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Song F, Wang S, Pang X, Fan Z, Zhang J, Chen X, He L, Ma B, Pei X, Li Y. An Active Fraction of Trillium tschonoskii Promotes the Regeneration of Intestinal Epithelial Cells After Irradiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:745412. [PMID: 34796175 PMCID: PMC8593212 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.745412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant scientific advances toward the development of safe and effective radiation countermeasures, no drug has been approved for use in the clinic for prevention or treatment of radiation-induced acute gastrointestinal syndrome (AGS). Thus, there is an urgent need to develop potential drugs to accelerate the repair of injured intestinal tissue. In this study, we investigated that whether some fractions of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) have the ability to regulate intestinal crypt cell proliferation and promotes crypt regeneration after radiation. By screening the different supplements from a TCM library, we found that an active fraction of the rhizomes of Trillium tschonoskii Maxim (TT), TT-2, strongly increased the colony-forming ability of irradiated rat intestinal epithelial cell line 6 (IEC-6) cells. TT-2 significantly promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of irradiated IEC-6 cells. Furthermore, in a small intestinal organoid radiation model, TT-2 promoted irradiated intestinal organoid growth and increased Lgr5+ intestinal stem cell (ICS) numbers. More importantly, the oral administration of TT-2 remarkably enhanced intestinal crypt cell proliferation and promoted the repair of the intestinal epithelium of mice after abdominal irradiation (ABI). Mechanistically, TT-2 remarkably activated the expression of ICS-associated and proliferation-promoting genes and inhibited apoptosis-related gene expression. Our data indicate that active fraction of TT can be developed into a potential oral drug for improving the regeneration and repair of intestinal epithelia that have intestinal radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiling Song
- Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng Fan
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan He
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baiping Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
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Leibowitz BJ, Zhao G, Wei L, Ruan H, Epperly M, Chen L, Lu X, Greenberger JS, Zhang L, Yu J. Interferon b drives intestinal regeneration after radiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi5253. [PMID: 34613772 PMCID: PMC8494436 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway is critical for host defense. Here, we report that cGAS-STING–dependent type 1 interferon (IFN) response drives intestinal regeneration and animal recovery from radiation injury. STING deficiency has no effect on radiation-induced DNA damage or crypt apoptosis but abrogates epithelial IFN-β production, local inflammation, innate transcriptional response, and subsequent crypt regeneration. cGAS KO, IFNAR1 KO, or CCR2 KO also abrogates radiation-induced acute crypt inflammation and regeneration. Impaired intestinal regeneration and survival in STING-deficient mice are fully rescued by a single IFN-β treatment given 48 hours after irradiation but not by wild-type (WT) bone marrow. IFN-β treatment remarkably improves the survival of WT mice and Lgr5+ stem cell regeneration through elevated compensatory proliferation and more rapid DNA damage removal. Our findings support that inducible IFN-β production in the niche couples ISC injury and regeneration and its potential use to treat acute radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Leibowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Guangyi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Liang Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hang Ruan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lujia Chen
- Department of Medical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xinghua Lu
- Department of Medical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kwak SY, Shim S, Park S, Kim H, Lee SJ, Kim MJ, Jang WS, Kim YH, Jang H. Ghrelin reverts intestinal stem cell loss associated with radiation-induced enteropathy by activating Notch signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:153424. [PMID: 33278782 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Exposure to high-dose radiation, such as after a nuclear accident or radiotherapy, elicits severe intestinal damage and is associated with a high mortality rate. In treating patients exhibiting radiation-induced intestinal dysfunction, countermeasures to radiation are required. In principle, the cellular event underlying radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome is intestinal stem cell (ISC) apoptosis in the crypts. High-dose irradiation induces the loss of ISCs and impairs intestinal barrier function, including epithelial regeneration and integrity. Notch signaling plays a critical role in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium and regulates ISC self-renewal. Ghrelin, a hormone produced mainly by enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract, has diverse physiological and biological functions. PURPOSE We investigate whether ghrelin mitigates radiation-induced enteropathy, focusing on its role in maintaining epithelial function. METHODS To investigate the effect of ghrelin in radiation-induced epithelial damage, we analyzed proliferation and Notch signaling in human intestinal epithelial cell. And we performed histological analysis, inflammatory response, barrier functional assays, and expression of notch related gene and epithelial stem cell using a mouse model of radiation-induced enteritis. RESULTS In this study, we found that ghrelin treatment accelerated the reversal of radiation-induced epithelial damage including barrier dysfunction and defective self-renewing property of ISCs by activating Notch signaling. Exogenous injection of ghrelin also attenuated the severity of radiation-induced intestinal injury in a mouse model. CONCLUSION These data suggest that ghrelin may be used as a potential therapeutic agent for radiation-induced enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Young Kwak
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Joo Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Suk Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Heon Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea.
