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Raghib MF, Bernitsas E. From Animal Models to Clinical Trials: The Potential of Antimicrobials in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3069. [PMID: 38002068 PMCID: PMC10668955 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Microbes, including bacteria and certain viruses, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been linked to the pathogenesis of MS. While there is currently no cure for MS, antibiotics and antivirals have been studied as potential treatment options due to their immunomodulatory ability that results in the regulation of the immune process. The current issue addressed in this systematic review is the effect of antimicrobials, including antibiotics, antivirals, and antiparasitic agents in animals and humans. We performed a comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus for articles on antimicrobials in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal models of MS, as well as in people with MS (pwMS). In animal models, antibiotics tested included beta-lactams, minocycline, rapamycin, macrolides, and doxycycline. Antivirals included acyclovir, valacyclovir, and ganciclovir. Hydroxychloroquine was the only antiparasitic that was tested. In pwMS, we identified a total of 24 studies, 17 of them relevant to antibiotics, 6 to antivirals, and 1 relevant to antiparasitic hydroxychloroquine. While the effect of antimicrobials in animal models was promising, only minocycline and hydroxychloroquine improved outcome measures in pwMS. No favorable effect of the antivirals in humans has been observed yet. The number and size of clinical trials testing antimicrobials have been limited. Large, multicenter, well-designed studies are needed to further evaluate the effect of antimicrobials in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faraz Raghib
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Evanthia Bernitsas
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Sastry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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2
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Tomov N. Glial cells in intracerebral transplantation for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1173-1178. [PMID: 31960796 PMCID: PMC7047789 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, intracerebral transplantation has grown from a dubious neuroscientific topic to a plausible modality for treatment of neurological disorders. The possibility for cell replacement opens a new field of perspectives in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia, and neurotrauma, with the most lessons learned from intracerebral transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Multiple animal studies and a few small-scale clinical trials have proven the concept of intracerebral grafting, but still have to provide a uniform and highly efficient approach to the procedure, suitable for clinical application. The success of intracerebral transplantation is highly dependent on the integration of the grafted cells with the host brain. In this process, glial cells are clearly more than passive bystanders. They provide transplanted cells with mechanical support, trophics, mediate synapse formation, and participate in graft vascularization. At the same time, glial cells mediate scarring, graft rejection, and neuroinflammation, which can be detrimental. We can use this information to try to understand the mechanisms behind the glial reaction to intracerebral transplantation. Recognizing and utilizing glial reactivity can move translational research forward and provide an insight not only to post-transplantation events but also to mechanisms of neuronal death and degeneration. Knowledge about glial reactivity to transplanted cells could also be a key for optimization of transplantation protocols, which ultimately should contribute to greater patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Tomov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Quality Standards of Stem Cell Sources for Clinical Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1266:9-19. [PMID: 33105492 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4370-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A large number of experimental and clinical studies have shown that cell transplantation has therapeutic effects for PD, AD and other neurodegenerative diseases or damages. Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidance must be defined to produce clinical-grade cells for transplantation to the patients. Standardized quality and clinical preparation procedures of the transplanted cells will ensure the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the side-effect risk of cell therapy. Here we review the cell quality standards governing the clinical transplantation of stem cells for neurodegenerative diseases to clinical practitioners. These quality standards include cell quality control, minimal suggested cell doses for undergoing cell transplantation, documentation of procedure and therapy, safety evaluation, efficacy evaluation, policy of repeated treatments, not charging the patients for unproven therapies, basic principles of cell therapy, and publishing responsibility.
