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Rochín-Hernández LJ, Rochín-Hernández LS, Padilla-Cristerna ML, Duarte-García A, Jiménez-Acosta MA, Figueroa-Corona MP, Meraz-Ríos MA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Familial Alzheimer's Patients Express MicroRNA Differently. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1580. [PMID: 38338859 PMCID: PMC10855944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the predominant form of dementia globally. No reliable diagnostic, predictive techniques, or curative interventions are available. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are vital to controlling gene expression, making them valuable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. This study examines the transcriptome of olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from individuals with the PSEN1(A431E) mutation (Jalisco mutation). The aim is to determine whether this mutation affects the transcriptome and expression profile of miRNAs and their target genes at different stages of asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic conditions. Expression microarrays compare the MSCs from mutation carriers with those from healthy donors. The results indicate a distinct variation in the expression of miRNAs and mRNAs among different symptomatologic groups and between individuals with the mutation. Using bioinformatics tools allows us to identify target genes for miRNAs, which in turn affect various biological processes and pathways. These include the cell cycle, senescence, transcription, and pathways involved in regulating the pluripotency of stem cells. These processes are closely linked to inter- and intracellular communication, vital for cellular functioning. These findings can enhance our comprehension and monitoring of the disease's physiological processes, identify new disorder indicators, and develop innovative treatments and diagnostic tools for preventing or treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lory J. Rochín-Hernández
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.L.P.-C.); (A.D.-G.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.P.F.-C.)
| | - Lory S. Rochín-Hernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico;
| | - Mayte L. Padilla-Cristerna
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.L.P.-C.); (A.D.-G.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.P.F.-C.)
| | - Andrea Duarte-García
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.L.P.-C.); (A.D.-G.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.P.F.-C.)
| | - Miguel A. Jiménez-Acosta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.L.P.-C.); (A.D.-G.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.P.F.-C.)
| | - María P. Figueroa-Corona
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.L.P.-C.); (A.D.-G.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.P.F.-C.)
| | - Marco A. Meraz-Ríos
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.L.P.-C.); (A.D.-G.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.P.F.-C.)
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2
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Rochín-Hernández LJ, Jiménez-Acosta MA, Ramírez-Reyes L, Figueroa-Corona MDP, Sánchez-González VJ, Orozco-Barajas M, Meraz-Ríos MA. The Proteome Profile of Olfactory Ecto-Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived from Patients with Familial Alzheimer's Disease Reveals New Insights for AD Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12606. [PMID: 37628788 PMCID: PMC10454072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease and the first cause of dementia worldwide, has no effective treatment, and its pathological mechanisms are not yet fully understood. We conducted this study to explore the proteomic differences associated with Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) in olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from PSEN1 (A431E) mutation carriers compared with healthy donors paired by age and gender through two label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches. The first analysis compared carrier 1 (patient with symptoms, P1) and its control (healthy donor, C1), and the second compared carrier 2 (patient with pre-symptoms, P2) with its respective control cells (C2) to evaluate whether the protein alterations presented in the symptomatic carrier were also present in the pre-symptom stages. Finally, we analyzed the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) for biological and functional enrichment. These proteins showed impaired expression in a stage-dependent manner and are involved in energy metabolism, vesicle transport, actin cytoskeleton, cell proliferation, and proteostasis pathways, in line with previous AD reports. Our study is the first to conduct a proteomic analysis of MSCs from the Jalisco FAD patients in two stages of the disease (symptomatic and presymptomatic), showing these cells as a new and excellent in vitro model for future AD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lory J. Rochín-Hernández
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.d.P.F.-C.)
| | - Miguel A. Jiménez-Acosta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.d.P.F.-C.)
| | - Lorena Ramírez-Reyes
- Unidad de Genómica, Proteómica y Metabolómica, Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Experimentales (LaNSE), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico;
| | - María del Pilar Figueroa-Corona
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.d.P.F.-C.)
| | - Víctor J. Sánchez-González
- Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (V.J.S.-G.); (M.O.-B.)
| | - Maribel Orozco-Barajas
- Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (V.J.S.-G.); (M.O.-B.)
| | - Marco A. Meraz-Ríos
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.d.P.F.-C.)
