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Turan A, Tarique M, Zhang L, Kazmi S, Ulker V, Tedla MG, Badal D, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H. Engineering Pancreatic Islets to Transiently Codisplay on Their Surface Thrombomodulin and CD47 Immunomodulatory Proteins as a Means of Mitigating Instant Blood-Mediated Inflammatory Reaction following Intraportal Transplantation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1971-1980. [PMID: 38709159 PMCID: PMC11160431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Most pancreatic islets are destroyed immediately after intraportal transplantation by an instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) generated through activation of coagulation, complement, and proinflammatory pathways. Thus, effective mitigation of IBMIR may be contingent on the combined use of agents targeting these pathways for modulation. CD47 and thrombomodulin (TM) are two molecules with distinct functions in regulating coagulation and proinflammatory responses. We previously reported that the islet surface can be modified with biotin for transient display of novel forms of these two molecules chimeric with streptavidin (SA), that is, thrombomodulin chimeric with SA (SA-TM) and CD47 chimeric with SA (SA-CD47), as single agents with improved engraftment following intraportal transplantation. This study aimed to test whether islets can be coengineered with SA-TM and SA-CD47 molecules as a combinatorial approach to improve engraftment by inhibiting IBMIR. Mouse islets were effectively coengineered with both molecules without a detectable negative impact on their viability and metabolic function. Coengineered islets were refractory to destruction by IBMIR ex vivo and showed enhanced engraftment and sustained function in a marginal mass syngeneic intraportal transplantation model. Improved engraftment correlated with a reduction in intragraft innate immune infiltrates, particularly neutrophils and M1 macrophages. Moreover, transcripts for various intragraft procoagulatory and proinflammatory agents, including tissue factor, HMGB1 (high-mobility group box-1), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MIP-1α, were significantly reduced in coengineered islets. These data demonstrate that the transient codisplay of SA-TM and SA-CD47 proteins on the islet surface is a facile and effective platform to modulate procoagulatory and inflammatory responses with implications for both autologous and allogeneic islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Turan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Shadab Kazmi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Vahap Ulker
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Mebrahtu G Tedla
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Darshan Badal
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Esma S Yolcu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, NextGen Precision Health Institute, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Turan A, Zhang L, Tarique M, Ulker V, Arguc FN, Badal D, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H. Engineering pancreatic islets with a novel form of thrombomodulin protein to overcome early graft loss triggered by instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:619-628. [PMID: 36863480 PMCID: PMC10318623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) is initiated by innate immune responses that cause substantial islet loss after intraportal transplantation. Thrombomodulin (TM) is a multifaceted innate immune modulator. In this study, we report the generation of a chimeric form of thrombomodulin with streptavidin (SA-TM) for transient display on the surface of islets modified with biotin to mitigate IBMIR. SA-TM protein expressed in insect cells showed the expected structural and functional features. SA-TM converted protein C into activated protein C, blocked phagocytosis of xenogeneic cells by mouse macrophages and inhibited neutrophil activation. SA-TM was effectively displayed on the surface of biotinylated islets without a negative effect on their viability or function. Islets engineered with SA-TM showed improved engraftment and established euglycemia in 83% of diabetic recipients when compared with 29% of recipients transplanted with SA-engineered islets as control in a syngeneic minimal mass intraportal transplantation model. Enhanced engraftment and function of SA-TM-engineered islets were associated with the inhibition of intragraft proinflammatory innate cellular and soluble mediators of IBMIR, such as macrophages, neutrophils, high-mobility group box 1, tissue factor, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ. Transient display of SA-TM protein on the islet surface to modulate innate immune responses causing islet graft destruction has clinical potential for autologous and allogeneic islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Turan
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Vahap Ulker
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Feyza Nur Arguc
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Darshan Badal
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Esma S Yolcu
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA.
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA.