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4
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Han F, Hu B. Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1266:21-38. [PMID: 33105493 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4370-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases caused by specific degeneration and loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra of the midbrain. PD is clinically characterized by motor dysfunctions and non-motor symptoms. Even though the dopamine replacement can improve the motor symptoms of PD, it cannot stop the neural degeneration and disease progression. Electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) to the specific brain areas can improve the symptoms, but it eventually loses the effectiveness. Stem cell transplantation provides an exciting potential for the treatment of PD. Current available cell sources include neural stem cells (NSCs) from fetal brain tissues, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) isolated from blastocyst, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed from the somatic cells such as the fibroblasts and blood cells. Here, we summarize the research advance in experimental and clinical studies to transplant these cells into animal models and clinical patients, and specifically highlight the studies to use hESCs /iPSCs-derived dopaminergic precursor cells and dopamine neurons for the treatment of PD, at last propose future challenges for developing clinical-grade dopaminergic cells for treating the PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabin Han
- The Institute for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Khoshnevis M, Carozzo C, Bonnefont-Rebeix C, Belluco S, Leveneur O, Chuzel T, Pillet-Michelland E, Dreyfus M, Roger T, Berger F, Ponce F. Development of induced glioblastoma by implantation of a human xenograft in Yucatan minipig as a large animal model. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 282:61-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Han F, Baremberg D, Gao J, Duan J, Lu X, Zhang N, Chen Q. Development of stem cell-based therapy for Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:16. [PMID: 26339485 PMCID: PMC4559356 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders of aging, characterized by the degeneration of dopamine neurons (DA neurons) in the substantial nigra, leading to the advent of both motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms. Current treatments include electrical stimulation of the affected brain areas and dopamine replacement therapy. Even though both categories are effective in treating PD patients, the disease progression cannot be stopped. The research advance into cell therapies provides exciting potential for the treatment of PD. Current cell sources include neural stem cells (NSCs) from fetal brain tissues, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and directly induced dopamine neurons (iDA neurons). Here, we evaluate the research progress in different cell sources with a focus on using iPSCs as a valuable source and propose key challenges for developing cells suitable for large-scale clinical applications in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabin Han
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Deborah Baremberg
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Junyu Gao
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Jing Duan
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Xianjie Lu
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Qingfa Chen
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
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7
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Lévêque X, Mathieux E, Nerrière-Daguin V, Thinard R, Kermarrec L, Durand T, Haudebourg T, Vanhove B, Lescaudron L, Neveu I, Naveilhan P. Local control of the host immune response performed with mesenchymal stem cells: perspectives for functional intracerebral xenotransplantation. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:124-34. [PMID: 25310920 PMCID: PMC4288356 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foetal pig neuroblasts are interesting candidates as a cell source for transplantation, but xenotransplantation in the brain requires the development of adapted immunosuppressive treatments. As systemic administration of high doses of cyclosporine A has side effects and does not protect xenotransplants forever, we focused our work on local control of the host immune responses. We studied the advantage of cotransplanting syngenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with porcine neuroblasts (pNb) in immunocompetent rat striata. Two groups of animals were transplanted, either with pNb alone or with both MSC and pNb. At day 63, no porcine neurons were detected in the striata that received only pNb, while four of six rats transplanted with both pNb and MSC exhibited healthy porcine neurons. Interestingly, 50% of the cotransplanted rats displayed healthy grafts with pNF70+ and TH+ neurons at 120 days post-transplantation. qPCR analyses revealed a general dwindling of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the striata that received the cotransplants. Motor recovery was also observed following the transplantation of pNb and MSC in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Taken together, the present data indicate that the immunosuppressive properties of MSC are of great interest for the long-term survival of xenogeneic neurons in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lévêque
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France; CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, ITERT, Nantes, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, LUNAM Université, Nantes, France
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8