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3
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Ringman JM, Dorrani N, Fernández SG, Signer R, Martinez-Agosto J, Lee H, Douine ED, Qiao Y, Shi Y, D’Orazio L, Pawar S, Robbie L, Kashani AH, Singer M, Byers JT, Magaki S, Guzman S, Sagare A, Zlokovic B, Cederbaum S, Nelson S, Sheikh-Bahaei N, Chui HC, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, Vinters HV. Characterization of spastic paraplegia in a family with a novel PSEN1 mutation. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad030. [PMID: 36895955 PMCID: PMC9991506 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spastic paraparesis has been described to occur in 13.7% of PSEN1 mutations and can be the presenting feature in 7.5%. In this paper, we describe a family with a particularly young onset of spastic paraparesis due to a novel mutation in PSEN1 (F388S). Three affected brothers underwent comprehensive imaging protocols, two underwent ophthalmological evaluations and one underwent neuropathological examination after his death at age 29. Age of onset was consistently at age 23 with spastic paraparesis, dysarthria and bradyphrenia. Pseudobulbar affect followed with progressive gait problems leading to loss of ambulation in the late 20s. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid-β, tau and phosphorylated tau and florbetaben PET were consistent with Alzheimer's disease. Flortaucipir PET showed an uptake pattern atypical for Alzheimer's disease, with disproportionate signal in posterior brain areas. Diffusion tensor imaging showed decreased mean diffusivity in widespread areas of white matter but particularly in areas underlying the peri-Rolandic cortex and in the corticospinal tracts. These changes were more severe than those found in carriers of another PSEN1 mutation, which can cause spastic paraparesis at a later age (A431E), which were in turn more severe than among persons carrying autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease mutations not causing spastic paraparesis. Neuropathological examination confirmed the presence of cotton wool plaques previously described in association with spastic parapresis and pallor and microgliosis in the corticospinal tract with severe amyloid-β pathology in motor cortex but without unequivocal disproportionate neuronal loss or tau pathology. In vitro modelling of the effects of the mutation demonstrated increased production of longer length amyloid-β peptides relative to shorter that predicted the young age of onset. In this paper, we provide imaging and neuropathological characterization of an extreme form of spastic paraparesis occurring in association with autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease, demonstrating robust diffusion and pathological abnormalities in white matter. That the amyloid-β profiles produced predicted the young age of onset suggests an amyloid-driven aetiology though the link between this and the white matter pathology remains undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ringman
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | - Sara Gutiérrez Fernández
- Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Signer
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Hane Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emilie D Douine
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuchuan Qiao
- Department of Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yonggang Shi
- Department of Neurology, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lina D’Orazio
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sanjay Pawar
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Leah Robbie
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Amir H Kashani
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Maxwell Singer
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Joshua T Byers
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shino Magaki
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sam Guzman
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Abhay Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Berislav Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stephen Cederbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Helena C Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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4
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Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810970. [PMID: 36142879 PMCID: PMC9504248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) has been verified as an important causative factor for early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). PSEN1 is a part of γ-secretase, and in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, it can also affect other processes, such as Notch signaling, β-cadherin processing, and calcium metabolism. Several motifs and residues have been identified in PSEN1, which may play a significant role in γ-secretase mechanisms, such as the WNF, GxGD, and PALP motifs. More than 300 mutations have been described in PSEN1; however, the clinical phenotypes related to these mutations may be diverse. In addition to classical EOAD, patients with PSEN1 mutations regularly present with atypical phenotypic symptoms, such as spasticity, seizures, and visual impairment. In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to verify the effect of PSEN1 mutations on EOAD. The pathogenic nature of PSEN1 mutations can be categorized according to the ACMG-AMP guidelines; however, some mutations could not be categorized because they were detected only in a single case, and their presence could not be confirmed in family members. Genetic modifiers, therefore, may play a critical role in the age of disease onset and clinical phenotypes of PSEN1 mutations. This review introduces the role of PSEN1 in γ-secretase, the clinical phenotypes related to its mutations, and possible significant residues of the protein.