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4
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de Leve S, Wirsdörfer F, Jendrossek V. The CD73/Ado System-A New Player in RT Induced Adverse Late Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101578. [PMID: 31623231 PMCID: PMC6827091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a central component of standard treatment for many cancer patients. RT alone or in multimodal treatment strategies has a documented contribution to enhanced local control and overall survival of cancer patients, and cancer cure. Clinical RT aims at maximizing tumor control, while minimizing the risk for RT-induced adverse late effects. However, acute and late toxicities of IR in normal tissues are still important biological barriers to successful RT: While curative RT may not be tolerable, sub-optimal tolerable RT doses will lead to fatal outcomes by local recurrence or metastatic disease, even when accepting adverse normal tissue effects that decrease the quality of life of irradiated cancer patients. Technical improvements in treatment planning and the increasing use of particle therapy have allowed for a more accurate delivery of IR to the tumor volume and have thereby helped to improve the safety profile of RT for many solid tumors. With these technical and physical strategies reaching their natural limits, current research for improving the therapeutic gain of RT focuses on innovative biological concepts that either selectively limit the adverse effects of RT in normal tissues without protecting the tumor or specifically increase the radiosensitivity of the tumor tissue without enhancing the risk of normal tissue complications. The biology-based optimization of RT requires the identification of biological factors that are linked to differential radiosensitivity of normal or tumor tissues, and are amenable to therapeutic targeting. Extracellular adenosine is an endogenous mediator critical to the maintenance of homeostasis in various tissues. Adenosine is either released from stressed or injured cells or generated from extracellular adenine nucleotides by the concerted action of the ectoenzymes ectoapyrase (CD39) and 5′ ectonucleotidase (NT5E, CD73) that catabolize ATP to adenosine. Recent work revealed a role of the immunoregulatory CD73/adenosine system in radiation-induced fibrotic disease in normal tissues suggesting a potential use as novel therapeutic target for normal tissue protection. The present review summarizes relevant findings on the pathologic roles of CD73 and adenosine in radiation-induced fibrosis in different organs (lung, skin, gut, and kidney) that have been obtained in preclinical models and proposes a refined model of radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity including the disease-promoting effects of radiation-induced activation of CD73/adenosine signaling in the irradiated tissue environment. However, expression and activity of the CD73/adenosine system in the tumor environment has also been linked to increased tumor growth and tumor immune escape, at least in preclinical models. Therefore, we will discuss the use of pharmacologic inhibition of CD73/adenosine-signaling as a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic gain of RT by targeting both, malignant tumor growth and adverse late effects of RT with a focus on fibrotic disease. The consideration of the therapeutic window is particularly important in view of the increasing use of RT in combination with various molecularly targeted agents and immunotherapy to enhance the tumor radiation response, as such combinations may result in increased or novel toxicities, as well as the increasing number of cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone de Leve
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Wenqin D, Yaodong Z, Wanji S, Fengli Z, Li S, Haili J, Ping L, Mei Z. Armillariella Oral Solution Ameliorates Small Intestinal Damage in a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:1142-1152. [PMID: 31210536 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1599029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Armillariella oral solution (AOS) shows therapeutic effect on gastrointestinal disorders. We aimed to investigate the potential efficacy of AOS on chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. Methods: Intestinal mucositis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by daily intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (50 mg/kg) for 7 days. Effects of AOS (at 1, 5, and 10 mL/kg), or combined Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (CBL, 450 mg/kg) on the accompanying morphometry and histology, expression of Ki-67, caspase-3, Lgr5 and apoptosis of intestinal crypt cells were assessed. Results: Continuous administration of 5-FU to mice caused severe intestinal mucositis, which was histologically characterized by the destruction of intestinal crypts and shortening of villi, accompanied by diarrhea and body weight loss. Daily AOS administration dose-dependently reduced the severity of intestinal mucositis, diarrhea and body weight loss. Similar beneficial effects were observed with CBL. The expression of Ki-67 and Lgr5 decreased and the expression of caspase-3, and the number of apoptotic cells increased 24 h after the first 5-FU administration (P < 0.05), and these responses were significantly reduced by AOS treatment (P < 0.05, at 5 or 10 mL/kg). Conclusions: AOS can alleviate 5-FU-induced mucositis in mice via increasing Lgr5 expression and suppressing apoptotic responses in the intestinal crypt cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wenqin