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Kim MJ, Hwang YH, Hwang JW, Alam Z, Lee DY. Heme oxygenase-1 gene delivery for altering high mobility group box-1 protein in pancreatic islet. J Control Release 2022; 343:326-337. [PMID: 35085698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation is a promising strategy for the treatment of type I diabetes. High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), highly expressed in islet cells, is a potent immune stimulator in immune rejection. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) gene therapy can modulate the release of HMGB1 by altering intracellular molecules for successful cell transplantation. After delivery of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) gene to islet cells using an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV), it was evaluated the changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ ions and calcineurin activity as well as histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and Poly(ADP) ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Inhibition of HMGB1 release was evaluated through altering these intracellular molecules. Then, after transplantation of HO1-transduced islets, the therapeutic effect of them was evaluated through measuring blood glucose level to diabetic mice and through immunohistochemical analysis. The transduced HO1 gene significantly inhibited HMGB1 release in islets that was under the cell damage by hypoxia exposure. It was confirmed that this result was initially due to the decrease in cytoplasmic Ca2+ ion concentration and calcineurin activity. In addition, the delivered HO1 gene simultaneously reduced the activity of HAT and PARP-1, which are involved in the translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. As a result, when the HO1 gene-transduced islets were transplanted into diabetic mice, the treatment efficiency of diabetes was effectively improved by increasing the survival rate of the islets. Collectively, these results suggest that HO1 gene transfer can be used for successful islet transplantation by altering the activity of intracellular signal molecules and reducing HMGB1 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Wook Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Zahid Alam
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Elixir Pharmatech Inc., Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Charmetant X, Bachelet T, Déchanet-Merville J, Walzer T, Thaunat O. Innate (and Innate-like) Lymphoid Cells: Emerging Immune Subsets With Multiple Roles Along Transplant Life. Transplantation 2021; 105:e322-e336. [PMID: 33859152 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transplant immunology is currently largely focused on conventional adaptive immunity, particularly T and B lymphocytes, which have long been considered as the only cells capable of allorecognition. In this vision, except for the initial phase of ischemia/reperfusion, during which the role of innate immune effectors is well established, the latter are largely considered as "passive" players, recruited secondarily to amplify graft destruction processes during rejection. Challenging this prevalent dogma, the recent progresses in basic immunology have unraveled the complexity of the innate immune system and identified different subsets of innate (and innate-like) lymphoid cells. As most of these cells are tissue-resident, they are overrepresented among passenger leukocytes. Beyond their role in ischemia/reperfusion, some of these subsets have been shown to be capable of allorecognition and/or of regulating alloreactive adaptive responses, suggesting that these emerging immune players are actively involved in most of the life phases of the grafts and their recipients. Drawing upon the inventory of the literature, this review synthesizes the current state of knowledge of the role of the different innate (and innate-like) lymphoid cell subsets during ischemia/reperfusion, allorecognition, and graft rejection. How these subsets also contribute to graft tolerance and the protection of chronically immunosuppressed patients against infectious and cancerous complications is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Charmetant
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bachelet
- Clinique Saint-Augustin-CTMR, ELSAN, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
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Chung H, Hong SJ, Choi SW, Koo JY, Kim M, Kim HJ, Park SB, Park CG. High mobility group box 1 secretion blockade results in the reduction of early pancreatic islet graft loss. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:1081-1086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Islet transplantation is an attractive treatment for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and currently, the liver is the favored transplantation site. However, an alternative site is desirable because of the low efficiency of hepatic transplantation, requiring 2 to 3 donors for a single recipient, and because the transplanted islets cannot be accessed or retrieved. METHODS We developed a novel procedure of islet transplantation to the inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (ISWAT) of mice and described functional and morphological characteristics of transplanted syngeneic islets. Also, it was determined whether islet allograft rejection in the ISWAT can be prevented by immunosuppressive agents. Furthermore, it was examined whether human islets function when grafted in this particular site of immune-deficient mice. RESULTS In this site, transplanted islets are engrafted as clusters and function to reverse streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. Importantly, transplanted islets can be visualized by computed tomography and are easily retrievable, and allograft rejection is preventable by blockade of costimulatory signals. Of much importance, the efficiency of islet transplantation in this site is superior to the liver, in which hyperglycemia of diabetic recipient mice is ameliorated after transplantation of 200 syngeneic islets (the islet number yielded from 1 mouse pancreas) to the ISWAT but not to the liver. Furthermore, human islets transplanted in this particular site function to reverse diabetes in immune-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the ISWAT is superior to the liver as the site of islet transplantation, which may lead to improved outcome of clinical islet transplantation.
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Hwang YH, Kim MJ, Lee YK, Lee M, Lee DY. HMGB1 modulation in pancreatic islets using a cell-permeable A-box fragment. J Control Release 2017; 246:155-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The limited success in achieving insulin independence of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus after islet transplantation from a single donor, mainly due to early loss of transplanted islets, hampers clinical application of islet transplantation. Previously, we have shown in mice that the early loss of transplanted islets in the liver, the site of islet transplantation, is caused by innate immune rejection triggered by high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein released from transplanted islets. We herein determined whether the HMGB1-mediated early loss of transplanted mouse islets is prevented by anti-interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antibody. METHODS The effect of anti-IL-6R antibody on amelioration of hyperglycemia in streptozocin-induced diabetic mice receiving 200 islets into the liver from a single donor was evaluated in association with HMGB1-stimulated interferon-γ production of hepatic mononuclear cells. RESULTS Hyperglycemia of diabetic mice receiving 200 syngeneic islets was ameliorated with down-regulation of interferon-γ production of hepatic natural killer T cells and neutrophils when anti-IL-6R was administered at the time of transplantation. This beneficial effect was also seen in allografts when alloimmune rejection was prevented by anti-CD4 antibody. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that anti-IL-6R antibody prevented the early loss of intrahepatic islet grafts with inhibiting HMGB1-induced immune activation after islet transplantation.
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Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 as therapeutic option in autoimmune disease: lessons from animal models. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 25:254-9. [PMID: 23249831 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32835cee2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a molecule that has gained much attention in the last couple of years as an important player in innate immune responses and modulating factor in several (auto)immune diseases. Furthermore, advancements have been made in identifying the diverse functions that HMGB1 can play in the body by studying its receptors, pathways and effects. This review will focus on the modulation of HMGB1 in animal models of (auto)immune diseases. RECENT FINDINGS In different disease models like sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion and arthritis, HMGB1-blocking therapies have been tested and the disease course was shown to be ameliorated. SUMMARY These findings indicate that HMGB1 is an important mediator in innate immunity, inflammation and sterile injury. Furthermore, HMGB1 might be a new therapeutic target in inflammation and autoimmune diseases, which may be translated to the clinic.
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Lei C, Lin S, Zhang C, Tao W, Dong W, Hao Z, Liu M, Wu B. High-mobility group box1 protein promotes neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 228:190-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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