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Sartoretti T, Ganley RP, Ni R, Freund P, Zeilhofer HU, Klohs J. Structural MRI Reveals Cervical Spinal Cord Atrophy in the P301L Mouse Model of Tauopathy: Gender and Transgene-Dosing Effects. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:825996. [PMID: 35585865 PMCID: PMC9108240 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.825996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In primary tauopathies, the deposition of tau neurofibrillary tangles and threads as well as neurodegenerative changes have been found within the brain and spinal cord. While degenerative changes have been intensively studied in the brain using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MRI studies investigating the spinal cord are still scarce. In the present study, we acquired ex vivo high resolution structural MRI of the cervical spinal cord of 8.5–9 month old hemizygous and homozygous P301L mice and non-transgenic littermates of both genders. We assessed the total cross-sectional area, and the gray and white matter anterior-posterior width and left-right width that are established imaging marker of spinal cord degeneration. We observed significant tissue-specific reductions in these parameters in female P301L mice that were stronger in homozygous than in hemizygous P301L mice, indicating both an effect of gender and transgene expression on cervical spinal cord atrophy. Moreover, atrophy was stronger in the gray matter than in the white matter. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory changes in the cervical spinal cord in both the gray and white matter of P301L mice. Collectively, our results provide evidence for cervical spinal cord atrophy that may directly contribute to the motor signs associated with tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sartoretti
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert P. Ganley
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Freund
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
- Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jan Klohs
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Altuna M, Larumbe R, Zelaya MV, Moreno S, García-Solaesa V, Mendioroz M, Ramos MA, Erro ME. Progressive cognitive impairment and familial spastic paraparesis due to PRESENILIN 1 mutation: anatomoclinical characterization. J Neurol 2022; 269:4853-4862. [PMID: 35438347 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) due to presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mutation can induce atypical neurological symptoms such as movement disorders and epileptic seizures in the context of early-onset progressive cognitive impairment. METHODS This study includes the anatomoclinical description of three patients of two generations of the same family with movement disorders and progressive cognitive impairment. All were evaluated by trained neurologists, underwent protocolized neuropsychological evaluation, and were assessed by structural (magnetic resonance) and functional (SPECT, PET-18FDG, or PET-18F-Florbetapir) brain imaging tests. A molecular genetic study was performed for all patients, and post-mortem confirmatory anatomopathological evaluation for one of them. RESULTS The three female patients had an age of onset of symptoms of 38-51 years. All developed progressive multidomain cognitive impairment, paraparesis, and dysarthria, two with ophthalmoparesis and one with untriggered epileptic seizures since early stages. Bilateral cortical fronto-parietal atrophy and global cortical hypoperfusion or posterior bilateral hypometabolism were detected. PET-18F-Florbetapir, when performed, was positive for amyloid cortical deposit. The molecular genetic study confirmed the PSEN1 mutation c.869-2 A>G. Postmortem study of one of them confirmed Alzheimer's disease anatomopathological features with classic cotton wool plaques (CWP), including coexistence of amyloid angiopathy and Lewy body co-pathology. DISCUSSION The phenotype of ADAD due to PSEN1 mutations is very heterogeneous between and across the same family. Family history assessment should include information not only about cognitive decline, but also about movement disorders and untriggered epileptic seizures. Further studies are needed to identify genetic or epigenetic factors that determine phenotypic diversity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Altuna
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centre of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. .,CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Rosa Larumbe
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Victoria Zelaya
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sira Moreno
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Maite Mendioroz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - María Elena Erro
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. .,Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), Pamplona, Spain.