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Mathieux E, Nerrière-Daguin V, Lévèque X, Michel-Monigadon D, Durand T, Bonnamain V, Ménoret S, Anegon I, Naveilhan P, Neveu I. IgG response to intracerebral xenotransplantation: specificity and role in the rejection of porcine neurons. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1109-19. [PMID: 24612827 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Xenogenic fetal neuroblasts are considered as a potential source of transplantable cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, but immunological barriers limit their use in the clinic. While considerable work has been performed to decipher the role of the cellular immune response in the rejection of intracerebral xenotransplants, there is much still to learn about the humoral reaction. To this end, the IgG response to the transplantation of fetal porcine neural cells (PNC) into the rat brain was analyzed. Rat sera did not contain preformed antibodies against PNC, but elicited anti-porcine IgG was clearly detected in the host blood once the graft was rejected. Only the IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses were up-regulated, suggesting a T-helper 2 immune response. The main target of these elicited IgG antibodies was porcine neurons, as determined by double labeling in vitro and in vivo. Complement and anti-porcine IgG were present in the rejecting grafts, suggesting an active role of the host humoral response in graft rejection. This hypothesis was confirmed by the prolonged survival of fetal porcine neurons in the striatum of immunoglobulin-deficient rats. These data suggest that the prolonged survival of intracerebral xenotransplants relies on the control of both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mathieux
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France; CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, ITERT, Nantes, France; LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
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9
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Selek L, Seigneuret E, Nugue G, Wion D, Nissou MF, Salon C, Seurin MJ, Carozzo C, Ponce F, Roger T, Berger F. Imaging and histological characterization of a human brain xenograft in pig: the first induced glioma model in a large animal. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 221:159-65. [PMID: 24126047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of glioblastoma remains poor despite significant improvement in cytoreductive surgery, external irradiation and new approach of systemic treatment as antiangiogenic therapy. One of the issues is the low concentration in the infiltrated parenchyma of therapeutic agent administered intravenously mainly due to the blood-brain barrier. An intracerebral injection is advocated to overpass this barrier, this kind of administration need a low flow and continuous injection. The development of sophisticated implanted devices for convection-enhanced delivery is a mandatory step to have a controlled released of a therapeutic agent in glioblastoma treatment. Before testing such a device in a clinical trial a serious preclinical studies are required, in order to test it in realistic conditions we have develop the first induced high grade glioma model in a non-rodent animal: the pig. 21 pigs have been implanted in the parietal lobe with human glioblastoma cell lineage under a chemical immunosuppression by ciclosporine. A MRI follow up was then realized. 15 pigs have been implanted with U87MG, 14 have presented a macroscopic significant tumor, with radiological and anatomapathological characteristics of high grade glioma. 6 pigs were implanted with G6, stem-like cells tumors of glioblastoma, 1 pig develops a macroscopic tumor. This is the first reproducible glioma model in a large animal described, it open the way to preclinical studies to test implanted devices in anatomic realistic conditions, without the ethical issues of a primate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Selek
- Clinique de neurochirurgie, CHU Grenoble, B.P. 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; Equipe 7 nanomedecine et cerveau, Inserm U836, Grenoble institut des Neurosciences, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, Université Joseph Fourier - Site Santé, Bâtiment: Edmond J. Safra, 38706 La Tronche Cedex, France.
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10
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Engraftment of mouse embryonic stem cells differentiated by default leads to neuroprotection, behaviour revival and astrogliosis in parkinsonian rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72501. [PMID: 24069147 PMCID: PMC3772067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here protection against rotenone-induced behavioural dysfunction, striatal dopamine depletion and nigral neuronal loss, following intra-striatal transplantation of neurons differentiated from murine embryonic stem cells (mES). mES maintained in serum free medium exhibited increase in neuronal, and decrease in stem cell markers by 7th and 10th days as revealed by RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses. Tyrosine hydroxylase, NURR1, PITX3, LMX1b and c-RET mRNA showed a significant higher expression in differentiated cells than in mES. Dopamine level was increased by 3-fold on 10th day as compared to 7 days differentiated cells. Severity of rotenone-induced striatal dopamine loss was attenuated, and amphetamine-induced unilateral rotations were significantly reduced in animals transplanted with 7 days differentiated cells, but not in animals that received undifferentiated ES transplant. However, the ratio of contralateral to ipsilateral swings in elevated body swing test was significantly reduced in both the transplanted groups, as compared to control. Striatal grafts exhibited the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells, and the percentage of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra was also found to be higher in the ipsilateral side of 7 days and mES grafted animals. Increased expression of CD11b and IBA-1, suggested a significant contribution of these microglia-derived factors in controlling the limited survival of the grafted cells. Astrocytosis in the grafted striatum, and significant increase in the levels of glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor may have contributed to the recovery observed in the hemiparkinsonian rats following transplantation.
