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Hawke LJ, Nelson E, O'Brien P, Crossley KM, Choong PF, Bunzli S, Dowsey MM. Influences on clinical trial participation: Enhancing recruitment through a gender lens - A scoping review. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2024; 38:101283. [PMID: 38456181 PMCID: PMC10918492 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Suboptimal clinical trial recruitment contributes to research waste. Evidence suggests there may be gender-based differences in willingness to participate in clinical research. Identifying gender-based differences impacting the willingness of trial participation may assist trial recruitment. Objectives To examine factors that influence the willingness of men and women to participate in clinical trials and to identify modifiable factors that may be targeted to optimise trial participation. Material and methods Electronic databases were searched with key words relating to 'gender', 'willingness to participate' and 'trial'. Included studies were English language and reported gender-based differences in willingness to participate in clinical trials, or factors that influence a single gender to participate in clinical trials. Studies were excluded if they described the demographic factors of trial participants or if the majority of participants were pregnant. Extracted data were coded, categorized, analysed thematically and interpreted using Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Results Sixty-three studies were included. Two main themes were identified: trial characteristics and participant characteristics. A number of gender-based differences moderating willingness to participate were observed although only one, 'concern for self' was found to influence actual trial participation rates between genders. Conclusion The relationship between factors influencing willingness to participate in clinical trials is complex. The influence of gender on willingness to participate, while important, may be moderated by other factors including socioeconomic status, ethnicity and health condition. Exploring factors that influence willingness to participate specific to a study cohort likely offers the most promise to optimise trial recruitment of that cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon J. Hawke
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Allied Health Clinical Research Office, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Nelson
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Penny O'Brien
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kay M. Crossley
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter F. Choong
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha Bunzli
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland, Australia
- Physiotherapy Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Dowsey
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Schilling C, Tew M, Bunzli S, Shadbolt C, Lohmander LS, Balogh ZJ, Paolucci F, Choong PF, Dowsey MM, Clarke P. An Economic Model for Estimating Trial Costs with an Application to Placebo Surgery Trials. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2023; 21:263-273. [PMID: 36575335 PMCID: PMC9931787 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-022-00775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Waste in clinical trials remains rife. We developed an economic model to predict the cost of trials based on input costs, duration, power, number of sites, recruitment eligibility and consenting rates. METHODS We parameterised the model for three proxy placebo-controlled surgical trials using data from a systematic review, a bespoke cost survey, and from the literature. We used the model to compare target and actual trial performance for (i) a trial that was completed on time but with more sites, (ii) a trial that completed after a time extension, and (iii) an incomplete trial. RESULTS Successful trials more accurately anticipated the true recruitment rate that they achieved and those that overestimated this were most likely to fail. The costs of overestimating recruitment rates were dramatic: all proxy trials had significantly higher costs than planned, with additional funding of at least AUD$600,000 (50% above budget) required for trials that completed after adding more sites or more time, and over AUD$2 million (260% above budget) for incomplete trials. CONCLUSIONS This model shows the trade-offs between time and cost, or both, when recruitment is lower than anticipated. Greater consideration is needed to improve trial planning, reviewing, and funding of these trials to avoid costly overruns and incomplete trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Schilling
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle Tew
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samantha Bunzli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cade Shadbolt
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L. Stefan Lohmander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zsolt J. Balogh
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- College of Human and Social Futures, The Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Schools of Economics and Management, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Peter F. Choong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Dowsey
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philip Clarke
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Shadbolt C, Naufal E, Bunzli S, Price V, Rele S, Schilling C, Thuraisingam S, Lohmander LS, Balogh ZJ, Clarke P, Choong P, Dowsey M. Analysis of Rates of Completion, Delays, and Participant Recruitment in Randomized Clinical Trials in Surgery. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2250996. [PMID: 36648945 PMCID: PMC9857498 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Discontinuation and nonpublication are established sources of avoidable waste among surgical trials, but rates of delayed completion and recruiting shortfalls remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To examine the rate of delayed completion, incomplete enrollment, and discontinuation among randomized clinical trials in surgical populations and the duration of delays and extent of recruiting shortfalls among these trials. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study examined randomized clinical trials in surgical populations registered on ClinicalTrials.gov between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014. Analysis was conducted between October 27, 2021, and June 30, 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcomes were the percentages of trials completed on time or with full enrollment. Delays and recruiting shortfalls were identified by comparing projected enrollment and study timeframes prespecified at the time of registration with the actual study duration and enrollment reported on completion or discontinuation. Absolute and relative differences between planned and actual trial conduct were presented for discontinued trials and those completed with delays or recruiting shortfalls. RESULTS In total, 2542 randomized clinical trials in surgical populations were included in the study sample, of which 370 (14.6%; 95% CI, 13.2%-15.9%) were completed both on time and with full enrollment. Approximately 1 in 5 trials (20.4%; 95% CI, 18.9%-22.0%) were completed within their planned timeframe, and 1166 trials (45.9%; 95% CI, 43.9%-47.8%) met their prespecified enrollment target. The median delay among completed trials was 12.2 months (IQR, 5.1-24.3 months) or 66.7% (IQR, 30.1%-135.8%) longer than planned. Among completed trials that did not meet their prespecified enrollment target, the median recruiting shortfall was equivalent to 31.0% (IQR, 12.7%-55.5%) of the planned study sample. A total of 546 trials (21.5%; 95% CI, 19.9%-23.1%) were discontinued. The median time to discontinuation was 26.4 months (IQR, 15.2-45.7 months), and the median recruiting shortfall among discontinued trials was equivalent to 92.7% (IQR, 65.0%-100.0%) of the trial's prespecified enrollment target. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cross-sectional study found that delayed completion, recruiting shortfalls, and untimely discontinuation were common among surgical trials. These findings highlight the importance of ensuring that investigators and funders do not overestimate the feasibility of planned trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cade Shadbolt