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7
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Poddar MK, Banerjee S, Chakraborty A, Dutta D. Metabolic disorder in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:781-813. [PMID: 33638805 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a well known aging-induced neurodegenerative disease is related to amyloid proteinopathy. This proteinopathy occurs due to abnormalities in protein folding, structure and thereby its function in cells. The root cause of such kind of proteinopathy and its related neurodegeneration is a disorder in metabolism, rather metabolomics of the major as well as minor nutrients. Metabolomics is the most relevant "omics" platform that offers a great potential for the diagnosis and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases as an individual's metabolome. In recent years, the research on such kinds of neurodegenerative diseases, especially aging-related disorders is broadened its scope towards metabolic function. Different neurotransmitter metabolisms are also involved with AD and its associated neurodegeneration. The genetic and epigenetic backgrounds are also noteworthy. In this review, the physiological changes of AD in relation to its corresponding biochemical, genetic and epigenetic involvements including its (AD) therapeutic aspects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K Poddar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Soumyabrata Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Departrment of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Field Neurosciences Institute Research Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Apala Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Debasmita Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
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8
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Pérez-López N, Martín C, García B, Solís-Hernández MP, Rodríguez D, Alcalde I, Merayo J, Fernández-Vega I, Quirós LM. Alterations in the Expression of the Genes Responsible for the Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate in Brains With Alzheimer Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:446-456. [PMID: 33779723 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The saccharide chains of heparan sulfate appear to be involved in several aspects Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis. Their structural complexity is due to the expression of different isoenzymes. We studied the differential transcription of heparan sulfate chain biosynthesis in AD brains, analyzing different brain regions in patients with different extents of AD pathology. The transcriptomic study was performed by RT-PCR using samples of amygdala, anterior hippocampus, posterior hippocampus, claustrum, calcarine fissure, globus pallidus and cerebellum from patients with mild, moderate, or severe AD, as well as healthy individuals. Certain heparan sulfate epitopes were also detected by immunohistochemistry. Several genes, across all stages of heparan sulfate synthesis, showed altered transcription in different brain regions of AD patients. The numbers of alterations were greater in in moderate versus mild AD patients. In severe patients, there were fewer alterations in genes related to early stages of biosynthesis, and overexpression of genes involved in late stages. The alterations correlated with progressive brain atrophy, although alterations were more common in the cerebellum. Detection of some heparan sulfate epitopes by immunohistochemistry was consistent with previous studies. In conclusion, transcriptional alterations in the biosynthetic genes of heparan sulfate depend on the brain region and the degree of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pérez-López
- From the Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carla Martín
- From the Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz García
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - David Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alcalde
- From the Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo
- From the Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Surgery and Medical-surgical Specialties, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- From the Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Surgery and Medical-surgical Specialties, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis M Quirós
- From the Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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9
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Zhou Z, Zhu R, Shao W, Zhang SJ, Wang L, Ding XJ, Peng DT. Changes in Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Cerebellum in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Case-Control Study. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:596221. [PMID: 33790747 PMCID: PMC8006280 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.596221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This case-control study is aimed to investigate the correlation of altered functional connectivity (FC) in cerebellum with cognitive impairment in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The morphometric and resting-state FC MRI analysis including 46 participants with AD, 32 with aMCI and 42 age-matched normal controls (NCs) were conducted. We compared the cerebellar gray matter volume and cerebellar FC with cerebral cortical regions among three groups. To investigate the relationship of cerebellar FC with cognition, we measure the correlation of significant altered FC and individual cognitive domain. No significant morphometric differences of cerebellum was observed across three groups. The patients with AD had weaker cerebral cortical FCs in bilateral Crus I and left VIIb compared to NCs, and in bilateral Crus I compared to patients with aMCI. For patients with aMCI, the weaker FC were found between right Crus I, left VIIb and cerebral cortical regions compared to NCs. The strength of left cerebellar FC positively correlated with specific cognitive subdomains, including memory, executive function, visuospatial function, and global cognition in AD and aMCI. These findings demonstrated the alteration of cerebellar FC with cerebral cortical regions, and the correlation of cerebellar FC and cognitive impairment in AD and aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Shao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Ding
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Tao Peng
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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10
