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Liang K, Li X, Guo Q, Ma J, Yang H, Fan Y, Yang D, Shi X, She Z, Qi X, Gu Q, Chen S, Zheng J, Li D. Structural changes in the retina and serum HMGB1 levels are associated with decreased cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106379. [PMID: 38104911 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is a serious nonmotor symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Currently, there are few studies investigating the relationship of serum markers and retinal structural changes with cognitive function in PD. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between retinal structural changes, serum high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) levels and cognitive function and motor symptoms in PD patients. METHODS Eighty-nine participants, including 47 PD patients and 42 healthy subjects, were enrolled. PD patients were divided into Parkinson's disease with normal cognitive (PD-NC), Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), and Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) groups. The motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD patients were evaluated with clinical scale. Serum HMGB1 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer complex (GCIPL) thickness changes in the macula were quantitatively analyzed by swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in all patients. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the macular GCIPL (t = -2.308, P = 0.023) was thinner and serum HMGB1 (z = -2.285, P = 0.022) was increased in PD patients. Macular GCIPL thickness in patients with PD-MCI and PDD were significantly lower than that in PD-NC patients, but there were no significant difference between the PD-MCI and PDD groups. Serum HMGB1 levels in patients with PD-MCI and PDD were significantly higher than those in PD-NC patients, and serum HMGB1 levels in PDD patients were higher than those in PD-MCI patients. Correlation analysis showed that serum HMGB1 levels in PD patients were positively correlated with disease duration, HY stage, UPDRS-I score, UPDRS-III score, and UPDRS total score and negatively correlated with MOCA score. Macular GCIPL thickness was negatively correlated with HY stage and positively correlated with MOCA score, and macular GCIPL thickness was negatively correlated with serum HMGB1 level. Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated serum HMGB1 level, thinner macular GCIPL thickness, and higher HY stage were independent risk factors for Parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment (PD-CI). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the serum HMGB1 level and macular GCIPL thickness-based diagnosis of PD-MCI, PDD and PD-CI based on in patients with PD were 0.786 and 0.825, 0.915 and 0.856, 0.852 and 0.841, respectively. The AUC for the diagnosis of PD-MCI, PDD and PD-CI with serum HMGB1 level and GCIPL thickness combined were 0.869, 0.967 and 0.916, respectively. CONCLUSION The macular GCIPL thickness and serum HMGB1 level are potential markers of cognitive impairment in PD patients, and their combination can significantly improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of cognitive impairment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Liang
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingge Guo
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Hongqi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yongyan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shi
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zonghan She
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuelin Qi
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Gu
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Suh A, Ong J, Kamran SA, Waisberg E, Paladugu P, Zaman N, Sarker P, Tavakkoli A, Lee AG. Retina Oculomics in Neurodegenerative Disease. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2708-2721. [PMID: 37855949 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Ophthalmic biomarkers have long played a critical role in diagnosing and managing ocular diseases. Oculomics has emerged as a field that utilizes ocular imaging biomarkers to provide insights into systemic diseases. Advances in diagnostic and imaging technologies including electroretinography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy, and OCT angiography have revolutionized the ability to understand systemic diseases and even detect them earlier than clinical manifestations for earlier intervention. With the advent of increasingly large ophthalmic imaging datasets, machine learning models can be integrated into these ocular imaging biomarkers to provide further insights and prognostic predictions of neurodegenerative disease. In this manuscript, we review the use of ophthalmic imaging to provide insights into neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer Disease, Parkinson Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington Disease. We discuss recent advances in ophthalmic technology including eye-tracking technology and integration of artificial intelligence techniques to further provide insights into these neurodegenerative diseases. Ultimately, oculomics opens the opportunity to detect and monitor systemic diseases at a higher acuity. Thus, earlier detection of systemic diseases may allow for timely intervention for improving the quality of life in patients with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Suh
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Joshua Ong
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sharif Amit Kamran
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Ethan Waisberg
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Phani Paladugu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Prithul Sarker