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11
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Cardoso MM, Franco ECS, de Souza CC, da Silva MC, Gouveia A, Gomes-Leal W. Minocycline treatment and bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation after endothelin-1 induced striatal ischemia. Inflammation 2013; 36:197-205. [PMID: 22945281 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We explored whether the modulation of microglia activation with minocycline is beneficial to the therapeutic actions of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) transplanted after experimental stroke. Male Wistar adult rats were divided in four experimental groups: ischemic control saline treated (G1, N = 6), ischemic minocycline treated (G2, N = 5), ischemic BMMC treated (G3, N = 5), and ischemic minocycline/BMMC treated (G4, N = 6). There was a significant reduction in the number of ED1+ cells in G3 animals (51.31 ± 2.41, P < 0.05), but this effect was more prominent following concomitant treatment with minocycline (G4 = 29.78 ± 1.56). There was conspicuous neuronal preservation in the brains of G4 animals (87.97 ± 4.27) compared with control group (G1 = 47.61 ± 2.25, P < 0.05). The behavioral tests showed better functional recovery in animals of G2, G3, and G4, compared with G1 and baseline (P < 0.05). The results suggest that a proper modulation of microglia activity may contribute to a more permissive ischemic environment contributing to increased neuroprotection and functional recovery following striatal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo M Cardoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará-Brazil, Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Campus do Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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12
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Stock ML, Fiedler KJ, Acharya S, Lange JK, Mlynarczyk GSA, Anderson SJ, McCormack GR, Kanuri SH, Kondru NC, Brewer MT, Carlson SA. Antibiotics acting as neuroprotectants via mechanisms independent of their anti-infective activities. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:174-82. [PMID: 23748053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review considers available evidence that some antibiotics have ancillary neuroprotective effects. Notably, β-lactam antibiotics are believed to increase the expression of glutamate transporter GLT1, potentially relieving the neurological excitotoxicity that characterizes disorders like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Minocycline has shown promise in reducing the severity of a number of neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis, most likely by reducing apoptosis and the expression of inflammatory mediators in the brain. Rapamycin inhibits the activity of a serine/threonine protein kinase that has a role in the pathogenesis of numerous neurologic diseases. Herein we examine the unique neuroprotective aspects of these drugs originally developed as anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Stock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2028 VetMed, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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13
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Franco ECS, Cardoso MM, Gouvêia A, Pereira A, Gomes-Leal W. Modulation of microglial activation enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery derived from bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation after cortical ischemia. Neurosci Res 2012; 73:122-32. [PMID: 22465414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia may exacerbate damage in neural disorders; however, it is unknown how they affect stem cells transplanted after stroke. Focal ischemia was induced by microinjections of 40 pmol of endothelin-1 into the motor cortex of adult rats. Ischemic animals were treated with sterile saline (n = 5), bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs, n = 8), minocycline (n = 5) or concomitantly with minocycline and BMMCs (n = 5). BMMC-treated animals received 5 × 10(6)BMMCs through the caudal vein 24h post-ischemia. Behavioral tests were performed to evaluate functional recovery. Morphometric and histological analyses were performed to assess infarct area, neuronal loss and microglia/macrophage activation up to 21 days post-ischemia. Treatments with minocycline, BMMCs or minocycline-BMMCs reduced infarct area, increased neuronal survival and decreased the number of caspase-3+ and ED-1+ cells, but these effects were more prominent in the minocycline-BMMC group. Behavioral analyses using the modified sticky-tape and open-field tests showed that ischemic rats concomitantly treated with BMMCs and minocycline showed better motor performance than rats treated with BMMCs or minocycline only. The results suggest that proper modulation of the inflammatory response through the blockage of microglia activation enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery induced by intravenous transplantation of BMMCs after motor cortex ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna C S Franco
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
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14
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Minocycline attenuates microglia activation and blocks the long-term epileptogenic effects of early-life seizures. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:425-30. [PMID: 22366182 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity mediated by microglia appears to play a crucial role in initiating and propagating seizure-induced inflammatory responses. To address the role of activated microglia in the pathogenesis of childhood epilepsy, we first examined the time course of microglia activation following kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (KA-SE) in Cx3cr1(GFP/+) transgenic mice whose microglia are fluorescently labeled. We then determined whether this seizure-induced microglia activation primes the central immune response to overreact and to increase the susceptibility to a second seizure later in life. We used an inhibitor of microglia activation, minocycline, to block the seizure-induced inflammation to determine whether innate immunity plays a causal role in mediating the long-term epileptogenic effects of early-life seizure. First status epilepticus was induced at postnatal day (P) 25 and a second status at P39. KA-SE at P25 caused nearly a two-fold increase in microglia activation within 24h. Significant seizure-induced activation persisted for 7 days and returned to baseline by 14 days. P39 animals with prior exposure to KA-SE not only responded with greater microglial activation in response to "second hit" of KA, but shorter latency to express seizures. Inhibition of seizure-induced inflammation by 7 day minocycline post-treatment abrogated both the exaggerated microglia activation and the increased susceptibility to the second seizure later in life. The priming effect of early-life seizures is accompanied by modified and rapidly reactivated microglia. Our results suggest that anti-inflammatory therapy after SE may be useful to block the epileptogenic process and mitigate the long-term damaging effects of early-life seizures.