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Uddin MS, Hasana S, Hossain MF, Islam MS, Behl T, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Ashraf GM. Molecular Genetics of Early- and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 21:43-52. [PMID: 33231156 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666201123112822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly and this complex disorder is associated with environmental as well as genetic factors. Early-onset AD (EOAD) and late-onset AD (LOAD, more common) are major identified types of AD. The genetics of EOAD is extensively understood, with three gene variants such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 leading to the disease. Some common alleles, including APOE, are effectively associated with LOAD identified, but the genetics of LOAD is not clear to date. It has been accounted that about 5-10% of EOAD patients can be explained through mutations in the three familiar genes of EOAD. The APOE ε4 allele augmented the severity of EOAD risk in carriers, and the APOE ε4 allele was considered as a hallmark of EOAD. A great number of EOAD patients, who are not genetically explained, indicate that it is not possible to identify disease-triggering genes yet. Although several genes have been identified by using the technology of next-generation sequencing in EOAD families, including SORL1, TYROBP, and NOTCH3. A number of TYROBP variants are identified through exome sequencing in EOAD patients and these TYROBP variants may increase the pathogenesis of EOAD. The existence of the ε4 allele is responsible for increasing the severity of EOAD. However, several ε4 allele carriers propose the presence of other LOAD genetic as well as environmental risk factors that are not identified yet. It is urgent to find out missing genetics of EOAD and LOAD etiology to discover new potential genetic facets which will assist in understanding the pathological mechanism of AD. These investigations should contribute to developing a new therapeutic candidate for alleviating, reversing and preventing AD. This article, based on current knowledge, represents the overview of the susceptible genes of EOAD, and LOAD. Next, we represent the probable molecular mechanism that might elucidate the genetic etiology of AD and highlight the role of massively parallel sequencing technologies for novel gene discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharifa Hasana
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Asma Perveen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Edmison D, Wang L, Gowrishankar S. Lysosome Function and Dysfunction in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias. Brain Sci 2021; 11:152. [PMID: 33498913 PMCID: PMC7911997 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSPs) are a genetically diverse group of inherited neurological diseases with over 80 associated gene loci. Over the last decade, research into mechanisms underlying HSPs has led to an emerging interest in lysosome dysfunction. In this review, we highlight the different classes of HSPs that have been linked to lysosome defects: (1) a subset of complex HSPs where mutations in lysosomal genes are causally linked to the diseases, (2) other complex HSPs where mutation in genes encoding membrane trafficking adaptors lead to lysosomal defects, and (3) a subset of HSPs where mutations affect genes encoding proteins whose function is primarily linked to a different cellular component or organelle such as microtubule severing and Endoplasmic Reticulum-shaping, while also altering to lysosomes. Interestingly, aberrant axonal lysosomes, associated with the latter two subsets of HSPs, are a key feature observed in other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. We discuss how altered lysosome function and trafficking may be a critical contributor to HSP pathology and highlight the need for examining these features in the cortico-spinal motor neurons of HSP mutant models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Swetha Gowrishankar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.E.); (L.W.)
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12
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Xie Q, Zhao WJ, Ou GY, Xue WK. An Overview of Experimental and Clinical Spinal Cord Findings in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9070168. [PMID: 31319495 PMCID: PMC6681410 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9070168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that occurs mainly in the elderly and presenile life stages. It is estimated that by the year 2050, 135 million people will be affected by AD worldwide, representing a huge burden to society. The pathological hallmarks of AD mainly include intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, formation of extracellular amyloid plaques, and massive neural cell death in the affected nervous system. The pathogenesis of AD is very complicated, and recent scientific research on AD is mainly concentrated on the cortex and hippocampus. Although the spinal cord is a pivotal part of the central nervous system, there are a limited number of studies focusing on the spinal cord. As an extension of the brain, the spinal cord functions as the bridge between the brain and various parts of the body. However, pathological changes in the spinal cord in AD have not been comprehensively and systematically studied at present. We here review the existing progress on the pathological features of AD in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Wei-Jiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China.
| | - Guan-Yong Ou
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Wei-Kang Xue
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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13
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Jacobs HIL, Hopkins DA, Mayrhofer HC, Bruner E, van Leeuwen FW, Raaijmakers W, Schmahmann JD. The cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease: evaluating its role in cognitive decline. Brain 2019; 141:37-47. [PMID: 29053771 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has long been regarded as essential only for the coordination of voluntary motor activity and motor learning. Anatomical, clinical and neuroimaging studies have led to a paradigm shift in the understanding of the cerebellar role in nervous system function, demonstrating that the cerebellum appears integral also to the modulation of cognition and emotion. The search to understand the cerebellar contribution to cognitive processing has increased interest in exploring the role of the cerebellum in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Principal among these is Alzheimer's disease. Here we review an already sizeable existing literature on the neuropathological, structural and functional neuroimaging studies of the cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease. We consider these observations in the light of the cognitive deficits that characterize Alzheimer's disease and in so doing we introduce a new perspective on its pathophysiology and manifestations. We propose an integrative hypothesis that there is a cerebellar contribution to the cognitive and neuropsychiatric deficits in Alzheimer's disease. We draw on the dysmetria of thought theory to suggest that this cerebellar component manifests as deficits in modulation of the neurobehavioural deficits. We provide suggestions for future studies to investigate this hypothesis and, ultimately, to establish a comprehensive, causal clinicopathological disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi I L Jacobs