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6560 Fannin St #450, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Mirmosayyeb O, Yazdan Panah M, Mokary Y, Ghaffary EM, Ghoshouni H, Zivadinov R, Weinstock-Guttman B, Jakimovski D. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements and disability in multiple sclerosis (MS): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci 2023; 454:120847. [PMID: 37924591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) experience visual impairments and neurodegenerative retinal processes. The disability progression in pwMS may be associated with retinal changes assessed with optical coherence tomography (OCT). This meta-analysis aims at synthesizing the correlations between OCT measurements of disability in pwMS. METHODS We systematically searched four databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) from inception to November 2022, then conducted a meta-analysis using a random effects model to determine the pooled correlation coefficient(r) between OCT measurements and disability scales by R version 4.2.3 with the meta version 6.2-1 package. RESULTS From 3129 studies, 100 studies were included. Among 9051 pwMS, the female-to-male ratio was 3.15:1, with a mean age of 39.57 ± 6.07 years. The mean disease duration and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were 8.5 ± 3.7 and 2.7 ± 1.1, respectively. Among the pooled subgroup analyses, macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) in patients with relapsing-remitting (pwRRMS) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) in patients with progressive MS (pwPMS) had strong correlations with EDSS, r = -0.33 (95% CI: -0.45 to -0.20, I2 = 45%, z-score = -4.86, p < 0.001) and r = -0.20 (95% CI:-0.58 to 0.26, I2 = 76%, z-score = -0.85, p = 0.395), respectively. According to subgroup analysis on pwMS without optic neuritis (ON) history, the largest correlation was seen between EDSS and macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC): r = -0.39 (95% CI: -0.70 to 0.04, I2 = 79%, z-score = -1.79, p = 0.073). CONCLUSION OCT measurements are correlated with disability in pwMS, and they can complement the comprehensive neurological visit as an additional paraclinical test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Yazdan Panah
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yousef Mokary
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Moases Ghaffary
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghoshouni
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging at the Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Lee YW, Lim MN, Lee JY, Yoo YJ. Central retina thickness measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in Parkinson disease: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35354. [PMID: 37800768 PMCID: PMC10553016 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can detect visual alterations associated with Parkinson disease, such as damage to the retinal nerve fiber layer or changes in retinal vasculature. Macula thinning in association with Parkinson disease (PD) remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the central retina thickness in PD measured using spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT). METHODS We searched PubMed and the Excerpta Medica database to identify studies that compared macular thickness between patients with PD and healthy controls published before July 31, 2021. A random-effects model was used to examine PD-associated changes in macular thickness. Meta-regression analysis was performed by assessing heterogeneity, publication bias, and study quality. RESULTS Thirty-two studies with a cross-sectional design were selected, including 2118 patients with PD and 2338 controls. We identified significant differences in the thickness of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.66 to -0.16; I2 = 80%), ganglion cell complex (SMD, -0.33; 95% CI, -0.50 to -0.17; I2 = 0%), and of all inner and outer sectors of the macula (SMD range, -0.21 to -0.56; all P < .05) between patients with PD and controls. DISCUSSION These results corroborate the increased prevalence of changes in OCT measures in individuals with PD, highlighting the efficacy of SD-OCT-determined macular thickness as a biomarker for PD. Our findings may provide helpful guidelines for clinicians in rapidly evolving areas of PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Myung-Nam Lim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yung-Ju Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
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Polat OA, Gultekin M, Sener H, Ozer F, Arda H. Retinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease-results of the extended protocol for photopic negative response (PHNR) full-field electroretinogram (ERG). Doc Ophthalmol 2023; 147:89-98. [PMID: 37515709 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether the photopic negative response (PhNR) in the electroretinogram (ERG) was affected in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and whether it was associated with retinal changes on optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Thirty-two patients with PD and 31 age and sex-matched healthy controls from a single tertiary centre were included in the study. Hoehn and Yahr scale scores and the presence of REM sleep behaviour were recorded. PhNR, a-wave and b-wave responses in photopic ERG (red on blue background) and retinal layer thicknesses in OCT were obtained. RESULTS The mean age was 61 ± 10.4 in the PD group (female/male: 18/14) and 60.9 ± 7 in the control group (female/male: 18/13). The amplitudes of the PhNR, a- and b-waves in the ERG were significantly decreased in the PD group, but the implicit times were not significantly different. BCVA was significantly correlated with Hoehn and Yahr scores (p < 0.001, r = - 0.596). There was a significant correlation between BCVA and a-wave amplitude (p = 0.047, r = - 0.251). On OCT analysis, the thickness of the nasal INL was increased, and the temporal and inferior OPL and temporal peripapillary RNFL were decreased in the PD group compared to healthy controls (p = 0.032, p = 0.002, p = 0.016 and p = 0.012, respectively). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated reduced a-wave, b-wave and PhNR-wave amplitudes on ERG measurements in PD patients. These findings suggest that the whole ERG response, not just the PhNR, is attenuated in patient with PD, suggesting a possible involvement of the visual system in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Ahmet Polat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Murat Gultekin
- Department of Neurology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hidayet Sener
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Furkan Ozer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hatice Arda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
