1
|
Dominguez-Antuña E, Diz JC, Suárez-Iglesias D, Ayán C. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in female CrossFit athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J 2023; 34:621-634. [PMID: 35635565 PMCID: PMC9150382 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-022-05244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Studies on the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) among CrossFit practitioners are on the rise. This systematic review with meta-analysis was aimed at determining the prevalence of UI among CrossFit practitioners. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed by searching MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus through January 2021. The search strategy included the keywords CrossFit, urine incontinence, exercise, high impact and pelvic floor dysfunction. The inclusion criterion was any study with a sample of CrossFit practitioners and results separated from the other fitness modalities analysed. The subjects were women with no restriction of age, parity, experience or frequency of training. Quality assessment of the studies included was conducted using the Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine scale and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) adapted for cross-sectional studies. RESULTS Thirteen studies (6 comparative and 7 non-comparative) were included for the systematic review, all using a cross-sectional design. The level of evidence was 4, with their quality ranging from poor (n = 10) to fair (n = 3). A total of 4,823 women aged 18 to 71 were included, 91.0% participated in CrossFit, and 1,637 presented UI, which indicates a prevalence of 44.5%. Also, 55.3% and 40.7% presented mild or moderate UI respectively. Stress UI was the most common type reported (81.2%). CONCLUSIONS The factors that increased the likelihood of UI were age, body mass index and parity. Exercises based on jumps were commonly associated with urine leakage. CrossFit practitioners presented higher UI than control groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Carlos Diz
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - David Suárez-Iglesias
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of León, León, Spain.
| | - Carlos Ayán
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Pontevedra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wikander L, Kirshbaum MN, Waheed N, Gahreman DE. Urinary Incontinence in Competitive Women Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3130-3135. [PMID: 34100787 PMCID: PMC9592169 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wikander, L, Kirshbaum, MN, Waheed, N, and Gahreman, DE. Urinary incontinence in competitive women weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 36(11): 3130-3135, 2022-Urinary incontinence has the potential to diminish athletic performance and discourage women from participating in sport and exercise. This study determined the prevalence and possible risk factors for urinary incontinence in competitive women weightlifters. This research was a cross-sectional, survey-based study completed by 191 competitive women weightlifters. The frequency and severity of urinary incontinence was determined using the Incontinence Severity Index. Urinary incontinence was defined as an Incontinence Severity Index score >0. The survey questions focused on risk factors, the context and triggers for urinary incontinence, and self-care strategies. Approximately, 31.9% of subjects experienced urinary incontinence within 3 months of completing the survey. Incontinence Severity Index scores were significantly correlated with parity ( r = 0.283, p = 0.01) and age ( r = 0.216, p = 0.01). There was no significant correlation between the Incontinence Severity Index score and the number of years participating in any form of resistance training ( r = -0.010, p = 0.886) or weightlifting ( r = -0.045, p = 0.534), body mass index ( r = 0.058, p = 0.422), or competition total ( r = -0.114, p = 0.115). The squat was the most likely exercise to provoke urinary incontinence. Although the number of repetitions, weight lifted, body position, and ground impact may increase the likelihood of urinary incontinence occurring during a lift, it is difficult to determine which factor has the greatest influence. Some self-care strategies used by competitive women weightlifters who experience urinary incontinence, such as training while dehydrated, have the potential to diminish athletic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Wikander
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Nasreena Waheed
- College of Nursing and Midwifery, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Daniel E. Gahreman
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dominguez-Antuña E, Diz JC, Ayán C, Suárez-Iglesias D, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA. Prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence among male and female competitors and recreational CrossFit® practitioners. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022; 276:144-147. [PMID: 35905542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the prevalence, severity and type of urinary incontinence (UI) in female and male CrossFit® practitioners. STUDY DESIGN The study design is an online cross-sectional survey distributed to CrossFit® practitioners across all Spanish regions. The questionnaire included categorical questions related to CrossFit® practice, multiple-choice questions to determine the exercises performed during reported UI symptoms, and The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form questionnaire items. RESULTS Five hundred seventy-one practitioners (34.0 ± 8.37 years, Body Mass Index 24.20 ± 3.34 kg/m2) met inclusion criteria and completed the survey. There were and 316 females and 255 males. Around 45 % of women and 6 % of men reported having UI (p < 0.001). The severity of UI mainly was slight (30.3 % women, 3.5 % men) and moderate (11.7 % women, 2.3 % men) (p < 0.001). Stress and urgent UI were the most prevalent types among women (36 %) and men (5 %) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study found that UI is relatively common among female CrossFit® practitioners, especially in repetitive jumps. The practitioners' profile (amateur/competitor) does not affect the prevalence or severity of UI. Male athletes can also experience urine leakage while performing CrossFit®, although its prevalence is much lower when compared to female practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J C Diz
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sport Science, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - C Ayán
- Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sport Science, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - D Suárez-Iglesias
