.

Effect of Mitochondrial Antioxidant (Mito-TEMPO) on Burn-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Imbalance of oxidants/antioxidants results in heart failure, contributing to mortality after burn injury. Cardiac mitochondria are a prime source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and a mitochondrial-specific antioxidant may improve burn-induced cardiomyopathy. We hypothesize that the mitochondrial-specific antioxidant, Triphenylphosphonium chloride (Mito-TEMPO), could protect cardiac function after burn.

STUDY DESIGN

Male rats had a 60% total body surface area (TBSA) scald burn injury and were treated with/without Mito-TEMPO (7 mg/kg-1, intraperitoneal) and harvested at 24 hours post-burn. Echocardiography (ECHO) was used for measurement of heart function. Masson Trichrome and hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining were used for cardiac fibrosis and immune response. Qualitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used for mitochondrial DNA replication and gene expression.

RESULTS

Burn-induced cardiac dysfunction, fibrosis, and mitochondrial damage were assessed by measurement of mitochondrial function, DNA replication, and DNA-encoded electron transport chain-related gene expression. Mito-TEMPO partially improved the abnormal parameters. Burn-induced cardiac dysfunction was associated with crosstalk between the NFE2L2-ARE pathway, PDE5A-PKG pathway, PARP1-POLG-mtDNA replication pathway, and mitochondrial SIRT signaling.

CONCLUSIONS

Mito-TEMPO reversed burn-induced cardiac dysfunction by rescuing cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants may be an effective therapy for burn-induced cardiac dysfunction.

Transient Improvement in Erythropoiesis Is Achieved Via the Chaperone AHSP With Early Administration of Propranolol in Burn Patients

Burn patients experience erythropoietin resistant anemia in which early commitment and late maturation of erythroblasts are defective. The authors previously showed that propranolol (Prop) treatment restores erythroid committed progenitors, but terminal maturation remains impaired. Hemoglobinization and maturation occur during terminal erythropoiesis and these processes are aided by an erythroblast intrinsic functional protein called alpha-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP). The authors evaluated the role of AHSP in PBMC- (peripheral blood mono nuclear cell) derived erythroblasts and the implications of Prop in burn patients. Blood samples were collected at three time points from 17 patients receiving standard burn care (SBC) or Prop. Five healthy volunteers provided control plasma (CP). PBMCs were placed in biphasic cultures with 5% autologous plasma (BP) or CP. Erythroblasts were harvested during mid and late maturation stages; the percentage of AHSP+ erythroblasts, AHSP expression, and relative distribution of reticulocytes and polychromatophilic erythroblasts (PolyE) were determined by cytometry. During the second time point (7-10 days postburn), Prop cohort required 35% less transfusions. At mid maturation, PBMCs from Prop-treated patients cultured in BP had 33% more AHSP+ erythroblasts and 40% more AHSP expression compared with SBC. Furthermore, at late maturation, Prop had 50% more reticulocytes and 30% less PolyEs in CP vs BP compared with SBC (11% and 6%, respectively). AHSP is positively associated with late-stage maturation of PBMC-derived erythroblasts in the presence of CP. Albeit transiently, this is more pronounced in Prop than SBC. Early administration of propranolol in burn patients supports erythropoiesis via the chaperone AHSP.

Fractionated Ablative Carbon Dioxide Laser Therapy Decreases Ultrasound Thickness of Hypertrophic Burn Scar: A Prospective Process Improvement Initiative

INTRODUCTION

Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser treatment is routinely used to treat hypertrophic burn scars (HBS). Although prior research has documented subjective improvement in HBS after treatment, there is little data evaluating objective changes in scar characteristics after therapy. The aim of our process improvement project was to evaluate changes to scar thickness (ST) using high-frequency ultrasound in patients with HBS undergoing CO2 laser therapy.

METHODS

Ultrasound measurements of ST were obtained from patients with HBS before initial and at each subsequent treatment. ST, reduction in ST per treatment, and percentage reduction in ST from baseline were tabulated. Post hoc analyses examining the effect of initial ST and scar maturity on outcome were performed. First, patients were grouped by baseline ST into thicker (group 1, initial ST ≥ median value) and thinner (group 2, initial ST < median value) scar groups. Second, patients were divided into quartiles based on time from injury to treatment. Outcomes at each time point were compared with either Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis tests, with Bonferonni corrections performed for post hoc subgroup analyses. Significance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Twenty-one consecutive patients with HBS treated with CO2 laser were included. All patients completed 1 or more treatment, 48% completed 2 or more treatments, and 28% completed 3 treatments. Median initial ST was 0.71 cm (0.44-0.98 cm), and median scar maturity was 7.5 months (4.9-9.8 months). Overall, ST decreased over the treatment course (P < 0.001), with post hoc analysis demonstrating that 2 treatments were required to achieve a significant ST reduction (P < 0.01). On subgroup analysis comparing initial ST, ST decreased significantly in group 1 (thicker scars) overall (P < 0.001) but not in group 2 (P = 0.109). ST reduction was greatest after 1 treatment in group 1 (P = 0.022) and group 2 (P = 0.061). Percent reduction was greater in group 1 relative to group 2 after 1 treatment (P = 0.016). On subgroup analysis of scar maturity, there were no significant differences in either baseline ST or ST at any subsequent visit.