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Nieto-Escamez F, Obrero-Gaitán E, Cortés-Pérez I. Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1173. [PMID: 37626529 PMCID: PMC10452537 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) include ocular, visuoperceptive, and visuospatial impairments, which can occur as a result of the underlying neurodegenerative process. Ocular impairments can affect various aspects of vision and eye movement. Thus, patients can show dry eyes, blepharospasm, reduced blink rate, saccadic eye movement abnormalities, smooth pursuit deficits, and impaired voluntary and reflexive eye movements. Furthermore, visuoperceptive impairments affect the ability to perceive and recognize visual stimuli accurately, including impaired contrast sensitivity and reduced visual acuity, color discrimination, and object recognition. Visuospatial impairments are also remarkable, including difficulties perceiving and interpreting spatial relationships between objects and difficulties judging distances or navigating through the environment. Moreover, PD patients can present visuospatial attention problems, with difficulties attending to visual stimuli in a spatially organized manner. Moreover, PD patients also show perceptual disturbances affecting their ability to interpret and determine meaning from visual stimuli. And, for instance, visual hallucinations are common in PD patients. Nevertheless, the neurobiological bases of visual-related disorders in PD are complex and not fully understood. This review intends to provide a comprehensive description of visual disturbances in PD, from sensory to perceptual alterations, addressing their neuroanatomical, functional, and neurochemical correlates. Structural changes, particularly in posterior cortical regions, are described, as well as functional alterations, both in cortical and subcortical regions, which are shown in relation to specific neuropsychological results. Similarly, although the involvement of different neurotransmitter systems is controversial, data about neurochemical alterations related to visual impairments are presented, especially dopaminergic, cholinergic, and serotoninergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Nieto-Escamez
- Department of Psychology, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
- Center for Neuropsychological Assessment and Rehabilitation (CERNEP), 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Esteban Obrero-Gaitán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain;
| | - Irene Cortés-Pérez
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain;
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Constable PA, Lim JKH, Thompson DA. Retinal electrophysiology in central nervous system disorders. A review of human and mouse studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1215097. [PMID: 37600004 PMCID: PMC10433210 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1215097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina and brain share similar neurochemistry and neurodevelopmental origins, with the retina, often viewed as a "window to the brain." With retinal measures of structure and function becoming easier to obtain in clinical populations there is a growing interest in using retinal findings as potential biomarkers for disorders affecting the central nervous system. Functional retinal biomarkers, such as the electroretinogram, show promise in neurological disorders, despite having limitations imposed by the existence of overlapping genetic markers, clinical traits or the effects of medications that may reduce their specificity in some conditions. This narrative review summarizes the principal functional retinal findings in central nervous system disorders and related mouse models and provides a background to the main excitatory and inhibitory retinal neurotransmitters that have been implicated to explain the visual electrophysiological findings. These changes in retinal neurochemistry may contribute to our understanding of these conditions based on the findings of retinal electrophysiological tests such as the flash, pattern, multifocal electroretinograms, and electro-oculogram. It is likely that future applications of signal analysis and machine learning algorithms will offer new insights into the pathophysiology, classification, and progression of these clinical disorders including autism, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. New clinical applications of visual electrophysiology to this field may lead to earlier, more accurate diagnoses and better targeted therapeutic interventions benefiting individual patients and clinicians managing these individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Constable
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah K. H. Lim
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dorothy A. Thompson
- The Tony Kriss Visual Electrophysiology Unit, Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Suh W, Baek SU, Oh JS, Seo SY, Kim JS, Han YM, Kim MS, Kang SY. Retinal Thickness and Its Interocular Asymmetry Between Parkinson's Disease and Drug-Induced Parkinsonism. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e86. [PMID: 36942394 PMCID: PMC10027544 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is common, but diagnosis is challenging. Although dopamine transporter imaging is useful, the cost and inconvenience are problematic, and an easily accessible screening technique is needed. We aimed to determine whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings could differentiate DIP from Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS We investigated 97 de novo PD patients and 27 DIP patients using OCT and [18F] N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2b-carbon ethoxy-3b-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) positron emission tomography. We compared peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) and macular retinal thickness (mRT) between PD and DIP patients as well as interocular differences in the pRNFLT and the mRT. Asymmetric index (%) for retinal thickness (AIRT) was calculated to measure the interocular differences between pRNFLT and mRT. The correlation between AIRT and total striatal specific/non-specific binding ratio asymmetry index (SNBRAI) was investigated in PD and DIP patients. RESULTS No significant differences in pRNFLT and mRT values were observed between PD and DIP patients (all P values > 0.090). The mean SNBRAI was significantly higher in PD than in DIP (P = 0.008) patients; however, AIRT did not differ between PD and DIP patients in pRNFLT and mRT (all P values > 0.100). SNBRAI did not correlate with AIRT of pRNFL or mRT in PD and DIP patients (all P values > 0.060). CONCLUSION Our study showed no benefit of retinal thickness and interocular asymmetry measurements using OCT for distinguishing PD from DIP in the early stages. Additional investigations are needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wool Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Ewha Womans University Mok-Dong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Uk Baek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jungsu S Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Seo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Mie Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Min Seung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Suk Yun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea.
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Ahn S, Shin J, Song SJ, Yoon WT, Sagong M, Jeong A, Kim JH, Yu HG. Neurologic Dysfunction Assessment in Parkinson Disease Based on Fundus Photographs Using Deep Learning. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023; 141:234-240. [PMID: 36757713 PMCID: PMC9912166 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance Until now, other than complex neurologic tests, there have been no readily accessible and reliable indicators of neurologic dysfunction among patients with Parkinson disease (PD). This study was conducted to determine the role of fundus photography as a noninvasive and readily available tool for assessing neurologic dysfunction among patients with PD using deep learning methods. Objective To develop an algorithm that can predict Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) scale and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III) score using fundus photography among patients with PD. Design, Settings, and Participants This was a prospective decision analytical model conducted at a single tertiary-care hospital. The fundus photographs of participants with PD and participants with non-PD atypical motor abnormalities who visited the neurology department of Kangbuk Samsung Hospital from October 7, 2020, to April 30, 2021, were analyzed in this study. A convolutional neural network was developed to predict both the H-Y scale and UPDRS-III score based on fundus photography findings and participants' demographic characteristics. Main Outcomes and Measures The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was calculated for sensitivity and specificity analyses for both the internal and external validation data sets. Results A total of 615 participants were included in the study: 266 had PD (43.3%; mean [SD] age, 70.8 [8.3] years; 134 male individuals [50.4%]), and 349 had non-PD atypical motor abnormalities (56.7%; mean [SD] age, 70.7 [7.9] years; 236 female individuals [67.6%]). For the internal validation data set, the sensitivity was 83.23% (95% CI, 82.07%-84.38%) and 82.61% (95% CI, 81.38%-83.83%) for the H-Y scale and UPDRS-III score, respectively. The specificity was 66.81% (95% CI, 64.97%-68.65%) and 65.75% (95% CI, 62.56%-68.94%) for the H-Y scale and UPDRS-III score, respectively. For the external validation data set, the sensitivity and specificity were 70.73% (95% CI, 66.30%-75.16%) and 66.66% (95% CI, 50.76%-82.25%), respectively. Lastly, the calculated AUROC and accuracy were 0.67 (95% CI, 0.55-0.79) and 70.45% (95% CI, 66.85%-74.04%), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance This decision analytical model reveals amalgamative insights into the neurologic dysfunction among PD patients by providing information on how to apply a deep learning method to evaluate the association between the retina and brain. Study data may help clarify recent research findings regarding dopamine pathologic cascades between the retina and brain among patients with PD; however, further research is needed to expand the clinical implication of this algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangil Ahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jitae Shin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Tae Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sagong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam Eye Center, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam Eye Center, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hyung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Gon Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Sky Eye Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Alves JN, Westner BU, Højlund A, Weil RS, Dalal SS. Structural and functional changes in the retina in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:448-456. [PMID: 36806480 PMCID: PMC7614544 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-329342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, originating in the substantia nigra pars compacta and characterised by bradykinesia, rest tremor and rigidity. In addition, visual disorders and retinal abnormalities are often present and can be identified by decreased visual acuity, abnormal spatial contrast sensitivity or even difficulty in complex visual task completion. Because of their early onset in patients with de novo Parkinson's disease, the anatomical retinal changes and electrophysiological modification could be valuable markers even at early stages of the disease. However, due to the concomitant occurrence of normal ageing, the relevance and specificity of these predictive values can be difficult to interpret. This review examines retinal dysfunction arising in Parkinson's disease. We highlight the electrophysiological delays and decreased amplitude in the electroretinography recorded in patients and animal models. We relate this to coexisting anatomical changes such as retinal nerve fibre layer and macular thinning, measured using optical coherence tomography, and show that functional measures are more consistent overall than optical coherence-measured structural changes. We review the underlying chemical changes seen with loss of retinal dopaminergic neurons and the effect of levodopa treatment on the retina in Parkinson's disease. Finally, we consider whether retinal abnormalities in Parkinson's disease could have a role as potential markers of poorer outcomes and help stratify patients at early stages of the disease. We emphasise that retinal measures can be valuable, accessible and cost-effective methods in the early evaluation of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis with potential for patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Alves
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Britta U Westner
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviours, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Højlund
- Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science & Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rimona Sharon Weil
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Movement Disorders Consortium, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarang S Dalal
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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The Relationship between Visual-Evoked Potential and Optic Coherence Tomography and Clinical Findings in Parkinson Patients. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 2023:7739944. [PMID: 36873294 PMCID: PMC9981293 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7739944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopamine deficiency is present not only in the nigrostriatal pathway but also in the retinal and visual pathways. Optic coherence tomography (OCT) can be used as morphological evidence of visual influence from early nonmotor symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of OCT and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) of eyes with the severity of clinical findings and ocular findings in PD. Methods A group of 42 patients diagnosed with idiopathic PD and a control group of 29 people between the ages of 45-85 were included in our study. VEP was recorded in the patient and control groups. OCT measurement was made with the Optovue spectral-domain device. Foveal thickness and macular volume were measured in the foveal region and in the parafoveal and perifoveal regions in the temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior quadrants. RNFL (retinal nerve fiber layer) was measured in temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior quadrants. Ganglion cell complex (GCC) was evaluated in the superior and inferior quadrants. Using the UPDRS clinical scale, the relationship between measurements and the differences between the control group and the patient group were evaluated. Results Among the OCT values in our study, foveal, parafoveal, perifoveal thickness, macular volume, RNFL, and GCC measurements were performed for the right and left eyes, and no difference was found between the patient group and the control group. There was no difference in VEP amplitude and latency values between the patient and control groups. The relationships between UPDRS and modified Hoehn Yahr staging and OCT and VEP measurements in the patient revealed no correlation. Conclusions Studies on whether OCT measurements can functionally be a marker or which segments are more valuable for disease progression in patients with PD are needed. Visual dysfunction in PD cannot be attributed only to retinal pathology; however, the retina may provide monitoring of the status of dopaminergic neurodegeneration and axonal loss in PD.