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Lévêque X, Nerrière-Daguin V, Neveu I, Naveilhan P. Pig Neural Cells Derived from Foetal Mesencephalon as Cell Source for Intracerebral Xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2012; 885:233-43. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-845-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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16
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Michel-Monigadon D, Brachet P, Neveu I, Naveilhan P. Immunoregulatory properties of neural stem cells. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:39-41. [PMID: 21524169 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural cells provides an interesting form of therapy for certain CNS disorders. Although the brain has a special immune status, xenografts of fetal porcine neuroblasts are ultimately rejected after a lag of several weeks. Various strategies have been proposed to prevent this process. These include the design of transgenic pigs whose neurons have an increased immunosuppressive potential. An interesting alternative is provided by the use of neural stem/progenitor cells, which are multipotent cells found in the fetal or adult CNS. These cells are known to be poorly immunogenic. However, pig or rat neural stem/progenitor cells are highly immunosuppressive, as shown by their ability to block the proliferation of activated T lymphocytes. This effect is mediated by cell secreted factor(s), whose nature is discussed.
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Ho EL, Spudich SS, Lee E, Fuchs D, Sinclair E, Price RW. Minocycline fails to modulate cerebrospinal fluid HIV infection or immune activation in chronic untreated HIV-1 infection: results of a pilot study. AIDS Res Ther 2011; 8:17. [PMID: 21569420 PMCID: PMC3117676 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that has been shown to attenuate central nervous system (CNS) lentivirus infection, immune activation, and brain injury in model systems. To initiate assessment of minocycline as an adjuvant therapy in human CNS HIV infection, we conducted an open-labelled pilot study of its effects on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood biomarkers of infection and immune responses in 7 viremic subjects not taking antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS There were no discernable effects of minocycline on CSF or blood HIV-1 RNA, or biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation including: CSF and blood neopterin, CSF CCL2, CSF white blood cell count, and expression of cell-surface activation markers on CSF and blood T lymphocytes and monocytes. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study of biological responses to minocycline suggests little potential for its use as adjunctive antiviral or immunomodulating therapy in chronic untreated HIV infection.
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Intracerebral xenotransplantation: recent findings and perspectives for local immunosuppression. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2011; 16:190-4. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32834494b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Michel-Monigadon D, Bonnamain V, Nerrière-Daguin V, Dugast AS, Lévèque X, Plat M, Venturi E, Brachet P, Anegon I, Vanhove B, Neveu I, Naveilhan P. Trophic and immunoregulatory properties of neural precursor cells: benefit for intracerebral transplantation. Exp Neurol 2010; 230:35-47. [PMID: 20470774 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral xenotransplantation of porcine fetal neuroblasts (pNB) is considered as an alternative to human neuroblasts for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, pNB are systematically rejected, even in an immunoprivileged site such as the brain. Within this context, neural stem/precursor cells (NSPC), which were suggested as exhibiting low immunogenicity, appeared as a useful source of xenogeneic cells. To determine the advantage of using porcine NSPC (pNSPC) in xenotransplantation, pNB and pNSPC were grafted into the striatum of rats without immunosuppression. At day 63, all the pNB were rejected while 40% of the rats transplanted with pNSPC exhibited large and healthy grafts with numerous pNF70-positive cells. The absence of inflammation at day 63 and the occasional presence of T cells in pNSPC grafts evoked a weak host immune response which might be partly due to the immunosuppressive properties of the transplanted cells. T cell proliferation assays confirmed such a hypothesis by revealing an inhibitory effect of pNSPC on T cells through a soluble factor. In addition to their immunosuppressive effect, in contrast to pNB, very few pNSPC differentiated into tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons but the cells triggered an intense innervation of the striatum by rat dopaminergic fibers coming from the substantia nigra. Further experiments will be required to optimize the use of pNSPC in regenerative medicine but here we show that their immunomodulatory and trophic activities might be of great interest for restorative strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Interaction between repair, disease, & inflammation."
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