- Department of Chinese Integrated Medicine Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui Province , China
| | - Zhu Yaodong
- Department of Chinese Integrated Medicine Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui Province , China
| | - Song Wanji
- Department of Chinese Integrated Medicine Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui Province , China
| | - Zhang Fengli
- Department of Chinese Integrated Medicine Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui Province , China
| | - Su Li
- Department of Chinese Integrated Medicine Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui Province , China
| | - Jiang Haili
- Department of Chinese Integrated Medicine Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui Province , China
| | - Li Ping
- Department of Chinese Integrated Medicine Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui Province , China
| | - Zhang Mei
- Department of Chinese Integrated Medicine Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui Province , China
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6
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Montay-Gruel P, Meziani L, Yakkala C, Vozenin MC. Expanding the therapeutic index of radiation therapy by normal tissue protection. Br J Radiol 2018; 92:20180008. [PMID: 29694234 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal tissue damages induced by radiation therapy remain dose-limiting factors in radiation oncology and this is still true despite recent advances in treatment planning and delivery of image-guided radiation therapy. Additionally, as the number of long-term cancer survivors increases, unacceptable complications emerge and dramatically reduce the patients' quality of life. This means that patients and clinicians expect discovery of new options for the therapeutic management of radiation-induced complications. Over the past four decades, research has enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiological, cellular and molecular processes governing normal tissue toxicity. Those processes are complex and involve the cross-talk between the various cells of a tissue, including fibroblasts, endothelial, immune and epithelial cells as well as soluble paracrine factors including growth factors and proteases. We will review the translatable pharmacological approaches that have been developed to prevent, mitigate, or reverse radiation injuries based upon the targeting of cellular and signalling pathways. We will summarize the different steps of the research strategy, from the definition of initial biological hypotheses to preclinical studies and clinical translation. We will also see how novel research and therapeutic hypotheses emerge along the way as well as briefly highlight innovative approaches based upon novel radiotherapy delivery procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Montay-Gruel
- Laboratoire de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lydia Meziani
- INSERM, U1030, F-94805, Villejuif, Paris, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Faculté de médecine du Kremlin-Bicêtre, Labex LERMIT, DHU TORINO, Paris, France
| | - Chakradhar Yakkala
- Laboratoire de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratoire de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Cebpd Is Essential for Gamma-Tocotrienol Mediated Protection against Radiation-Induced Hematopoietic and Intestinal Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7040055. [PMID: 29642403 PMCID: PMC5946121 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-tocotrienol (GT3) confers protection against ionizing radiation (IR)-induced injury. However, the molecular targets that underlie the protective functions of GT3 are not yet known. We have reported that mice lacking CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (Cebpd−/−) display increased mortality to IR due to injury to the hematopoietic and intestinal tissues and that Cebpd protects from IR-induced oxidative stress and cell death. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Cebpd mediates the radio protective functions of GT3. We found that GT3-treated Cebpd−/− mice showed partial recovery of white blood cells compared to GT3-treated Cebpd+/+ mice at 2 weeks post-IR. GT3-treated Cebpd−/− mice showed an increased loss of intestinal crypt colonies, which correlated with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, increased levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) after exposure to IR compared to GT3-treated Cebpd+/+ mice. Cebpd is induced by IR as well as a combination of IR and GT3 in the intestine. Studies have shown that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), mediates the radioprotective functions of GT3. Interestingly, we found that IR alone as well as the combination of IR and GT3 caused robust augmentation of plasma G-CSF in both Cebpd+/+ and Cebpd−/− mice. These results identify a novel role for Cebpd in GT3-mediated protection against IR-induced injury, in part via modulation of IR-induced inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, which is independent of G-CSF.