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Ng KS, Hudzaifah-Nordin M, Sarah ST, Wan-Hazabbah WH, Sanihah AH. Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thickness and Choroidal Thickness in Parkinson Disease Patients. Prague Med Rep 2023; 124:421-434. [PMID: 38069647 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2023.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and choroidal thickness (CT) in Parkinson disease (PD) patients. A comparative cross-sectional, hospital-based study. 39 PD and 39 controls were recruited, who were gender and age matched. Subjects that fulfilled the inclusion criteria underwent optical coherence tomography for evaluation of RNFL thickness and choroidal thickness (CT). There was significant reduction of RNFL thickness in average (adjusted mean 88.87 µm vs. 94.82 µm, P=0.001), superior (adjusted mean 110.08 µm vs. 119.10 µm, P=0.002) and temporal (adjusted mean 63.77 µm vs. 70.36 µm, P=0.004) in PD compared to controls. The central subfoveal CT was significantly thinner in PD compared to controls (adjusted mean 271.13 µm vs. 285.10 µm, P=0.003). In PD group, there was significant weak negative correlation between the duration of PD with average RNFL thickness (r=-0.354, P=0.027), moderate negative correlation between the duration of PD with central subfoveal CT (r=-0.493, P=0.001), and weak negative correlation between the stage of PD with central subfoveal CT (r=-0.380, P=0.017). PD group had significant thinner average, superior and temporal RNFL thickness and CT compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Sheng Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Hudzaifah-Nordin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Medical Campus, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Sathyapriya Tamilarsan Sarah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Hospital Sultan Abdul Halim, Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Wan Hitam Wan-Hazabbah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
| | - Abd Halim Sanihah
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Gunay BO, Usta NC. Retinal pigment epithelial changes in Parkinson's disease: A spectral domain optical coherence tomography study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 41:103213. [PMID: 36436734 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and to compare choroidal thickness (CT) and retinal layers with healthy controls. METHODS Parkinson's patients older than 18 and the age-sex match control group were included in this prospective observational study. The neurological and ophthalmological evaluation was performed. All participants were examined by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Focal RPE changes were defined as local RPE changes observed in any macula scan. RESULTS Forty (24 male, mean age 69.2 years) participants were included in the study group, and 44 (24 male, mean age 68.9 years) participants in the control group. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of age and sex. All patients were using oral dopaminergic and/or non-dopaminergic therapy. The RPE changes in the macular area were observed in 14/40 PD eyes (35%) and were significantly more frequent than in the control group (2/44, 4.5%, P = 0.001). All of the RPE changes were RPE thickening (±additional finding: subretinal deposit, subRPE deposit). The logistic regression model for possible factors that may affect RPE changes revealed statistical significance in prolonging disease duration; however, age, sex, and the presence of hypertension were not significant. Inferior 3-mm RPE layer thickness was found to be thicker in PD. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of CT, retinal layers, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), except inferonasal RNFLT which was thinner in the study group. CONCLUSIONS The RPE changes are more frequent in patients with PD than in the control group in the macular area. The most frequent RPE change is the focal thickening of RPE, and RPE changes were associated with disease duration. We cannot distinguish a potential drug effect from a true potential effect of the disease in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Onal Gunay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences,Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Nuray Can Usta
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
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Zhao Y, Dai W, Liu D. Quantitative analysis of related parameters of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thickness in patients with different degrees of Parkinson's disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:2355-2361. [PMID: 36048412 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the morphologic changes of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Thirty PD patients were enrolled, and they were allocated to the mild-to-moderate PD group (n = 15) or severe PD group (n = 15) according to the severity of PD. Twenty healthy volunteers (20 eyes) were included as controls. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to measure the thickness of mean RNFL and each of the sectors: temporal-upper (TU), superior-temporal (ST), superior-nasal (SN), nasal-upper (NU), nasal-lower (NL), inferior-nasal (IN), inferior-temporal (IT), temporal-lower (TL). The thickness of macular GCC, superior GCC, and inferior GCC was also measured. RESULTS No difference was found between the three groups with respect to age, sex and disease course (p > 0.05). The mean RNFL thickness was 118.15 ± 10.25 µm in the control group, 96.12 ± 9.45 µm in the mild-to-moderate PD group, and 80.48 ± 10.35 µm in the severe PD group. Significant differences were found in the mean RNFL thickness and thickness of TU, IN, IT and TL sectors among the three groups (p < 0.05). These values, mean RNFL, TU, IN, IT, and TL, were lower in both the PD groups than those in the control, among them the severe PD group had the lowest values. A quantitative analysis of the macula GCC was also performed. Overall, there were significant differences in mean macula, superior, and inferior GCC thickness among the three groups (p < 0.05). The two PD groups had lower values of mean macula, superior, and inferior GCC thickness than that in the controls (p < 0.05); and the severe PD group had lowest values of these parameters. CONCLUSION In this study, significant thinning of RNFL and macular GCC was found in PD patients. The more serious the illness, the more the thickness becomes thinner. The OCT measurement was found useful in detecting the structural alterations in the retina of PD. The technique may be useful in follow-up of the disease progression after further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dachuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
