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Liu T, Yang F, Liu J, Zhang M, Sun J, Xiao Y, Xiao Z, Niu H, Ma R, Wang Y, Liu X, Dong Y. Astragaloside IV reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a murine model of coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis. Exp Anim 2019; 68:549-558. [PMID: 31243190 PMCID: PMC6842797 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a crucial role in regulating cardiomyopathy and injuries of
coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced viral myocarditis (VM). It has been reported that
Astragaloside IV (AST-IV) from Astragalus membranaceus could inhibit
apoptosis under a variety of pathological conditions in vivo or
in vitro. However, the functional roles of AST-IV in CVB3-induced VM
still remain unknown. Here, we found that AST-IV significantly enhanced survival for
CVB3-induced mice. AST-IV protected the mice against CVB3-induced virus myocarditis
characterized by the increased body weight, decreased serum level of creatine kinase-MB
(CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), supressed expression of Ifn-γ, Il-6 in heart,
enhanced systolic and diastolic function of left ventricle. At the pathological level,
AST-IV ameliorated the mice against CVB3-induced myocardial damage and myocardial
fibrosis. In vitro, the results from flow cytometry showed that AST-IV
significantly suppressed CVB3-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis, which also were verified
in vivo. Moreover, an increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes
including FAS, FASL, cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-3 was found in CVB3-induced
cardiomyocytes, while those was inhibited in cardiomyocytes treated with AST-IV. Taken
together, the data suggest that AST-IV protected against CVB3-induced myocardial damage
and fibrosis, which may partly attribute to supress activation of FAS/FASL signaling
pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Service Center, Health committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No. 63 Xinhua Street, Xincheng District, Hohhot 010055, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Zhibin Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Niu
- Department of Service Center, Health committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No. 63 Xinhua Street, Xincheng District, Hohhot 010055, P.R. China
| | - Ruilian Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, P.R. China
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Niss O, Sholl A, Bleesing JJ, Hildeman DA. IL-10/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling dysregulates Bim expression in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:762-70. [PMID: 25174872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a human disorder of T cell homeostasis caused by mutations that impair FAS-mediated apoptosis. A defining characteristic of ALPS is the expansion of double negative T cells (DNTC). Relatively little is known about how defective FAS-driven cell death and the Bcl-2 apoptotic pathway intersect in ALPS patients. OBJECTIVE We studied changes in Bcl-2 family member expression in ALPS to determine whether the Bcl-2 pathway might provide a therapeutic target. METHODS We used flow cytometry to analyze the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members in T cells from 12 ALPS patients and determined the in vitro sensitivity of ALPS DNTC to the pro-apoptotic BH3 mimetic, ABT-737. RESULTS The pro-apoptotic molecule, Bim, was significantly elevated in DNTC. Although no general pattern of individual anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members emerged, increased expression of Bim was always accompanied by increased expression of at least 1 anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member. Strikingly, Bim levels in DNTC correlated significantly with serum IL-10 in ALPS patients, and IL-10 was sufficient to mildly induce Bim in normal and ALPS T cells via a Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-dependent mechanism. Finally, ABT-737 preferentially killed ALPS DNTC in vitro. CONCLUSION Combined, these data show that an IL-10/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway drives Bim expression in ALPS DNTC, which renders them sensitive to BH3 mimetics, uncovering a potentially novel therapeutic approach to ALPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Niss
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Allyson Sholl
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jack J Bleesing
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Exogenous IL-4-expressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss in a guinea pig model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:856019. [PMID: 24864261 PMCID: PMC4016942 DOI: 10.1155/2014/856019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) expressing recombinant IL-4 have the potential to remediate inflammatory diseases. We thus investigated whether BMSCs expressing exogenous IL-4 could alleviate autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss. BMSCs isolated from guinea pigs were transfected with recombinant lentivirus expressing IL-4. A total of 33 animals were divided into three groups. Group A received scala tympani injection of IL-4-expressing BMSCs, and Group B received control vector-expressing BMSCs, and Group C received phosphate-buffered saline. The distribution of implanted BMSCs in the inner ears was assessed by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy. Auditory brain-stem response (ABR) was monitored to evaluate the auditory changes. Following BMSCs transplantation, the threshold levels of ABR wave III decreased in Groups A and B and significant differences were observed between these two groups (P < 0.05). Transplanted BMSCs distributed in the scala tympani and scala vestibuli. In some ears with hearing loss, there was a decrease in the number of spiral ganglion cells and varying degrees of endolymphatic hydrops or floccule. Following transplantation, the lentivirus-infected BMSCs migrated to the inner ear and produced IL-4. Our results demonstrate that, upon transplantation, BMSCs and BMSCs expressing recombinant IL-4 have the ability to remediate the inflammatory injury in autoimmune inner ear diseases.