CONCLUSIONS

Fractionated ablative CO2 laser treatment improved ST after 1 to 2 treatments. Patients with thicker scars demonstrated greater ST reduction than those with thinner scars. Ultrasound adequately assessed treatment response.

Cutaneous Thermal Injury Modulates Blood and Skin Metabolomes Differently in a Murine Model

As the field of metabolomics develops further, investigations of how the metabolome is affected following thermal injury may be helpful to inform diagnostics and guide treatments. In this study, changes to the metabolome were tested and validated in a murine burn injury model. After a 30% total body surface scald injury or sham procedure sera and skin biopsies were collected at 1, 2, 6, or 24 hr.

Burn-specific changes in the metabolome were detected compared to sham animals. The sera metabolome exhibited a more rapid response to burn injury than that of the skin and it peaked more proximal to injury (6 vs 24 hr). Progression of metabolic response in the skin was less synchronous and showed a higher overlap of the significantly modified metabolites (SMMs) among tested time-points. Top affected pathways identified by SMMs of skin included inositol phosphate metabolism, ascorbate and alderate metabolism, caffeine metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Future research is warranted in human and larger animal models to further elucidate the role of metabolomic perturbations and the pathophysiology following burn injury.

The Roles of Inflammation in Keloid and Hypertrophic Scars

The underlying mechanisms of wound healing are complex but inflammation is one of the determining factors. Besides its traditional role in combating against infection upon injury, the characteristics and magnitude of inflammation have dramatic impacts on the pathogenesis of scar. Keloids and hypertrophic scars are pathological scars that result from aberrant wound healing. They are characterized by continuous local inflammation and excessive collagen deposition. In this review, we aim at discussing how dysregulated inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of scar formation. Immune cells, soluble inflammatory mediators, and the related intracellular signal transduction pathways are our three subtopics encompassing the events occurring in inflammation associated with scar formation. In the end, we enumerate the current and potential medicines and therapeutics for suppressing inflammation and limiting progression to scar. Understanding the initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammation will provide insights into the mechanisms of scar formation and is useful for developing effective treatments.

Pediatric burn care: new techniques and outcomes

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Thermal injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. This review highlights the current management of thermal injury and its complications.

RECENT FINDINGS

Many recent advances in burn care have improved the outcomes of patients with thermal injury; however, variability does exist, and there are many opportunities for improvement. This review will highlight the complexity of issues encountered along the continuum of care for thermal injury patients. Accurate estimation of total burn surface area (TBSA) of a burn continues to be a challenge in pediatric patients. Variability continues to exist surrounding the management of burn resuscitation and complex wounds. Children with extensive burns have profound immune and metabolic changes that can lead to multiple complications, including infections, growth arrest, and loss of lean body mass. Standardization in measurements related to quality of life and psychological stress following pediatric thermal injury is much needed.

SUMMARY

The care of pediatric patients with thermal injury is complex and multifaceted. This review highlights the most recent advances in pediatric burn care.

Emerging evidence for the roles of peptide in hypertrophic scar

Hypertrophic scar is a dermal fibroproliferative disorder characterized by excess collagen deposition. There are many existing treatment modalities, but none works perfectly in all individuals. Recently, evidence is increasing that peptides can play crucial roles in the prevention or treatment of hypertrophic scar. The peptides may be derived from growth factors, hormones, and intracellular products of proteolysis. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that a number of peptides, usually topically applied, have beneficial effects on fibroblasts in rat, mouse, hamster, pig and rabbit scar models. The length of such peptides typically ranges between 10 and 15 amino acids (aa). Peptides may reduce scar progenitors, prevent excessive scarring, decrease scar growth, speed re-epithelialization and promote scar maturation through multiple mechanisms. They may target TGF-β signaling, fibroblast function or collagen modulation, inflammation, renin angiotensin system, gap junction and other pathways. However, there is a paucity of evidence regarding specific binding sites for these peptides in scar models. Here, we review current research progress on the roles of peptides and underlying mechanisms in hypertrophic scar. We also discuss the clinical potential of peptides as therapeutic agents in scarring. Finally, the functions of several peptide-related compounds in hypertrophic scar are summarized.