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8
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Leibowitz BJ, Yang L, Wei L, Buchanan ME, Rachid M, Parise RA, Beumer JH, Eiseman JL, Schoen RE, Zhang L, Yu J. Targeting p53-dependent stem cell loss for intestinal chemoprotection. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaam7610. [PMID: 29437148 PMCID: PMC5827930 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium is the fastest renewing adult tissue and is maintained by tissue-specific stem cells. Treatment-induced GI side effects are a major dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy and abdominal radiotherapy and can decrease the quality of life in cancer patients and survivors. p53 is a key regulator of the DNA damage response, and its activation results in stimulus- and cell type-specific outcomes via distinct effectors. We demonstrate that p53-dependent PUMA induction mediates chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury in mice. Genetic ablation of Puma, but not of p53, protects against chemotherapy-induced lethal GI injury. Blocking chemotherapy-induced loss of LGR5+ stem cells by Puma KO or a small-molecule PUMA inhibitor (PUMAi) prevents perturbation of the stem cell niche, rapid activation of WNT and NOTCH signaling, and stem cell exhaustion during repeated exposures. PUMAi also protects human and mouse colonic organoids against chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and damage but does not protect cancer cells in vitro or in vivo. Therefore, targeting PUMA is a promising strategy for normal intestinal chemoprotection because it selectively blocks p53-dependent stem cell loss but leaves p53-dependent protective effects intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Leibowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Liheng Yang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Liang Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Monica E Buchanan
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Madani Rachid
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Jan H Beumer
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Julie L Eiseman
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert E Schoen
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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9
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The GS-nitroxide JP4-039 improves intestinal barrier and stem cell recovery in irradiated mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2072. [PMID: 29391546 PMCID: PMC5794877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Total body irradiation (TBI) leads to dose- and tissue-specific lethality. In the current study, we demonstrate that a mitochondrion-targeted nitroxide JP4-039 given once 24 hours after 9–10 Gy TBI significantly improves mouse survival, and the recovery of intestinal barrier, differentiation and stem cell functions. The GI-protective effects are associated with rapid and selective induction of tight junction proteins and cytokines including TGF-β, IL-10, IL-17a, IL-22 and Notch signaling long before bone marrow depletion. However, no change was observed in crypt death or the expression of prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 or IL-1β. Surprisingly, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) performed 24 hours after TBI improves intestinal barrier and stem cell recovery with induction of IL-10, IL-17a, IL-22, and Notch signaling. Further, BMT-rescued TBI survivors display increased intestinal permeability, impaired ISC function and proliferation, but not obvious intestinal inflammation or increased epithelial death. These findings identify intestinal epithelium as a novel target of radiation mitigation, and potential strategies to enhance ISC recovery and regeneration after accidental or medical exposures.
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10
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Persistent visceral allodynia in rats exposed to colorectal irradiation is reversed by mesenchymal stromal cell treatment. Pain 2016; 156:1465-1476. [PMID: 25887464 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Each year, millions of people worldwide are treated for primary or recurrent pelvic malignancies, involving radiotherapy in almost 50% of cases. Delayed development of visceral complications after radiotherapy is recognized in cancer survivors. Therapeutic doses of radiation may lead to the damage of healthy tissue around the tumor and abdominal pain. Because of the lack of experimental models, the underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced long-lasting visceral pain are still unknown. This makes managing radiation-induced pain difficult, and the therapeutic strategies proposed are mostly inefficient. The aim of our study was to develop an animal model of radiation-induced visceral hypersensitivity to (1) analyze some cellular and molecular mechanisms involved and (2) to test a therapeutic strategy using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Using a single 27-Grays colorectal irradiation in rats, we showed that such exposure induces a persistent visceral allodynia that is associated with an increased spinal sensitization (enhanced p-ERK neurons), colonic neuroplasticity (as increased density of substance P nerve fibers), and colonic mast cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Mast cell stabilization by ketotifen provided evidence of their functional involvement in radiation-induced allodynia. Finally, intravenous injection of 1.5 million MSCs, 4 weeks after irradiation, induced a time-dependent reversion of the visceral allodynia and a reduction of the number of anatomical interactions between mast cells and PGP9.5+ nerve fibers. Moreover, unlike ketotifen, MSC treatment has the key advantage to limit radiation-induced colonic ulceration. This work provides new insights into the potential use of MSCs as cellular therapy in the treatment of pelvic radiation disease.
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11
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Advances in understanding and improving gastrointestinal symptoms during supportive and palliative care: a decade of progress. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2016; 10:149-51. [PMID: 27054289 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Vitamin E Analogs as Radiation Response Modifiers. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:741301. [PMID: 26366184 PMCID: PMC4558447 DOI: 10.1155/2015/741301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potentially life-threatening effects of total body ionizing radiation exposure have been known for more than a century. Despite considerable advances in our understanding of the effects of radiation over the past six decades, efforts to identify effective radiation countermeasures for use in case of a radiological/nuclear emergency have been largely unsuccessful. Vitamin E is known to have antioxidant properties capable of scavenging free radicals, which have critical roles in radiation injuries. Tocopherols and tocotrienols, vitamin E analogs together known as tocols, have shown promise as radioprotectors. Although the pivotal mechanisms of action of tocols have long been thought to be their antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging activities, other alternative mechanisms have been proposed to drive their activity as radioprotectors. Here we provide a brief overview of the effects of ionizing radiation, the mechanistic mediators of radiation-induced damage, and the need for radiation countermeasures. We further outline the role for, efficacy of, and mechanisms of action of tocols as radioprotectors, and we compare and contrast their efficacy and mode of action with that of another well-studied chemical radioprotector, amifostine.