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, León, Spain
| | - J A Rodríguez-Marroyo
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, León, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wikander L, Kirshbaum MN, Waheed N, Gahreman DE. Urinary Incontinence in Competitive Women Powerlifters: A Cross-Sectional Survey. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:89. [PMID: 34874496 PMCID: PMC8651931 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Urinary incontinence (UI) can negatively affect a woman’s quality of life, participation in sport and athletic performance. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of UI in competitive women powerlifters; identify possible risk factors and activities likely to provoke UI; and establish self-care practices. Methods This international cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey completed by 480 competitive women powerlifters aged between 20 and 71 years. The Incontinence Severity Index (ISI) was used to determine the severity of UI. Results We found that 43.9% of women had experienced UI within the three months prior to this study. The deadlift was the most likely, and the bench-press the least likely exercise to provoke UI. ISI scores were positively correlated with parity (τ = 0.227, p < 0.001), age (τ = 0.179, p < 0.001), competition total (τ = 0.105, p = 0.002) and body mass index score (τ = 0.089, p = 0.009). There was no significant correlation between ISI and years strength training (τ = − 0.052, p = 0.147) or years powerlifting (τ = 0.041, p = 0.275). There was a negative correlation between ISI score with having a pelvic floor assessment (η = 0.197), and the ability to correctly perform pelvic floor exercises (η = 0.172). Conclusion The prevalence of UI in this cohort was at the upper limit experienced by women in the general population. Women who had undergone a pelvic floor examination or were confident in correctly performing pelvic floor exercises experienced less severe UI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00387-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Wikander
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.
| | | | - Nasreena Waheed
- College of Nursing and Midwifery, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Daniel E Gahreman
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Araujo MPD, Brito LGO, Pochini ADC, Ejnisman B, Sartori MGF, Girão MJBC. Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in CrossFit Practitioners before and during the COVID-19 Quarantine and its Relationship with Training Level: An Observational Study. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRÍCIA 2021; 43:847-852. [PMID: 34872143 PMCID: PMC10183929 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) before and during the COVID-19 quarantine in CrossFit women and their relationship with training level. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed among 197 women practicing CrossFit. The inclusion criteria were nulliparous women, between 18 and 45 years old, who had trained, before quarantine, in accredited gyms. The exclusion criteria were not following the COVID-19 prevention protocols and having UI on other occasions than just sport. An online questionnaire was emailed containing questions about frequency, duration, and intensity of training and data related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants were invited to answer whether they were infected with COVID-19 and what treatment/recommendation they have followed. Whether UI stopped among participants, they were asked about the possible reasons why this happened. The training intensity was categorized as "the same," "decreased" or "increased." RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 32 years old and most (98.5%) could practice CrossFit during the pandemic. There was a decrease in training intensity in 64% of the respondents. Exercises with their own body weight, such as air squat (98.2%), were the most performed. Urinary incontinence was reported by 32% of the participants before the COVID-19 pandemic, and by only 14% of them during the pandemic (odds ratio [OR] = 0.32 [0.19-0.53]; p < 0.01; univariate analysis). Practitioners reported that the reason possibly related to UI improvement was the reduction of training intensity and not performing doubleunder exercise. CONCLUSION The reduction in the intensity of CrossFit training during the COVID-19 quarantine decreased the prevalence of UI among female athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maita Poli de Araujo
- Department of Gynecology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto de Castro Pochini
- Department of Gynecology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Benno Ejnisman
- Department of Gynecology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pisani GK, Sato TDO, de Carvalho DHT, Carvalho C. Impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life in female CrossFit practitioners: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 268:56-61. [PMID: 34861594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.11.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate the impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life (QoL) in female CrossFit practitioners and to verify the strategies used by them to minimize the occurrence of urine leakage. In addition, to verify whether anthropometric and clinical characteristics increase the UI impact on QoL of female CrossFit practitioners. STUDY DESIGN This was an online cross-sectional survey. The impact of UI on QoL was investigated by International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF). Associations between the impact of UI on QoL and the clinical (age, BMI, gestations, mode of delivery, practice of other physical activities) and the others pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) related independent variables were tested using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 828 female CrossFit practitioners answered the questionnaire and 36% reported UI symptoms. The women who obtained the highest score on the ICIQ-SF have high UI interference in QoL. Previous history of two or more gestations and sexual dysfunctions (dyspareunia or vaginismus) or pelvic organ prolapse increase 2.65 and 1.82 times the risk of female CrossFit practitioners with UI having a high impact of UI on their QoL, respectively (OR = 2.65 95% CI 1.30-5.40, p = 0.01; and OR = 1.82 95% CI 1.04-3.21, p = 0.04, respectively). The most strategies used by them to minimize the occurrence of urine leakage were emptying the bladder before training (77.5%) and use absorbent (17.8%). CONCLUSIONS Women who had higher scores on the ICIQ-SF reported greater impact on QoL, and the previous history of two or more gestations and sexual dysfunction/pelvic organ prolapse increase the risk of women with UI who practice CrossFit to have a greater impact on QoL. Multigravida and women with sexual dysfunction/pelvic organ prolapse who practice CrossFit could have more attention on the UI symptoms due to the high impact on their QoL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Keppe Pisani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiano Carvalho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Whitney KE, Holtzman B, Cook D, Bauer S, Maffazioli GDN, Parziale AL, Ackerman KE. Low energy availability and impact sport participation as risk factors for urinary incontinence in female athletes. J Pediatr Urol 2021; 17:290.e1-290.e7. [PMID: 33622629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) is a clinical syndrome that includes the many complex health and performance consequences of low energy availability (EA) in athletes, when there is insufficient caloric intake to meet exercise-related energy expenditure and to support basic physiologic functions. There is a high prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in female athletes and it is more common in female athletes than non-athletes. The objective of this study was to determine if low EA is associated with UI in a population of adolescent and young adult female athletes and to evaluate for an association between sport categories and UI. MATERIAL AND METHODS 1000 nulliparous female patients, ages 15-30 years, presenting to a sports medicine subspecialty clinic, provided informed consent/assent to participate in a cross-sectional study involving a comprehensive survey, anthropomorphic measurements, and medical record review. Low EA was defined as meeting ≥1 criterion: self-reported history of eating disorder/disordered eating (ED/DE), and/or a high score on the Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire (BEDA-Q), and/or a high score on the Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care (ESP). UI was assessed using questions adapted from the International Consultation on Incontinence-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF), questions regarding timing of UI onset/duration, and a binary question regarding UI during sport activities. A total of 36 sport types were included in the survey and sub-divided into categories. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of the 1000 female athletes surveyed, 165 (16.5%) reported a history of experiencing UI during athletic activities. ICIQ- UI-SF responses indicated that 14% (137/1000) of the cohort experienced slight incontinence, 4% (35/1000) moderate incontinence, and 2 athletes experienced severe incontinence. There was a significant difference between UI categories in age (p = 0.01), low EA (p < 0.001), and sport category (p < 0.001). Females who had low EA had twice the likelihood (OR = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.39 to 2.81; p < 0.001) of UI compared to those with adequate EA, controlling for sports category and menstrual dysfunction. Females who participated in high impact sports were 4.5 times more likely (OR = 4.47; 95% CI = 2.29 to 8.74; p < 0.001) to have had UI compared to females who participated in ball sports, controlling for EA and menstrual dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS UI during athletic activities is a common problem among nulliparous adolescent and young adult female athletes, occurring in 16.5% of female athletes surveyed. UI was significantly associated with low EA across all sport categories. Sport type was significantly associated with UI, with the highest impact sport group demonstrating a higher prevalence and symptom severity compared to other sport categories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Whitney
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue, Ste 6, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Bryan Holtzman
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue, Ste 6, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Danielle Cook
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue, Ste 6, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Stuart Bauer
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Giovana D N Maffazioli
- Departamento de Obstetricia e Ginecologia, Hospital Das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 255 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Allyson L Parziale
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue, Ste 6, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing 525 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue, Ste 6, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, 457B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang X, Ge H, Ye G, Quan X, Shen W, Zhang C, Huan M, Wu J. Analysis of pelvic floor electrical physiological parameters in nulliparous women with stress urinary incontinence. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:1620-1626. [PMID: 33968650 PMCID: PMC8100828 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the changes in pelvic floor electrical physiological parameters in nulliparous women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods A retrospective survey was conducted on 922 women aged 20–40 years who received health examinations at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between July 2017 and December 2019. The women were split into two groups: those who had SUI (n=87) and those that did not (n=835). Questionnaires and pelvic floor electrical physiological indexes were collected. Results The mean age of the group of women with SUI was 29.77 years, while the mean age of the group of women with no SUI was 24.49 years. The body mass indexes (BMI) of the women with SUI were significantly higher than those of the women with no SUI. Importantly, the normal rates of type I and II fibers in the women with SUI were obviously lower than those in the women with no SUI. Moreover, the vaginal dynamic pressure in the women with SUI was significantly lower than in the women with no SUI. The study also found that the incidence of SUI in nulliparous women was higher in those aged 30–40 and that both low-weight and obese women had an increased risk of SUI. Type I and type II muscle fibers were more abnormal in the women with SUI than in those with no SUI. In multivariate logistic regression, the ages, BMIs, and type I fiber indexes of nulliparous women were related to SUI. Conclusions Nulliparous women have a higher rate of SUI. Compared to women with no SUI, the possible potential risk factors are age (>30 years), higher BMI, and abnormal type I muscle fiber of the pelvic floor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Rehabilitation Medical Center, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Huan Ge
