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Zhao F, Zhong L, Wang Y, Wang R, Yang Z, Luo Y, Zheng Y. Untargeted metabolomics uncovering neuroprotective effect of Dl-3-n-butylphthalide on improving cognitive impairment induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110271. [PMID: 37172424 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) can cause cognitive impairments. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is widely used in neurological disorders; but, the role of NBP in CCH remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of NBP on CCH through untargeted metabolomics. Animals were divided into CCH, Sham, and NBP groups. A rat model of bilateral carotid artery ligation was used to simulate CCH. Cognitive function of the rats was assessed using the Morris water maze test. Additionally, we used LC-MS/MS to detect ionic intensities of metabolites between the three groups for off-target metabolism analysis and to screen for differential metabolites. The analysis showed an improvement in cognitive function in rats after NBP treatment. Moreover, metabolomic studies showed that the serum metabolic profiles of the Sham and CCH groups were significantly altered, and 33 metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers associated with the effects of NBP. These metabolites were enriched in 24 metabolic pathways.And the pathway of differential metabolite enrichment was further verified by immunofluorescence. Thus, the study provides a theoretical basis for the pathogenesis of CCH and the treatment of CCH by NBP, and supports a wider application of NBP drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Zhong
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Rongliang Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhong Yang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yangmin Zheng
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Wang X, Wang K, Wu X, Huang W, Yang L. Role of the cAMP-PKA-CREB-BDNF pathway in abnormal behaviours of serotonin transporter knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113681. [PMID: 34838579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region polymorphisms are associated with anxiety, neuroticism, affective disorders and vulnerability to stressful life events; however, the relevant physiological mechanisms are not well understood. Serotonin transporter knockout mice have been widely used as a model of allelic variation of serotonin transporter function in humans; herein, wild-type mice and heterozygous and homozygous knockout mice models were established to explore the behavioural changes related to different genotypes and the possible physiological mechanisms. Behavioural changes were assessed using behavioural tests, namely, elevated plus maze, open field, Morris water maze and rotarod tests. Serum indicators were detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Compared with wild-type mice, homozygous mice showed significant anxiety-like behaviours in the plus maze and open field tests; conversely, anxiety-like behaviours in heterozygous mice were less pronounced. Homozygous mice also showed cognitive impairment and motor inhibition in the Morris water maze and rotarod tests. Serotonin levels decreased in both heterozygous and homozygous mice, and 5-hydroxytryptophan, protein kinase A, adenylyl cyclase, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were lower in homozygous mice than in wild-type and heterozygous mice, whereas no statistical differences were found between wild-type and heterozygous mice. Additionally, there was a correlation between serological and behavioural indicators. This study provided experimental evidence that the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein-brain-derived neurotrophic factor pathway may be involved in the regulation of polymorphism to stress and enriched the behavioural and physiological characteristics of serotonin transporter knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Wenxiu Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China.
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Fonseca F, Mestre-Pinto JI, Rodríguez-Minguela R, Papaseit E, Pérez-Mañá C, Langohr K, Barbuti M, Farré M, Torrens M. BDNF and Cortisol in the Diagnosis of Cocaine-Induced Depression. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:836771. [PMID: 35370811 PMCID: PMC8964529 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.836771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) and cocaine use disorder (CUD) are related with disability and high mortality rates. The assessment and treatment of psychiatric comorbidity is challenging due to its high prevalence and its clinical severity, mostly due to suicide rates and the presence of medical comorbidities. The aim of this study is to investigate differences in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cortisol plasmatic levels in patients diagnosed with CUD-primary-MDD and CUD-induced-MDD and also to compare them to a sample of MDD patients (without cocaine use), a sample of CUD (without MDD), and a group of healthy controls (HC) after a stress challenge. METHODS A total of 46 subjects were included: MDD (n = 6), CUD (n = 15), CUD-primary-MDD (n = 16), CUD-induced-MDD (n = 9), and 21 HC. Psychiatric comorbidity was assessed with the Spanish version of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders IV (PRISM-IV), and depression severity was measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Patients were administered the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) before and after the biological measures, including BDNF, and cortisol levels were obtained. RESULTS After the TSST, Cohen's d values between CUD-primary-MDD and CUD-induced-MDD increased in each assessment from 0.19 post-TSST to 2.04 post-90-TSST. Pairwise differences among CUD-induced-MDD and both MDD and HC groups had also a large effect size value in post-30-TSST and post-90-TSST. In the case of the BDNF concentrations, CUD-primary-MDD and CUD-induced-MDD in post-90-TSST (12,627.27 ± 5488.09 vs.17,144.84 ± 6581.06, respectively) had a large effect size (0.77). CONCLUSION Results suggest a different pathogenesis for CUD-induced-MDD with higher levels of cortisol and BDNF compared with CUD-primary-MDD. Such variations should imply different approaches in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina Fonseca
- Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Ignasi Mestre-Pinto
- Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Rodríguez-Minguela
- Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Klaus Langohr
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margherita Barbuti
- Psychiatry 2 Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Magí Farré
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Grunst AS, Grunst ML, Staes N, Thys B, Pinxten R, Eens M. Serotonin transporter (SERT) polymorphisms, personality and problem-solving in urban great tits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24270. [PMID: 34930949 PMCID: PMC8688470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding underlying genetic variation can elucidate how diversity in behavioral phenotypes evolves and is maintained. Genes in the serotonergic signaling pathway, including the serotonin transporter gene (SERT), are candidates for affecting animal personality, cognition and fitness. In a model species, the great tit (Parus major), we reevaluated previous findings suggesting relationships between SERT polymorphisms, neophobia, exploratory behavior and fitness parameters, and performed a first test of the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SERT and problem-solving in birds. We found some evidence for associations between SERT SNPs and neophobia, exploratory behavior and laying date. Furthermore, several SNPs were associated with behavioral patterns and success rates during obstacle removal problem-solving tests performed at nest boxes. In females, minor allele homozygotes (AA) for nonsynonymous SNP226 in exon 1 made fewer incorrect attempts and were more likely to problem-solve. In both sexes, there was some evidence that minor allele homozygotes (CC) for SNP84 in exon 9 were more likely to problem-solve. Only one SNP-behavior relationship was statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons, but several were associated with substantial effect sizes. Our study provides a foundation for future research on the genetic basis of behavioral and cognitive variation in wild animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Grunst
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés, La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France.