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Song L, Ma L, Cong F, Shen X, Jing P, Ying X, Zhou H, Jiang J, Fu Y, Yan H. Radioprotective effects of genistein on HL-7702 cells via the inhibition of apoptosis and DNA damage. Cancer Lett 2015; 366:100-11. [PMID: 26095601 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation induced normal tissue damage is the most important limitation for the delivery of a high potentially curative radiation dose. Genistein (GEN), one of the main soy isoflavone components, has drawn wide attention for its bioactivity in alleviating radiation damage. However, the effects and molecular mechanisms underlying the radioprotective effects of GEN remain unclear. In the present study, we showed that low concentration of GEN (1.5 µM) protected L-02 cells against radiation damage via inhibition of apoptosis, alleviation of DNA damage and chromosome aberration, down-regulation of GRP78 and up-regulation of HERP, HUS1 and hHR23A. In contrast, high concentration of GEN (20 µM) demonstrated radiosensitizing characteristics through the promotion of apoptosis and chromosome aberration, impairment of DNA repair, up-regulation of GRP78, and down-regulation of HUS1, SIRT1, RAD17, RAD51 and RNF8. These findings shed light on using low, but not high-concentration GEN, as a potential candidate for adjuvant therapy to alleviate radiation-induced injuries to human recipients of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Song
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Fengsong Cong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - Xiuhua Shen
- Nutrition Department, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - Pu Jing
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiong Ying
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haiyue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yongye Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hosipital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongli Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hosipital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Singh VK, Wise SY, Fatanmi OO, Scott J, Romaine PLP, Newman VL, Verma A, Elliott TB, Seed TM. Progenitors mobilized by gamma-tocotrienol as an effective radiation countermeasure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114078. [PMID: 25423021 PMCID: PMC4244184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of gamma-tocotrienol (GT3)-mobilized progenitors in mitigating damage to mice exposed to a supralethal dose of cobalt-60 gamma-radiation. CD2F1 mice were transfused 24 h post-irradiation with whole blood or isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from donors that had received GT3 72 h prior to blood collection and recipient mice were monitored for 30 days. To understand the role of GT3-induced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in mobilizing progenitors, donor mice were administered a neutralizing antibody specific to G-CSF or its isotype before blood collection. Bacterial translocation from gut to heart, spleen and liver of irradiated recipient mice was evaluated by bacterial culture on enriched and selective agar media. Endotoxin in serum samples also was measured. We also analyzed the colony-forming units in the spleens of irradiated mice. Our results demonstrate that whole blood or PBMC from GT3-administered mice mitigated radiation injury when administered 24 h post-irradiation. Furthermore, administration of a G-CSF antibody to GT3-injected mice abrogated the efficacy of blood or PBMC obtained from such donors. Additionally, GT3-mobilized PBMC inhibited the translocation of intestinal bacteria to the heart, spleen, and liver, and increased colony forming unit-spleen (CFU-S) numbers in irradiated mice. Our data suggests that GT3 induces G-CSF, which mobilizes progenitors and these progenitors mitigate radiation injury in recipient mice. This approach using mobilized progenitor cells from GT3-injected donors could be a potential treatment for humans exposed to high doses of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K. Singh
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Biology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen Y. Wise
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Oluseyi O. Fatanmi
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica Scott
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. P. Romaine
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victoria L. Newman
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amit Verma
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Elliott
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Seed
- Tech Micro Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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15
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Medeiros JL, Costa WS, Felix-Patricio B, Sampaio FJB, Cardoso LEM. Protective effects of nutritional supplementation with arginine and glutamine on the penis of rats submitted to pelvic radiation. Andrology 2014; 2:943-50. [PMID: 25271133 DOI: 10.1111/andr.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is widely used to treat pelvic malignancies, but normal tissues near the target tumour are often affected. Our aims were thus to determine whether the structural organization of the rat penis is altered by radiation, and whether supplementation with L-arginine (ARG) or L-glutamine (GLN) would have protective effects against these alterations. Groups of rats were treated with: no intervention (CONTR); pelvic radiation, followed by sacrifice 7 (RAD7) or 15 (RAD15) days later; and pelvic radiation, daily supplementation with ARG or GLN, followed by sacrifice 7 (RAD7+ARG, RAD7+GLN) or 15 (RAD15+ARG, RAD15+GLN) days after radiation. Structural components in the corpus cavernosum (CC), tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum (TACS) and urethral epithelium (UE) were analysed using stereological and immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that in the CC, connective tissue was increased by 18% in RAD15 (p < 0.04), but this change was partially prevented in RAD15+GLN (p < 0.05) and RAD15+ARG (p < 0.04). The fibrous matrix of the CC trabeculae stained evenly for collagen type I. In RAD15, the intensity of the labelling was increased, whereas in RAD15+GLN and RAD15+ARG the staining was similar to that of CONTR. No staining changes were seen in the groups that were sacrificed 7 days after radiation. Cavernosal elastic fibre content in RAD15 was increased by 61% (p < 0.004), and this was prevented in RAD15+ARG (p < 0.004) but not in RAD15+GLN. In TACS, the amino acids protected (p < 0.02) against the radiation-induced 92% increase in elastic fibre content, but only in RAD15. Cell density in the UE, as well as UE thickness, were reduced by 30% in RAD15 (p < 0.004), and there were protective effects of both amino acids. In conclusion, radiation-induced alterations in penile structures tend to be more pronounced 15 days after radiation session. Both ARG and GLN have protective effects against these changes, with the former being slightly more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Medeiros