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Batum M, Ak AK, Arı MS, Mayali H, Kurt E, Selçuki D. Evaluation of the visual system with visual evoked potential and optical coherence tomography in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and with multiple system atrophy. Doc Ophthalmol 2022; 145:99-112. [PMID: 35881261 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-022-09887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to motor findings, non-motor findings including alterations in visual acuity, decrease in blink reflex, and pupil reactivity cause the impaired quality of life in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Our study aimed to examine possible latency and amplitude changes in pattern visual evoked potentials (pVEP) along with retinal and macular changes in optical coherence tomography (OCT) in PD and MSA groups. We also intended to investigate whether any OCT parameters could be a biomarker for Parkinson's or MSA. METHODS Our study included 50 patients with PD, 15 with MSA, and 50 healthy control subjects. All patients in the study underwent neurological and ophthalmological examination and investigations of OCT to measure the retinal and macular thickness and pVEP to assess visual pathways. RESULTS When PD, MSA, and control groups were compared, a significant difference was found in all retinal thickness values in average, nasal, and superior retinal nerve fiber thickness (pRNFL), and in all macular thickness values except nasal outer and inferior outer quadrants and in ganglion cell complex (GCC) thicknesses (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant difference was found in N75, P100, and N145 latencies and N75-P100 amplitude (p < 0.05). The thickness of both pRNFL, inner and outer macular quadrants, was thinner in the MSA group than in PD but GCC thickness was thinner in PD group. CONCLUSIONS The present study compared pVEP and OCT parameters in PD and MSA groups. It was concluded that pVEP and OCT examinations were of importance in that they were easily accessible, affordable, noninvasive biomarkers that might be used in early periods and progression of the disease and in follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Batum
- Department of Neurology, Celal Bayar University Medical School Hafsa Sultan Hospital, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Ayşın Kısabay Ak
- Department of Neurology, Celal Bayar University Medical School Hafsa Sultan Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Semih Arı
- Department of Neurology, Celal Bayar University Medical School Hafsa Sultan Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Mayali
- Department of Eye Diseases, Celal Bayar University Medical School Hafsa Sultan Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Emin Kurt
- Department of Eye Diseases, Celal Bayar University Medical School Hafsa Sultan Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Deniz Selçuki
- Department of Neurology, Celal Bayar University Medical School Hafsa Sultan Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
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Multimodal brain and retinal imaging of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:203-220. [PMID: 35177849 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the brain. The development of parkinsonism is preceded by a long prodromal phase, and >50% of dopaminergic neurons can be lost from the substantia nigra by the time of the initial diagnosis. Therefore, validation of in vivo imaging biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression is essential for future therapeutic developments. PET and single-photon emission CT targeting the presynaptic terminals of dopaminergic neurons can be used for early diagnosis by detecting axonal degeneration in the striatum. However, these techniques poorly differentiate atypical parkinsonian syndromes from PD, and their availability is limited in clinical settings. Advanced MRI in which pathological changes in the substantia nigra are visualized with diffusion, iron-sensitive susceptibility and neuromelanin-sensitive sequences potentially represents a more accessible imaging tool. Although these techniques can visualize the classic degenerative changes in PD, they might be insufficient for phenotyping or prognostication of heterogeneous aspects of PD resulting from extranigral pathologies. The retina is an emerging imaging target owing to its pathological involvement early in PD, which correlates with brain pathology. Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive technique to visualize structural changes in the retina. Progressive parafoveal thinning and fovea avascular zone remodelling, as revealed by OCT, provide potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognostication in PD. As we discuss in this Review, multimodal imaging of the substantia nigra and retina is a promising tool to aid diagnosis and management of PD.