The role of mesenteric lymph exosomal lipid mediators following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury on activation of inflammation

Unveiling the molecular complexity of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury through omics technologies

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR) is implicated in various clinical conditions and causes damage to the intestinal epithelium resulting in intestinal barrier loss. This presents a substantial clinical challenge, emphasizing the importance of gaining a comprehensive understanding of molecular events to aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets. This review systematically explores the extent to which omics technologies-transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics-have already contributed to deciphering the molecular mechanisms contributing to intestinal IR injury, in in vivo and in vitro animal and human models, and in clinical samples. Recent breakthroughs involve applying omics methodologies on exosomes, organoids, and single cells, shedding light on promising avenues and valuable targets to reduce intestinal IR injury. Future directions aimed at expediting clinical translation are discussed as well and include multi-omics data integration to facilitate the identification of key regulatory nodes driving intestinal IR injury and advancing human organoid models based on the novel insights by single-cell omics technologies, offering hope for clinical application of therapeutic strategies in the years to come.

Exosomes-Mediated Signaling Pathway: A New Direction for Treatment of Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) is a common pathological process which occurs mostly in organs like the heart, brain, kidney, and lung. The injury caused by I/R gradually becomes one of the main causes of fatal diseases, which is an urgent clinical problem to be solved. Although great progress has been made in therapeutic methods, including surgical, drug, gene therapy, and transplant therapy for I/R injury, the development of effective methods to cure the injury remains a worldwide challenge. In recent years, exosomes have attracted much attention for their important roles in immune response, antigen presentation, cell migration, cell differentiation, and tumor invasion. Meanwhile, exosomes have been shown to have great potential in the treatment of I/R injury in organs. The study of the exosome-mediated signaling pathway can not only help to reveal the mechanism behind exosomes promoting reperfusion injury recovery, but also provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of exosomes. Here, we review the research progress in utilizing various exosomes from different cell types to promote the healing of I/R injury, focusing on the classical signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, Nrf2, PTEN, Wnt, MAPK, toll-like receptor, and AMPK. The results suggest that exosomes regulate these signaling pathways to reduce oxidative stress, regulate immune responses, decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promote tissue repair, making exosomes a competitive emerging vector for treating I/R damage in organs.

Polymorphism and expression level of the FADS3 gene and associated with the growth traits in Hu sheep

Growth traits are the economically important traits of sheep, and screening for genes related to growth and development is helpful for the genetic improvement of ovine growth traits. The fatty acid desaturase 3 (FADS3) is one of the important genes affecting the synthesis and accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in animals. In this study, the expression levels of the FADS3 gene and polymorphism of the FADS3 gene associated with growth traits in Hu sheep were detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Sanger sequencing, and KAspar assay. The result showed that the expression levels of the FADS3 gene were widely expressed in all tissues, and the expression level of FADS3 in the lung was significantly higher than in other tissues (p < .05). Then, the polymorphism locus g. 2918 A > C was detected in intron 2 of the FADS3 gene, and associated analysis showed that the mutation in the FADS3 gene was associated significantly with growth traits (including body weight, body height, body length, and chest circumference, p < .05). Therefore, individuals with AA genotype showed significantly better growth traits than those with CC genotype, and FADS3 gene could be a candidate gene for improving growth traits in Hu sheep.

Exosomal noncoding RNA-mediated spatiotemporal regulation of lipid metabolism: Implications in immune evasion and chronic inflammation

The hallmark of chronic inflammatory diseases is immune evasion. Successful immune evasion involves numerous mechanisms to suppress both adaptive and innate immune responses. Either direct contact between cells or paracrine signaling triggers these responses. Exosomes are critical drivers of these interactions and exhibit both immunogenic and immune evasion properties during the development and progression of various chronic inflammatory diseases. Exosomes carry diverse molecular cargo, including lipids, proteins, and RNAs that are crucial for immunomodulation. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that exosomes and their cargo-loaded molecules are extensively involved in lipid remodeling and metabolism during immune surveillance and disease. Many studies have also shown the involvement of lipids in controlling immune cell activities and their crucial upstream functions in regulating inflammasome activation, suggesting that any perturbation in lipid metabolism results in abnormal immune responses. Strikingly, the expanded immunometabolic reprogramming capacities of exosomes and their contents provided insights into the novel mechanisms behind the prophylaxis of inflammatory diseases. By summarizing the tremendous therapeutic potential of exosomes, this review emphasizes the role of exosome-derived noncoding RNAs in regulating immune responses through the modulation of lipid metabolism and their promising therapeutic applications.

Profiles of lipid, protein and microRNA expression in exosomes derived from intestinal epithelial cells after ischemia-reperfusion injury in a cellular hypoxia model

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury leads to proinflammatory responses via gut-derived mediators, and accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes secreted by intestinal epithelial cells are involved in the development of systemic inflammation. Studies have reported changes in protein, lipid, and microRNA (miRNA) expression; however, considering the different experimental conditions, information on the relationships among these biomolecules remains insufficient. The aim of this study was to elucidate the multiple changes that simultaneously occur in exosomes after ischemic stimulation. Here, differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 cells were exposed to 95% air (normoxia group) or 5% O2 (hypoxia group) for 6 h. Cells in each group were subsequently incubated for 24 h in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 plus 95% air. The conditioned medium of each group was collected for isolating intestinal epithelial cell-derived exosomes. Together with proteome analyses, lipid analyses, and miRNA quantification, biological functional assays were performed using monocytic NF-κB reporter cells. Lipid metabolism-related protein expression was upregulated, miRNA levels were slightly altered, and unsaturated fatty acid-containing lysophosphatidylcholine concentration increased after hypoxia and reoxygenation injury; this suggested that the changes in exosomal components associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury activates inflammation, including the NF-κB pathway. This study elucidated the multiple changes that co-occur in exosomes after ischemic stimulation and partially clarified the mechanism underlying exosome-mediated inflammation after intestinal ischemic recanalization.

Exosomes: Potential Disease Biomarkers and New Therapeutic Targets

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells, both constitutively and after cell activation, and are present in different types of biological fluid. Exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, pregnancy disorders and cardiovascular diseases, and have emerged as potential non-invasive biomarkers for the detection, prognosis and therapeutics of a myriad of diseases. In this review, we describe recent advances related to the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, release and molecular composition, as well as their role in health and disease, and their potential use as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of their main isolation methods, characterization and cargo analysis, as well as the experimental methods used for exosome-mediated drug delivery, are discussed. Finally, we present potential perspectives for the use of exosomes in future clinical practice.