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Özyurt H, Özden AS, Çevik Ö, Özgen Z, Cadirci S, Elmas MA, Ercan F, Şener G, Gören MZ. Investigation into the role of the cholinergic system in radiation-induced damage in the rat liver and ileum. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:866-75. [PMID: 24914105 PMCID: PMC4202297 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously shown that acetylcholine (ACh) may affect pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The role of the cholinergic system in radiation-induced inflammatory responses and tissue damage remains unclear. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the radio-protective properties of the cholinergic system in the ileum and the liver of rats. Rats were exposed to 8-Gy single-fraction whole-abdominal irradiation and were then decapitated at either 36 h or 10 d post-irradiation. The rats were treated either with intraperitoneal physiological saline (1 ml/kg), physostigmine (80 µg/kg) or atropine (50 μg/kg) twice daily for 36 h or 10 d. Cardiac blood samples and liver and ileal tissues were obtained in which TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 levels were assayed using ELISA. In the liver and ileal homogenates, caspase-3 immunoblots were performed and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was analyzed. Plasma levels of IL-1β and TNF-α increased significantly following radiation (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively) as compared with non-irradiated controls, and physostigmine treatment prevented the increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Plasma IL-10 levels were not found to be significantly changed following radiation, whereas physostigmine augmented IL-10 levels during the late phase (P < 0.01). In the liver and ileum homogenates, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were also elevated following radiation, and this effect was inhibited by physostigmine treatment but not by atropine. Similarly, physostigmine also reversed the changes in MPO activity and in the caspase-3 levels in the liver and ileum. Histological examination revealed related changes. Physostigmine experiments suggested that ACh has a radio-protective effect not involving the muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazan Özyurt
- Dr Lutfi Kirdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Radiation Oncology, 34865 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Sevgi Özden
- Dr Lutfi Kirdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Radiation Oncology, 34865 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özge Çevik
- Cumhuriyet University School of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Özgen
- Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Radiation Oncology, Üst Kaynarca, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Cadirci
- Marmara University School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Açıkel Elmas
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Başıbüyük Health Campus, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Başıbüyük, Maltepe, 34854 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Başıbüyük Health Campus, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Başıbüyük, Maltepe, 34854 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Göksel Şener
- Marmara University School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Z Gören
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Başıbüyük Health Campus, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Başıbüyük, Maltepe, 34854 Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Duska LR, Fader AN, Dizon DS. Survivorship in gynecologic cancer: enduring the treatment toward a new normal. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2014:e288-e294. [PMID: 24857115 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2014.34.e288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Women are living longer after a cancer diagnosis because of advances in early detection and treatment. However, although our ability to effectively treat gynecologic malignancies has improved, survivors of gynecologic cancer often face profound physical, emotional, sexual, and psychosocial challenges as a result of their cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we discuss how patient comorbidities (i.e., obesity) and cancer treatment effects may adversely affect sexual health outcomes, gastrointestinal function, and general health among survivors of gynecologic cancer. The importance of a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach to survivorship care is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Duska
- From the Thornton Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; The Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Gillette Center for Gynecological Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amanda N Fader
- From the Thornton Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; The Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Gillette Center for Gynecological Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Don S Dizon
- From the Thornton Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; The Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Gillette Center for Gynecological Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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18