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD, AQ220 Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Hopkins
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Helen C Mayrhofer
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - Fred W van Leeuwen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Raaijmakers
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Dai MH, Zheng H, Zeng LD, Zhang Y. The genes associated with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 9:15132-15143. [PMID: 29599933 PMCID: PMC5871104 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for the most cases of dementia, which is characterized by the deposition of dense plaques of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau. The two main types of AD can be classified as early-onset AD (EOAD, onset < 65 years) and late-onset AD (LOAD, onset ≥ 65 years). Evidence from family and twin studies indicate that genetic factors are estimated to play a role in at least 80% of AD cases. The first milestone with linkage analysis revealed the mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes that cause EOAD. But pathogenic mutations in these three genes can only explain a small fraction of EOAD families. The additional disease-causing genes have not yet been identified. This review provides an overview of the genetic basis of EOAD and the relationship between the functions of these risk genes and the neuropathologic features of AD. A better understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying EOAD pathogenesis and the potentially molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration will lead to the development of effective diagnosis and treatment strategies for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hui Dai
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ling-Dan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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15
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Natelson Love M, Clark DG, Cochran JN, Den Beste KA, Geldmacher DS, Benzinger TL, Gordon BA, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Roberson ED. Clinical, imaging, pathological, and biochemical characterization of a novel presenilin 1 mutation (N135Y) causing Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 49:216.e7-216.e13. [PMID: 27793474 PMCID: PMC5154842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We present 2 cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease due to a novel N135Y mutation in PSEN1. The proband presented with memory and other cognitive symptoms at age 32. Detailed clinical characterization revealed initial deficits in memory with associated dysarthria, progressing to involve executive dysfunction, spastic gait, and episodic confusion with polyspike discharges on long-term electroencephalography. Amyloid- and FDG-PET scans showed typical results of Alzheimer's disease. By history, the proband's father had developed cognitive symptoms at age 42 and died at age 48. Neuropathological evaluation confirmed Alzheimer's disease, with moderate to severe amyloid angiopathy. Skeletal muscle showed type 2 fiber-predominant atrophy with pale central clearing. Genetic testing of the proband revealed an N135Y missense mutation in PSEN1. This mutation was predicted to be pathogenic by in silico analysis. Biochemical analysis confirmed that the mutation caused an increased Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, consistent with other PSEN1 mutations and with a loss of presenilin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Natelson Love
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David G Clark
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - J Nicholas Cochran
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyle A Den Beste
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David S Geldmacher
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tammie L Benzinger
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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16
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17
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Widespread white matter and conduction defects in PSEN1-related spastic paraparesis. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 47:201-209. [PMID: 27614114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mutation-associated spastic paraparesis (SP) are not clear. We compared diffusion and volumetric magnetic resonance measures between 3 persons with SP associated with the A431E mutation and 7 symptomatic persons with PSEN1 mutations without SP matched for symptom duration. We performed amyloid imaging and central motor and somatosensory conduction studies in 1 subject with SP. We found decreases in fractional anisotropy and increases in mean diffusivity in widespread white-matter areas including the corpus callosum, occipital, parietal, and frontal lobes in PSEN1 mutation carriers with SP. Volumetric measures were not different, and amyloid imaging showed low signal in sensorimotor cortex and other areas in a single subject with SP. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated both slowed motor and sensory conduction in the lower extremities in this same subject. Our results suggest that SP in carriers of the A431E PSEN1 mutation is a manifestation of widespread white-matter abnormalities not confined to the corticospinal tract that is at most indirectly related to the mutation's effect on amyloid precursor protein processing and amyloid deposition.
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18
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Abstract
Since the original publication describing the illness in 1907, the genetic understanding of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has advanced such that it is now clear that it is a genetically heterogeneous condition, the subtypes of which may not uniformly respond to a given intervention. It is therefore critical to characterize the clinical and preclinical stages of AD subtypes, including the rare autosomal dominant forms caused by known mutations in the PSEN1, APP, and PSEN2 genes that are being studied in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network study and its associated secondary prevention trial. Similar efforts are occurring in an extended Colombian family with a PSEN1 mutation, in APOE ε4 homozygotes, and in Down syndrome. Despite commonalities in the mechanisms producing the AD phenotype, there are also differences that reflect specific genetic origins. Treatment modalities should be chosen and trials designed with these differences in mind. Ideally, the varying pathological cascades involved in the different subtypes of AD should be defined so that both areas of overlap and of distinct differences can be taken into account. At the very least, clinical trials should determine the influence of known genetic factors in post hoc analyses.