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Blalock EL, Chien H, Dix RD. Systemic reduction of interleukin-4 or interleukin-10 fails to reduce the frequency or severity of experimental cytomegalovirus retinitis in mice with retrovirus-induced immunosuppression. OPHTHALMOLOGY AND EYE DISEASES 2012; 4:79-90. [PMID: 23650460 PMCID: PMC3619657 DOI: 10.4137/oed.s10294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) are key cytokines whose increased production during systemic HIV infection has been associated with decreased cellular immunity during AIDS. We examined whether HIV-induced stimulation of IL-4 or IL-10 production leads to increased susceptibility to AIDS-related human cytomegalovirus retinitis. It was confirmed that there were increased amounts of IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA levels in mice with MAIDS of 10 weeks duration when most susceptible to MCMV retinitis. Surprisingly, however, MCMV-infected eyes of IL-4 -/- and IL-10 -/- mice with MAIDS of 8 weeks duration exhibited retinitis and infectious virus equivalent to that observed in MCMV-infected eyes of wild-type mice with MAIDS. We conclude that neither IL-4 nor IL-10 alone play a role in increased susceptibility to MAIDS-related MCMV retinitis, but may work collectively with other retrovirus-induced immunosuppressive factors to allow for retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Blalock
- Department of Biology, Viral Immunology Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays an important role in normal development and homeostasis of adult tissues. Apoptosis has also been linked to many disease states, including cancer. One of the biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis is the generation of free 3'-hydroxyl termini on DNA via cleavage of chromatin into single and multiple oligonuleosome-length fragments. The TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay exploits this biochemical hallmark by labeling the exposed termini of DNA, thereby enabling visualization of nuclei containing fragmented DNA. This review outlines the general method for in situ TUNEL staining of cultured cells and tissue sections, and highlights recent improvements in the technique and limitations of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deryk T Loo
- MacroGenics, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Holladay CA, O'Brien T, Pandit A. Non-viral gene therapy for myocardial engineering. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:232-48. [PMID: 20063367 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in surgical and pharmacological techniques, myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main cause of morbidity in the developed world because no remedy has been found for the regeneration of infarcted myocardium. Once the blood supply to the area in question is interrupted, the inflammatory cascade, among other mechanisms, results in the damaged tissue becoming a scar. The goals of cardiac gene therapy are essentially to minimize damage, to promote regeneration, or some combination thereof. While the vector is, in theory, less important than the gene being delivered, the choice of vector can have a significant impact. Viral therapies can have very high transfection efficiencies, but disadvantages include immunogenicity, retroviral-mediated insertional mutagenesis, and the expense and difficulty of manufacture. For these reasons, researchers have focused on non-viral gene therapy as an alternative. In this review, naked plasmid delivery, or the delivery of complexed plasmids, and cell-mediated gene delivery to the myocardium will be reviewed. Pre-clinical and clinical trials in the cardiac tissue will form the core of the discussion. While unmodified stem cells are sometimes considered therapeutic vectors on the basis of paracrine mechanisms of action basic understanding is limited. Thus, only genetically modified cells will be discussed as cell-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Holladay
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis involved in indirect recognition pathway blockade induces long-term heart allograft survival. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:705431. [PMID: 20490280 PMCID: PMC2871569 DOI: 10.1155/2010/705431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of dendritic cell- (DC-) based therapies in organ transplantation can reduce dependency on nonspecific immunosuppression. Despite extensive research, mechanisms of equipped DCs inducing transplant tolerance remain incomplete. Here, we applied RNA interference technique to inhibit CD80 and CD86 expression in host bone marrow-derived DCs. This approach could specifically and effectively knock down CD80 and CD86 expression. T cells primed by these DCs inhibited allogeneic responses. Administration of recipient DCs loaded with alloantigen after CD80 and CD86 blockade prolonged cardiac allograft survival. We also found a higher percentage of apoptotic T cells in lymph tissues and grafts than that detected in control group. In addition, these T cells expressed high expression of GRP78 than controls, indicating activation of unfolded protein responses. Upregulation of CHOP expression among these cells suggested that the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response switched to a proapoptotic response. Our results indicated that ERS-induced apoptosis may be involved in allogeneic T-cell apoptosis, and the ERS-mediated apoptosis pathway may be a novel target in clinical prevention and therapy of allograft rejection.
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