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Compadre CM, Singh A, Thakkar S, Zheng G, Breen PJ, Ghosh S, Kiaei M, Boerma M, Varughese KI, Hauer-Jensen M. Molecular dynamics guided design of tocoflexol: a new radioprotectant tocotrienol with enhanced bioavailability. Drug Dev Res 2013; 75:10-22. [PMID: 24648045 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to develop safe and effective radioprotector/radiomitigator agents for use in accidental or terrorist-initiated radiological emergencies. Naturally occurring vitamin E family constituents, termed tocols, that include the tocotrienols, are known to have radiation-protection properties. These agents, which work through multiple mechanisms, are promising radioprotectant agents having minimal toxicity. Although α-tocopherol (AT) is the most commonly studied form of vitamin E, the tocotrienols are more potent than AT in providing radioprotection and radiomitigation. Unfortunately, despite their very significant radioprotectant activity, tocotrienols have very short plasma half-lives and require dosing at very high levels to achieve necessary therapeutic benefits. Thus, it would be highly desirable to develop new vitamin E analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties, specifically increased elimination half-life and increased area under the plasma level versus time curve. The short elimination half-life of the tocotrienols is related to their low affinity for the α-tocopherol transfer protein (ATTP), the protein responsible for maintaining the plasma level of the tocols. Tocotrienols have less affinity for ATTP than does AT, and thus have a longer residence time in the liver, putting them at higher risk for metabolism and biliary excretion. We hypothesized that the low-binding affinity of tocotrienols to ATTP is due to the relatively more rigid tail structure of the tocotrienols in comparison with that of the tocopherols. Therefore, compounds with a more flexible tail would have better binding to ATTP and consequently would have longer elimination half-life and, consequently, an increased exposure to drug, as measured by area under the plasma drug level versus time curve (AUC). This represents an enhanced residence of drug in the systemic circulation. Based on this hypothesis, we developed a new class of vitamin E analogues, the tocoflexols, which maintain the superior bioactivity of the tocotrienols with the potential to achieve the longer half-life and larger AUC of the tocopherols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar M Compadre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
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19
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Singh VK, Beattie LA, Seed TM. Vitamin E: tocopherols and tocotrienols as potential radiation countermeasures. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2013; 54:973-88. [PMID: 23658414 PMCID: PMC3823775 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential devastating health consequences of intense total-body irradiation, and the decades of research, there still remains a dearth of safe and effective radiation countermeasures for emergency, radiological/nuclear contingencies that have been fully approved and sanctioned for use by the US FDA. Vitamin E is a well-known antioxidant, effective in scavenging free radicals generated by radiation exposure. Vitamin E analogs, collectively known as tocols, have been subject to active investigation for a long time as radioprotectors in patients undergoing radiotherapy and in the context of possible radiation accidents or terrorism scenarios. Eight major isoforms comprise the tocol group: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. A number of these agents and their derivatives are being investigated actively as radiation countermeasures using animal models, and several appear promising. Although the tocols are well recognized as potent antioxidants and are generally thought to mediate radioprotection through 'free radical quenching', recent studies have suggested several alternative mechanisms: most notably, an 'indirect effect' of tocols in eliciting specific species of radioprotective growth factors/cytokines such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The radioprotective efficacy of at least two tocols has been abrogated using a neutralizing antibody of G-CSF. Based on encouraging results of radioprotective efficacy, laboratory testing of γ-tocotrienol has moved from a small rodent model to a large nonhuman primate model for preclinical evaluation. In this brief review we identify and discuss selected tocols and their derivatives currently under development as radiation countermeasures, and attempt to describe in some detail their in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K. Singh
- Radiation Countermeasures Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA
- Department of Radiation Biology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Corresponding author. Radiation Countermeasures Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA. Tel: +1-301-295-2347; Fax: +1-301-295-6503;
| | - Lindsay A. Beattie
- Radiation Countermeasures Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA
| | - Thomas M. Seed
- Tech Micro Services, 4417 Maple Avenue, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Gamma tocotrienol, a potent radioprotector, preferentially upregulates expression of anti-apoptotic genes to promote intestinal cell survival. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:488-96. [PMID: 23941772 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gamma tocotrienol (GT3) has been reported as a potent ameliorator of radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity when administered prophylactically. This study aimed to evaluate the role of GT3 mediated pro- and anti-apoptotic gene regulation in protecting mice from radiation-induced GI damage. Male 10- to 12-weeks-old CD2F1 mice were administered with a single dose of 200 mg/kg of GT3 or equal volume of vehicle (5% Tween-80) 24 h before exposure to 11 Gy of whole-body γ-radiation. Mouse jejunum was surgically removed 4 and 24h after radiation exposure, and was used for PCR array, histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblot analysis. Results were compared among vehicle pre-treated no radiation, vehicle pre-treated irradiated, and GT3 pre-treated irradiated groups. GT3 pretreated irradiated groups, both 4h and 24h after radiation, showed greater upregulation of anti-apoptotic gene expression than vehicle pretreated irradiated groups. TUNEL staining and intestinal crypt analysis showed protection of jejunum after GT3 pre-treatment and immunoblot results were supportive of PCR data. Our study demonstrated that GT3-mediated protection of intestinal cells from a GI-toxic dose of radiation occurred via upregulation of antiapoptotic and downregulation of pro-apoptotic factors, both at the transcript as well as at the protein levels.