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19
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Ran X, Li J, Shao Q, Chen H, Lin Z, Sun ZS, Wu J. EpilepsyGene: a genetic resource for genes and mutations related to epilepsy. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D893-9. [PMID: 25324312 PMCID: PMC4384015 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent chronic neurological disorders, afflicting about 3.5–6.5 per 1000 children and 10.8 per 1000 elderly people. With intensive effort made during the last two decades, numerous genes and mutations have been published to be associated with the disease. An organized resource integrating and annotating the ever-increasing genetic data will be imperative to acquire a global view of the cutting-edge in epilepsy research. Herein, we developed EpilepsyGene (http://61.152.91.49/EpilepsyGene). It contains cumulative to date 499 genes and 3931 variants associated with 331 clinical phenotypes collected from 818 publications. Furthermore, in-depth data mining was performed to gain insights into the understanding of the data, including functional annotation, gene prioritization, functional analysis of prioritized genes and overlap analysis focusing on the comorbidity. An intuitive web interface to search and browse the diversified genetic data was also developed to facilitate access to the data of interest. In general, EpilepsyGene is designed to be a central genetic database to provide the research community substantial convenience to uncover the genetic basis of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ran
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qianzhi Shao
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Huiqian Chen
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhongdong Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
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20
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Genetics of Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:254954. [PMID: 23984328 PMCID: PMC3741956 DOI: 10.1155/2013/254954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is the only top 10 cause of death in the United States that lacks disease-altering treatments. It is a complex disorder with environmental and genetic components. There are two major types of Alzheimer's disease, early onset and the more common late onset. The genetics of early-onset Alzheimer's disease are largely understood with variants in three different genes leading to disease. In contrast, while several common alleles associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease, including APOE, have been identified using association studies, the genetics of late-onset Alzheimer's disease are not fully understood. Here we review the known genetics of early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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21
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Abstract
1-42 β-Amyloid (Aβ(1-42)) peptide is a key molecule involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Some of its effects are manifested at the neuronal morphological level. These morphological changes involve loss of neurites due to cytoskeleton alterations. However, the mechanism of Aβ(1-42) peptide activation of the neurodegenerative program is still poorly understood. Here, Aβ(1-42) peptide-induced transduction of cellular death signals through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphoinositol-dependent kinase (PDK)/novel protein kinase C (nPKC)/Rac 1 axis is described. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PDK1 and nPKC activities blocks Rac 1 activation and neuronal cell death. Our results provide insights into an unsuspected connection between PDK1, nPKCs and Rac 1 in the same signal-transduction pathway and points out nPKCs and Rac 1 as potential therapeutic targets to block the toxic effects of Aβ(1-42) peptide in neurons.
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Abstract
Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) is a condition characterized by early onset dementia (age at onset < 65 years) and a positive family history for dementia. To date, 230 mutations in presenilin (PS1, PS2) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes have been identified in EOFAD. The mutations within these three genes (PS1/PS2/APP) affect a common pathogenic pathway in APP synthesis and proteolysis, which lead to excessive production of amyloid β. Compared with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), EOFAD has some distinctive features including early age at onset, positive familial history, a variety of non-cognitive neurological symptoms and signs, and a more aggressive course. There is marked phenotypic heterogeneity among different mutations of EOFAD. Studies in presymptomatic mutation carriers reveal biomarkers abnormalities. EOFAD diagnosis is based on clinical and family history, neurological symptoms and examination, biomarker features, as well as genotyping in some cases. New therapeutic agents targeting amyloid formation may benefit EOFAD individuals.