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yue Y, Tian T. Retinal Degeneration: A Window to Understand the Origin and Progression of Parkinson’s Disease? Front Neurosci 2022; 15:799526. [PMID: 35185448 PMCID: PMC8854654 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.799526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, manifests with motor and non-motor symptoms associated with two main pathological hallmarks, including the deterioration of dopaminergic cells and aggregation of alpha-synuclein. Yet, PD is a neurodegenerative process whose origin is uncertain and progression difficult to monitor and predict. Currently, a possibility is that PD may be secondary to long lasting peripheral affectations. In this regard, it has been shown that retinal degeneration is present in PD patients. Although it is unknown if retinal degeneration precedes PD motor symptoms, the possibility exists since degeneration of peripheral organs (e.g., olfaction, gut) have already been proven to antedate PD motor symptoms. In this paper, we explore this possibility by introducing the anatomical and functional relationship of retina and brain and providing an overview of the physiopathological changes of retinal structure and visual function in PD. On the basis of the current status of visual deficits in individuals with PD, we discuss the modalities and pathological mechanism of visual function or morphological changes in the retina and focus on the correlation between visual impairment and some representative structural features with clinical significance. To consider retinal degeneration as a contributor to PD origin and progress is important because PD evolution may be monitored and predicted by retinal studies through state-of-the-art techniques of the retina. It is significant to integrally understand the role of retinal morphological and functional changes in the neurodegenerative process for the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhua Yue
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yunhua Yue,
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Tian Tian,
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Nikitina A, Melnikova N, Moshetova L, Levin O. Visual disturbances in Parkinson’s disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:5-11. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20221221125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Past, present and future role of retinal imaging in neurodegenerative disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100938. [PMID: 33460813 PMCID: PMC8280255 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinal imaging technology is rapidly advancing and can provide ever-increasing amounts of information about the structure, function and molecular composition of retinal tissue in humans in vivo. Most importantly, this information can be obtained rapidly, non-invasively and in many cases using Food and Drug Administration-approved devices that are commercially available. Technologies such as optical coherence tomography have dramatically changed our understanding of retinal disease and in many cases have significantly improved their clinical management. Since the retina is an extension of the brain and shares a common embryological origin with the central nervous system, there has also been intense interest in leveraging the expanding armamentarium of retinal imaging technology to understand, diagnose and monitor neurological diseases. This is particularly appealing because of the high spatial resolution, relatively low-cost and wide availability of retinal imaging modalities such as fundus photography or OCT compared to brain imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography. The purpose of this article is to review and synthesize current research about retinal imaging in neurodegenerative disease by providing examples from the literature and elaborating on limitations, challenges and future directions. We begin by providing a general background of the most relevant retinal imaging modalities to ensure that the reader has a foundation on which to understand the clinical studies that are subsequently discussed. We then review the application and results of retinal imaging methodologies to several prevalent neurodegenerative diseases where extensive work has been done including sporadic late onset Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease. We also discuss Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease and cerebrovascular small vessel disease, where the application of retinal imaging holds promise but data is currently scarce. Although cerebrovascular disease is not generally considered a neurodegenerative process, it is both a confounder and contributor to neurodegenerative disease processes that requires more attention. Finally, we discuss ongoing efforts to overcome the limitations in the field and unmet clinical and scientific needs.
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Reduced macular thickness and macular vessel density in early-treated adult patients with PKU. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 27:100767. [PMID: 34026550 PMCID: PMC8121983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Macular structure is poorly evaluated in early-treated phenylketonuria (ETPKU). To evaluate potential changes, we aimed to examine retinas of PKU patients using optical coherence tomography (OCT) with additional OCT angiography (OCTA) and compare the results to healthy controls. Methods A total of 100 adults were recruited in this monocentric, case-control study: 50 patients with ETPKU (mean age: 30.66 ± 8.00 years) and 50 healthy controls (mean age: 30.45 ± 7.18 years). Macular thickness, vessel density and flow area of the right eye was assessed with spectral domain OCT angiography SD-OCT(A). Macular microstructural data between the ETPKU and control group was compared. In the ETPKU group, the relationship between visual functional parameters (best corrected visual acuity [VA], spherical equivalent [SE], contrast sensitivity [CS] and near stereoacuity) and microstructural alterations was examined. The dependency of OCT(A) values on serum phenylalanine (Phe) level was analysed. Results There was significant average parafoveal and perifoveal total retinal layer thinning in ETPKU patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.016 and p < 0.001, respectively), while the foveal region remained unchanged in the ETPKU group. Whole macular and parafoveal superficial capillary plexus density was significantly decreased in ETPKU compared to controls (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the foveal avascular zone, nonflow area, macular superficial and deep capillary plexus between the groups. The temporal parafoveal inner retinal layer thickness was found to negatively correlate with individual Phe levels (r = -0.35, p = 0.042). There was no difference in vascular density and retinal thickness in the subgroup analysis of patients with good therapy adherence compared to patients on a relaxed diet. Conclusions Durable elevation in Phe levels are only partially associated with macular retinal structural changes. However, therapy adherence might not influence these ophthalmological complications.
