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Divya G, Kundal VK, Addagatla R, Garbhapu AK, Debnath PR, Sen A. Spectrum of paediatric blunt abdominal trauma in a tertiary care hospital in India. Afr J Paediatr Surg 2023; 20:191-196. [PMID: 37470554 PMCID: PMC10450108 DOI: 10.4103/ajps.ajps_14_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To study the profile of paediatric blunt abdominal trauma and to assess the correlation of grade of injury with the outcome. Materials and Methods It is a prospective observational study from January 2015 to December 2020. Children below 12 years with blunt abdominal trauma were included. Patient demographic data, treatment given and the final outcome were recorded. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months to maximum 5 years. Results A total of 68 patients were included in the study. Fall from height was the most common mode of injury (62%) followed by road traffic accidents (35%) and the other causes included in the miscellaneous group (hit by animal and fall of heavy object on the abdomen; 3%). Most commonly injured organ was liver (n = 28, 41%) followed by spleen (n = 18, 26%) and kidney (n = 15, 22%). Other injuries were bowel perforations (jejunal [n = 4], ileal [n = 1] and large bowel [n = 1]; 9%), pancreaticoduodenal (n = 5, 7%), urinary bladder (n = 3, 4%), abdominal vascular injury (iliac vein-1, inferior vena cava-1;3%), adrenal haematoma (n = 2,3%) and common bile duct (CBD) injury (n = 1, 1%). More than one organ injury was seen in 13 cases (19%). Non-operative management was successful in 84% (n = 27) and laparotomy was done in 16% (n = 11). Most of the patients sustained Grade IV injury (n = 36, 53%) and majority of the patients (n = 60, 88%) had good outcome without any long-term complications. Conclusion Profile of paediatric blunt abdominal trauma include solid organ injuries such as liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, adrenal gland and others like bowel injury, CBD, urinary bladder and abdominal vascular injury. The grade of injury does not correlate with the outcome in a higher grade of injury and these children had good outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Divya
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Kundal
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajasekhar Addagatla
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Garbhapu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pinaki R. Debnath
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Sen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Evans LL, Aarabi S, Durand R, Upperman JS, Jensen AR. Torso vascular trauma. Semin Pediatr Surg 2021; 30:151126. [PMID: 34930597 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular injury within the chest or abdomen represents a unique challenge to the pediatric general surgeon, as these life- or limb-threatening injuries are rare and may require emergent treatment. Vascular injury may present as life-threatening hemorrhage, or with critical ischemia from intimal injury, dissection, or thrombosis. Maintaining the skillset and requisite knowledge to address these injuries is of utmost importance for pediatric surgeons that care for injured children, particularly for surgeons practicing in freestanding children's hospitals that frequently do not have adult vascular surgery coverage. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of torso vascular trauma, with a specific emphasis in rapid recognition of torso vascular injury as well as both open and endovascular management options. Specific injuries addressed include blunt and penetrating mediastinal vascular injury, subclavian injury, abdominal aortic and visceral segment injury, inferior vena cava injury, and pelvic vascular injury. Operative exposure, vascular repair techniques, and damage control options including preperitoneal packing for pelvic hemorrhage are discussed. The role and limitations of endovascular treatment of each of these injuries is discussed, including endovascular stent graft placement, angioembolization for pelvic hemorrhage, and resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Evans
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94611, USA.
| | - Shahram Aarabi
- UCSF-East Bay Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94611, USA.
| | - Rachelle Durand
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals, and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94611, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Upperman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Aaron R Jensen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94611, USA.