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Rehabilitation Medical Center, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Guihua Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Rehabilitation Medical Center, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Xiaojie Quan
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Rehabilitation Medical Center, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Wei Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Rehabilitation Medical Center, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Chunzi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Rehabilitation Medical Center, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Mengyao Huan
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Rehabilitation Medical Center, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Jie Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Rehabilitation Medical Center, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wikander L, Kirshbaum MN, Gahreman DE. Urinary Incontinence and Women CrossFit Competitors. Int J Womens Health 2020; 12:1189-1195. [PMID: 33363412 PMCID: PMC7754094 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s278222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Urinary incontinence is a common condition that potentially discourages women from participating in physical activity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of urinary and athletic incontinence and establish which activities and contexts were most likely to provoke urine leakage in women CrossFit competitors. Patients and Methods This research was an international, cross-sectional, survey-based study. The online survey was completed by 452 women CrossFit competitors. The Incontinence Severity Index was used to determine the frequency and severity of urinary incontinence. Results Urinary incontinence was experienced by 41.8% of participants in the three months prior to the study and 17.7% experienced athletic incontinence. Women came to experience athletic incontinence through two different pathways. Some women were continent before commencing CrossFit (9.7%), remain continent during everyday activities but now experience urinary incontinence during exercise. Alternatively, 8% of women were incontinent before commencing CrossFit, are now continent during everyday activities but remain incontinent during exercise. High impact CrossFit activities were most likely to provoke urinary incontinence. Conclusion This study highlighted the importance of distinguishing between urinary incontinence that develops after commencing an exercise program in otherwise continent women and urinary incontinence that persists only during exercise in previously incontinent women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Wikander
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Marilynne N Kirshbaum
- Research and Innovation, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Daniel E Gahreman
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Skaug KL, Engh ME, Frawley H, Bø K. Prevalence of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, Bother and Risk Factors and Knowledge of the Pelvic Floor Muscles in Norwegian Male and Female Powerlifters and Olympic Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2800-2807. [PMID: 33278274 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Skaug, KL, Bø, K, Engh, ME, and Frawley, H. Prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction, bother, and risk factors and knowledge of the pelvic floor muscles in Norwegian male and female powerlifters and Olympic weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Strenuous exercise has been suggested as a risk factor of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). Powerlifters and Olympic weightlifters compete with high external loads. To date, knowledge of PFD in these athletes has been sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence, risk factors, and bother of PFD in powerlifters and Olympic weightlifters and their knowledge of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM). All athletes aged ≥18 years competing in ≥1 National Championship in powerlifting or Olympic weightlifting in 2018/2019 were invited. The International Consensus on Incontinence Questionnaires were used to assess PFD. One hundred eighty women and 204 men participated. The prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI), anal incontinence (AI), and pelvic organ prolapse in women was 50.0, 80.0, and 23.3%, respectively. Stress UI (SUI) was reported by 41.7% of the women and 87.8% reported a negative influence on sport performance. The prevalence of UI and AI in men was 9.3 and 61.8%. In women, increasing body mass index was significantly associated with SUI (odds ratio [OR]: 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.17) and international level of competition (OR: 3.27, 95% CI: 1.32-8.07) and weightlifting ≥4 d·wk (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08-0.86) with AI. In men, increasing age (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.07) and frequently straining to void (OR: 4.84, 95% CI: 1.02-22.94) were significantly associated with AI. Forty-three percent of the women and 74% of the men did not know why and 44.4 and 72.5% how to train the PFM. In conclusion, the prevalence of PFD was high, and the athletes had limited knowledge of the PFM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Ellström Engh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog.,Division Akershus University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helena Frawley
- Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kari Bø
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
CrossFit is a form of high-intensity interval training and comparable to other high-intensity exercises. CrossFit exercises increase VO2max, strength, endurance, and improves the body composition (e. g. lean body mass). The injury risk in CrossFit is similar to that of other, comparable sports such as Olympic weightlifting, powerlifting and gymnastics and lower than that of competitive contact sports such as rugby union and rugby league. Shoulder joint, shoulder girdle and spine injuries are predominating in CrossFit and require special attention from physicians and coaches. In particular, this includes expert instruction for CrossFit beginners as well as an initial orthopedic examination before starting CrossFit training. The involvement of well-educated coaches correlates with a decreased injury rate. For this reason, it is recommended that beginners complete a special program with slow load increase and instructions of the fundamental CrossFit techniques. In CrossFit, previous injuries also increase the risk of re-injury, which is consistent with the findings of other sport-related injury studies, and should also be taken into account. Evidence Level III
Collapse
|