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23
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Lohmann E, Guerreiro RJ, Erginel-Unaltuna N, Gurunlian N, Bilgic B, Gurvit H, Hanagasi HA, Luu N, Emre M, Singleton A. Identification of PSEN1 and PSEN2 gene mutations and variants in Turkish dementia patients. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1850.e17-27. [PMID: 22503161 PMCID: PMC4669567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the frequency of mutations in the known Alzheimer's disease causative genes in Turkish dementia patients we screened amyloid precursor protein (APP), PSEN1 and PSEN2 for mutations in a cohort of 98 Turkish dementia families. Six families were found to carry PSEN1 mutations (p.H163R, p.P264L, and p.H214Y) or variants suggested to cause the disease (p.L134R, p.L262V, and p.A396T). In 4 other families, previously reported PSEN2 variants were identified (p.R62H, p.R71W, p.M174V (n = 2), and p.S130L). The phenotype of the carriers varied from rapid progressing Alzheimer's disease to frontotemporal dementia, with spasticity and seizures also observed. Here we report a frequency of 11.2% of mutations and variants in the known Alzheimer disease genes in the dementia cohort studied and 24% in the early onset subgroup of patients, suggesting that mutations in these genes are not uncommon in Turkey and are associated with various phenotypes. We thus believe that genetic analysis should become a standardized diagnostic implement, not only for the identification of the genetic disease, but also for appropriate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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24
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common causes of neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly individuals. Clinically, patients initially present with short-term memory loss, subsequently followed by executive dysfunction, confusion, agitation, and behavioral disturbances. Three causative genes have been associated with autosomal dominant familial AD (APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2) and 1 genetic risk factor (APOEε4 allele). Identification of these genes has led to a number of animal models that have been useful to study the pathogenesis underlying AD. In this article, we provide an overview of the clinical and genetic features of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Bekris
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wall DP, Pivovarov R, Tong M, Jung JY, Fusaro VA, DeLuca TF, Tonellato PJ. Genotator: a disease-agnostic tool for genetic annotation of disease. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:50. [PMID: 21034472 PMCID: PMC2990725 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease-specific genetic information has been increasing at rapid rates as a consequence of recent improvements and massive cost reductions in sequencing technologies. Numerous systems designed to capture and organize this mounting sea of genetic data have emerged, but these resources differ dramatically in their disease coverage and genetic depth. With few exceptions, researchers must manually search a variety of sites to assemble a complete set of genetic evidence for a particular disease of interest, a process that is both time-consuming and error-prone. METHODS We designed a real-time aggregation tool that provides both comprehensive coverage and reliable gene-to-disease rankings for any disease. Our tool, called Genotator, automatically integrates data from 11 externally accessible clinical genetics resources and uses these data in a straightforward formula to rank genes in order of disease relevance. We tested the accuracy of coverage of Genotator in three separate diseases for which there exist specialty curated databases, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Parkinson's Disease, and Alzheimer Disease. Genotator is freely available at http://genotator.hms.harvard.edu. RESULTS Genotator demonstrated that most of the 11 selected databases contain unique information about the genetic composition of disease, with 2514 genes found in only one of the 11 databases. These findings confirm that the integration of these databases provides a more complete picture than would be possible from any one database alone. Genotator successfully identified at least 75% of the top ranked genes for all three of our use cases, including a 90% concordance with the top 40 ranked candidates for Alzheimer Disease. CONCLUSIONS As a meta-query engine, Genotator provides high coverage of both historical genetic research as well as recent advances in the genetic understanding of specific diseases. As such, Genotator provides a real-time aggregation of ranked data that remains current with the pace of research in the disease fields. Genotator's algorithm appropriately transforms query terms to match the input requirements of each targeted databases and accurately resolves named synonyms to ensure full coverage of the genetic results with official nomenclature. Genotator generates an excel-style output that is consistent across disease queries and readily importable to other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P Wall
- Center for Biomedical informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Presenilins form the catalytic part of the gamma-secretases, protein complexes that are responsible for the intramembranous cleavage of transmembrane proteins. The presenilins are involved in several biological functions, but are best known for their role in the generation of the beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide in Alzheimer's disease and are therefore thought to be important drug targets for this disorder. Mutations in the presenilin genes cause early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, but mutation carriers have substantial phenotypic heterogeneity. Recent evidence implicating presenilin mutations in non-Alzheimer's dementias, including frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body dementia, warrants further investigation. An increased understanding of the diversity of the molecular cell biology of the gamma-secretase complex and the effects of clinical mutations in the presenilin genes might help pave the way for improved development of drugs that are designed to target gamma-secretase enzymatic activity in Alzheimer's disease and potentially in other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Bergmans
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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