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Sémont A, Demarquay C, Bessout R, Durand C, Benderitter M, Mathieu N. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy stimulates endogenous host progenitor cells to improve colonic epithelial regeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70170. [PMID: 23922953 PMCID: PMC3726425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients who undergo pelvic radiotherapy may develop severe and chronic complications resulting from gastrointestinal alterations. The lack of curative treatment highlights the importance of novel and effective therapeutic strategies. We thus tested the therapeutic benefit of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) treatment and proposed molecular mechanisms of action. MSC efficacy was tested in an experimental model of radiation-induced severe colonic ulceration histologically similar to that observed in patients. In this model, MSC from bone marrow were administered intravenously, immediately or three weeks (established lesions) after irradiation. MSC therapy reduces radiation-induced colonic ulceration and increases animal survival. MSC treatment induces therapeutic efficacy whatever the time of cell infusion. Infused-MSC engraft in the colon but also increase endogenous MSC mobilization in blood that have lasting benefits over time. In vitro analysis demonstrates that the MSC effect is mediated by paracrine mechanisms through the non-canonical WNT (Wingless integration site) pathway. In irradiated rat colons, MSC treatment increases the expression of the non-canonical WNT4 ligand by epithelial cells. The epithelial regenerative process is improved after MSC injection by stimulation of colonic epithelial cells positive for SOX9 (SRY-box containing gene 9) progenitor/stem cell markers. This study demonstrates that MSC treatment induces stimulation of endogenous host progenitor cells to improve the regenerative process and constitutes an initial approach to arguing in favor of the use of MSC to limit/reduce colorectal damage induced by radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sémont
- Laboratory of Radiopathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christelle Demarquay
- Laboratory of Radiopathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Raphaëlle Bessout
- Laboratory of Radiopathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christelle Durand
- Laboratory of Radiopathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- Laboratory of Radiopathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Noëlle Mathieu
- Laboratory of Radiopathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Sridharan V, Sharma SK, Moros EG, Corry PM, Tripathi P, Lieblong BJ, Guha C, Hauer-Jensen M, Boerma M. Effects of radiation on the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in the heart. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:539-47. [PMID: 23488537 PMCID: PMC3700655 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.782110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is a serious side-effect of thoracic radiotherapy. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is essential for the function and survival of cardiomyocytes. Hence, agents that target the EGFR pathway are cardiotoxic. Tocotrienols protect from radiation injury, but may also enhance the therapeutic effects of EGFR pathway inhibitors in cancer treatment. This study investigated the effects of local irradiation on the EGFR pathway in the heart and tests whether tocotrienols may modify radiation-induced changes in this pathway. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats received image-guided localized heart irradiation with 21 Gy. Twenty four hours before irradiation, rats received a single dose of tocotrienol-enriched formulation or vehicle by oral gavage. At time points from 2 h to 9 months after irradiation, left ventricular expression of EGFR pathway mediators was studied. RESULTS Irradiation caused a decrease in the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1) mRNA from 6 h up to 10 weeks, followed by an upregulation of these ligands and the receptor erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ErbB)4 at 6 months. In addition, the upregulation of Nrg-1 was statistically significant up to 9 months after irradiation. A long-term upregulation of ErbB2 protein did not coincide with changes in transcription or post-translational interaction with the chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Pretreatment with tocotrienols prevented radiation-induced changes at 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Local heart irradiation causes long-term changes in the EGFR pathway. Studies have to address how radiation may interact with cardiotoxic effects of EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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