| | - Melissa L Grunst
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés, La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Nicky Staes
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert Thys
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rianne Pinxten
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Antwerp School of Education, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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5
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Sun X, Li C, Zhong X, Dong D, Ming Q, Gao Y, Xiong G, Cheng C, Zhao H, Wang X, Yao S. Influence of psychosocial stress on activation in human brain regions: moderation by the 5-HTTLPR genetic locus. Physiol Behav 2020; 220:112876. [PMID: 32194071 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Variants of the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) of the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 have been related with the onset of depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders. Homozygotes for the short 5-HTTLPR variant, referred to as the SS genotype, have greater cortisol responses to experimentally induced psychosocial stress. In the current study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare regional brain activations across 5-HTTLPR genotypes in subjects performing the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST). Subjects with an SS genotype had significant greater increases in cortisol concentrations after the task than subjects with at least one long 5-HTTLPR allele. Additionally, relative to L carriers, the SS group had greater activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex(dmPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Sun
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders
| | - Chuting Li
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders
| | - Xue Zhong
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders
| | - Daifeng Dong
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders
| | - Qingsen Ming
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sochoow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yidian Gao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders
| | - Ge Xiong
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders
| | - Chang Cheng
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders
| | - Haofei Zhao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders.
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6
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Effects of stress on functional connectivity during problem solving. Neuroimage 2020; 208:116407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Effects of stress on functional connectivity during verbal processing. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:2708-2723. [PMID: 31833016 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Effects of stress on functional connectivity (FC) in specific language processing regions of the brain during verbal fluency tasks were explored. Roles of gender and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR), associated with stress susceptibility, were also examined to understand their effect. Forty-five healthy volunteers (Mean age: 19.6 ± 1.6 years; 28 females) participated. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was carried out while participants performed letter and category fluency tasks. These tasks were interposed with the Montreal Imaging Stress Test to induce stress or a no-stress control task. Buccal swabs collected were used to genotype for the presence of polymorphisms on the SLC6A4 gene known to contribute to atypical stress responses. Significant variations in strength of FC were noted between several ROIs, including left inferior frontal gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus. Overall, males showed regional increases in FC strength over long and short distances during task under stress. Additionally, variability in effects of stress on task performance was associated with effects of stress on FC. Results suggest that long distance FC may be strengthened to compensate for additional cognitive load of the stressor but that specific short distance functional connections may be strengthened in a gender specific manner. Additionally, FC may serve as a marker for effects of stress on performance. This is the first study exploring stress effects on language tasks with imaging markers. Future studies will need to explore stress susceptible populations and establish the role of FC as a marker, with implications for targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Beversdorf DQ, Stevens HE, Margolis KG, Van de Water J. Prenatal Stress and Maternal Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Potential Points for Intervention. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:4331-4343. [PMID: 31742491 PMCID: PMC7100710 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191119093335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetics is a major etiological contributor to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Environmental factors, however, also appear to contribute. ASD pathophysiology due to gene x environment is also beginning to be explored. One reason to focus on environmental factors is that they may allow opportunities for intervention or prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS Herein, we review two such factors that have been associated with a significant proportion of ASD risk, prenatal stress exposure and maternal immune dysregulation. Maternal stress susceptibility appears to interact with prenatal stress exposure to affect offspring neurodevelopment. We also explore how maternal stress may interact with the microbiome in the neurodevelopmental setting. Additionally, understanding of the impact of maternal immune dysfunction on ASD has recently been advanced by recognition of specific fetal brain proteins targeted by maternal autoantibodies, and identification of unique mid-gestational maternal immune profiles. This might also be interrelated with maternal stress exposure. Animal models have been developed to explore pathophysiology targeting each of these factors. CONCLUSION We are beginning to understand the behavioral, pharmacopathological, and epigenetic effects related to these interactions, and we are beginning to explore potential mitigating factors. Continued growth in understanding of these mechanisms may ultimately allow for the identification of multiple potential targets for prevention or intervention for this subset of environmental-associated ASD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Q. Beversdorf
- Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychological Sciences, and The Thompson Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, William and Nancy Thompson Endowed Chair in Radiology
| | - Hanna E. Stevens
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, And the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis
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9
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Beversdorf DQ. Neuropsychopharmacological regulation of performance on creativity-related tasks. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018; 27:55-63. [PMID: 31106256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of factors affect performance on tasks associated with creativity. Two pharmacological systems in particularly been identified as important for their impact on creativity, the noradrenergic system and the dopaminergic systems. Furthermore, stress is also established as an important factor impacting performance, most likely mediated by its effects on these neurotransmitter systems. Herein, we review the current literature on the relationships between stress, the noradrenergic system, the dopaminergic system, and other pharmacological factors and their effects on performance on tasks associated with creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Q Beversdorf
- William and Nancy Thompson Endowed Chair in Radiology, University of Missouri
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