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elise Naufal
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samantha Bunzli
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland, Australia
- Physiotherapy Department, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Veronique Price
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Siddharth Rele
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris Schilling
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharmala Thuraisingam
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L. Stefan Lohmander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zsolt J. Balogh
- Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle School of Medicine and Public Health, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Philip Clarke
- Health Economics Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford, England
| | - Peter Choong
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle Dowsey
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Hinwood M, Wall L, Lang D, Balogh ZJ, Smith A, Dowsey M, Clarke P, Choong P, Bunzli S, Paolucci F. Patient and clinician characteristics and preferences for increasing participation in placebo surgery trials: a scoping review of attributes to inform a discrete choice experiment. Trials 2022; 23:296. [PMID: 35413876 PMCID: PMC9006556 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgeries include some of the highest volume surgical interventions globally; however, studies have shown that a significant proportion of patients report no clinically meaningful improvement in pain or function after certain procedures. As a result, there is increasing interest in conducting randomised placebo-controlled trials in orthopaedic surgery. However, these frequently fail to reach recruitment targets suggesting a need to improve trial design to encourage participation. The objective of this study was to systematically scope the available evidence on patient and clinician values and preferences which may influence the decision to participate in placebo surgery trial. METHODS A systematic review was conducted via a literature search in the MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and EconLit databases as of 19 July 2021, for studies of any design (except commentaries or opinion pieces) based on two key concepts: patient and clinician characteristics, values and preferences, and placebo surgery trials. RESULTS Of 3424 initial articles, we retained 18 eligible studies. Characteristics, preferences, values, and attitudes of patients (including levels of pain/function, risk/benefit perception, and altruism) and of clinicians (including concerns regarding patient deception associated with placebo, and experience/training in research) influenced their decisions to participate in placebo-controlled trials. Furthermore, some aspects of trial design, including randomisation procedures, availability of the procedure outside of the trial, and the information and consent procedures used, also influenced decisions to participate. CONCLUSION Participant recruitment is a significant challenge in placebo surgery trials, and individual decisions to participate appear to be sensitive to preferences around treatment. Understanding and quantifying the role patient and clinician preferences may play in surgical trials may contribute to the optimisation of the design and implementation of clinical trials in surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Hinwood
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Laura Wall
- Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Danielle Lang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Zsolt J. Balogh
- Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Angela Smith
- Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Michelle Dowsey
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Phillip Clarke
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia, Parkville, Australia
- Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Peter Choong
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Samantha Bunzli
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Bunzli S, Nelson E, Wall L, Schilling C, Lohmander LS, Balogh ZJ, Tran P, Paolucci F, Clarke P, Choong PFM, Dowsey MM. Factors Underlying Patient and Surgeon Willingness to Participate in a Placebo Surgery Controlled trial: A Qualitative Investigation. ANNALS OF SURGERY OPEN 2021; 2:e104. [PMID: 37637882 PMCID: PMC10455200 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the factors underlying willingness to participate in a hypothetical trial among patients and surgeons, to inform the design of future placebo surgery controlled trials. Background Placebo surgery controlled trials are the gold standard for testing the efficacy of surgical procedures. However, these trials commonly fail to meet the target sample size and terminate underpowered. Methods From October 2019 to July 2020, eligible patients were identified from the orthopedic waiting list at a single tertiary hospital and surgeons were identified from orthopedic clinics at three tertiary hospitals in Australia. Qualitative interviews explored factors underlying willingness to participate in a hypothetical trial, including understanding of trial concepts; attitudes; and trial design preferences. Data collection and analysis were conducted in parallel. Recruitment ceased when no new concepts emerged. Interview data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results The majority of surgeons and only a few patients indicated a willingness to participate in a placebo surgery controlled trial. Factors underlying willingness were captured in four themes: (1) Understanding and attitudes toward placebo; (2) Attitudes towards randomization/perception of equipoise; (3) Perception of risk; and (4) Ethical concerns. Conclusions To optimize recruitment in the future, trialists may consider embedding strategies into the recruitment process that validate patients' symptoms, encourage an altruistic mindset, address surgeon biases, and involve surgeons in explaining trial concepts to patients. Trialists may also consider designing three arm trials that meet surgeons' preferences for a "low" and "high" fidelity placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bunzli
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Nelson
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Wall
- Newcastle Business School, The University of Newcastle Faculty of Business and Law, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris Schilling
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - L. Stefan Lohmander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zsolt J. Balogh
- Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Phong Tran
- Western Health, Footscray Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Newcastle Business School, The University of Newcastle Faculty of Business and Law, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Clarke
- Health Economics Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. M. Choong
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Dowsey
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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