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Zickler W, Martus JE, Upperman JS, Feliz A. Pediatric peripheral vascular injuries and associated orthopedic considerations. Semin Pediatr Surg 2021; 30:151127. [PMID: 34930593 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric peripheral vascular trauma is a rare but highly morbid injury in children and is frequently associated with concomitant orthopedic injuries. These children require multidisciplinary care by pediatric, vascular, and orthopedic surgery. In this review, we describe elements of the complex care required for children with peripheral vascular trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Zickler
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Ave., 2nd Fl., Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Jefferey E Martus
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, 4202 DOT, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232-9565, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Upperman
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, 2200 Children's Way, Suite 7100, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Alexander Feliz
- Departments of Surgery & Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, 49 N. Dunlap St., 2nd Floor, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-World Society of Emergency Surgery guidelines on diagnosis and management of peripheral vascular injuries. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 89:1183-1196. [PMID: 33230048 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral arteries and veins of the extremities are among the most commonly injured vessels in both civilian and military vascular trauma. Blunt causes are more frequent than penetrating except during military conflicts and in certain geographic areas. Physical examination and simple bedside investigations of pulse pressures are key in early identification of these injuries. In stable patients with equivocal physical examinations, computed tomography angiograms have become the mainstay of screening and diagnosis. Immediate open surgical repair remains the first-line therapy in most patients. However, advances in endovascular therapies and more widespread availability of this technology have resulted in an increase in the range of injuries and frequency of utilization of minimally invasive treatments for vascular injuries in stable patients. Prevention of and early detection and treatment of compartment syndrome remain essential in the recovery of patients with significant peripheral vascular injuries. The decision to perform amputation in patients with mangled extremities remains difficult with few clear indicators. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma in conjunction with the World Society of Emergency Surgery seeks to summarize the literature to date and provide guidelines on the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of peripheral vascular injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Review study, level IV.
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Johnson B, Halaweish I, Naik-Mathuria B. Ligation of the inferior vena cava in penetrating pediatric trauma. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2021.101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Carrillo L, Skibber M, Kumar A, George M, Aziz S, Harting MT, Cox CS. A Morphometric Model for Endovascular Occlusion of The Retrohepatic Vena Cava in Pediatric Trauma. J Surg Res 2019; 241:215-221. [PMID: 31028943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) device has been adapted for inferior vena cava (IVC) use in both animal models and adult case reports. The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility for use of the REBOA device for pediatric IVC injuries and create a potential framework for implementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A simulated venous system was designed with modeled IVC components based on 290 abdominal computed tomography scans of pediatric trauma patients. These patients were randomly selected to represent the ten Broselow categories. These IVC segments were selected to represent the posthepatic and prehepatic diameters for the five largest Broselow categories. A closed circulatory model was created with steady-state flow designed to model the venous system. The REBOA device was inserted into the system with the balloon in the IVC segment. Pressure monitors were placed distally and in the closed system, replicating the capacitance of the venous system. A flow meter was placed distally to the segment and balloon. Flow and pressure readings were recorded as the REBOA device was inflated and total occlusion was achieved. RESULTS Suprahepatic IVC diameters ranged from 1.14 to 2.71 cm, while infrahepatic IVC diameters ranged from 0.76 to 2.39 cm. There was significant overlap in the measurements of the IVC, allowing five modeled segments to represent ten different IVCs. The venous model demonstrated a significant delay between balloon inflation and vessel occlusion. Approximately 80%-90% of the REBOA inflation volume results in approximately an initial 10% reduction in flow. Flow was completely obstructed which corresponded with a small increase in pressure difference between the proximal and distal pressure monitors, reflecting the capacitance in the venous system with inflation. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric IVC injuries with significant hemorrhage should be amenable to endovascular occlusion as an adjunct to resuscitation and operative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Carrillo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hospital, Red Duke Trauma Institute, Houston, Texas.
| | - Max Skibber
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hospital, Red Duke Trauma Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Akshita Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hospital, Red Duke Trauma Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Mitchell George
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hospital, Red Duke Trauma Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Shahroz Aziz
- Department of Radiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew T Harting
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hospital, Red Duke Trauma Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hospital, Red Duke Trauma Institute, Houston, Texas
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Frieri M, Kumar K, Boutin A. Biomarkers, Trauma, and Sepsis in Pediatrics: A Review. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jpr-4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Allen CJ, Straker RJ, Tashiro J, Teisch LF, Meizoso JP, Ray JJ, Namias N, Sola JE. Pediatric vascular injury: experience of a level 1 trauma center. J Surg Res 2015; 196:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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