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Key Words
- Dopamine
- Macular retinal vessel density
- Macular thickness
- Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, (OCTA)
- Optical Coherence Tomography, (OCT)
- Optical coherence tomography angiography
- Parkinson's disease, (PD)
- Phenylalanine level
- Phenylalanine, (Phe)
- Phenylketonuria
- Tyrosine, (Tyr)
- aminoacid supplements, (AAS)
- axial length, (AL)
- contrast sensitivity, (CS)
- deep capillary plexus, (DCP)
- diopters, (D)
- dopamine, (DA)
- early treated phenylketonuria, (ETPKU)
- external limiting membrane/inner segment of photoreceptors/outer segment of photoreceptors, (ELM/IS/OS)
- ganglion cell complex, (GCC)
- ganglion cell layer, (GCL)
- inner limiting membrane, (ILM)
- inner nuclear layer, (INL)
- inner plexiform layer, (IPL)
- inner retinal layer, (IRL)
- intraocular pressure, (IOP)
- outer nuclear layer, (ONL)
- outer plexiform layer, (OPL)
- outer retinal layer, (ORL)
- phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, (PAH)
- phenylketonuria, (PKU)
- retinal nerve fiber layer, (RNFL)
- retinal pigment epithelium, (RPE)
- signal strength index, (SSI)
- sine-wave contrast test, (SWCT)
- spectral domain, (SD)
- spherical equivalent, (SE)
- split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography, (SSADA)
- superficial capillary plexus, (SCP)
- tetrahydrobiopterin, (BH4)
- total retinal layer thickness, (TRLT)
- vessel density, (VD)
- visual acuity, (VA)
- visual evoked potential, (VEP)
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21
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Gubin D, Neroev V, Malishevskaya T, Cornelissen G, Astakhov SY, Kolomeichuk S, Yuzhakova N, Kabitskaya Y, Weinert D. Melatonin mitigates disrupted circadian rhythms, lowers intraocular pressure, and improves retinal ganglion cells function in glaucoma. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12730. [PMID: 33730443 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy associated with damage to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and disrupted circadian rhythms. Melatonin is a promising substance to ameliorate glaucoma-associated compromised circadian rhythms, sleep, mood, and retinal cells function. However, studies estimating melatonin effects in glaucoma are currently lacking. Therefore, In this study, we investigated the effect of long-term (daily at 10:30 pm for 90 days) oral melatonin administration on systemic (Tb) and local to the organ of vision (IOP) circadian rhythms, pattern electroretinogram (PERG), sleep, and mood, depending on glaucoma stage in patients diagnosed with stable or advanced primary open-angle glaucoma. In a laboratory study in 15 of them, 24-hour records of salivary melatonin were obtained and MTNR1B receptor gene polymorphism was assessed. Melatonin increased the stability of the Tb circadian rhythm by improving its phase alignment and alignment with IOP. Melatonin time-dependently decreased IOP and IOP standard deviation (SD). IOP 24-hour mean and IOP SD decreases were more pronounced in individuals with the higher initial 24-hour IOP mean. Melatonin improved RGCs function in advanced glaucoma; N95 amplitude increase correlated positively with RGCs loss. The beneficial effects of melatonin on sleep and mood were greater in advanced glaucoma. Finally, delayed salivary melatonin and Tb phases were observed in MTNR1B G-allele carriers with advanced glaucoma. Combined, these results provide evidence for melatonin efficiency in restoring disrupted circadian rhythms in glaucoma with different effects of melatonin on systemic vs. local circadian rhythms, indicating that a personalized strategy of melatonin administration may further refine its treatment benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gubin
- Department of Biology, Medical University, Tyumen, Russia
- Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Neroev
- Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Germaine Cornelissen
- Department of Integrated Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sergei Y Astakhov
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Kolomeichuk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | | | - Yana Kabitskaya
- Center for Genomic Technologies, Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Dietmar Weinert
- Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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22
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Robbins CB, Grewal DS, Thompson AC, Soundararajan S, Yoon SP, Polascik BW, Scott BL, Fekrat S. Identifying Peripapillary Radial Capillary Plexus Alterations in Parkinson's Disease Using OCT Angiography. Ophthalmol Retina 2021; 6:29-36. [PMID: 33713852 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) plexus vascular parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between those with Parkinson's disease (PD) and controls. DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 151 eyes of 81 PD participants and 514 eyes of 266 controls. METHODS Participants underwent OCT angiography (OCTA) imaging using the Zeiss Cirrus HD-5000 AngioPlex (Carl Zeiss AG). Capillary perfusion density (CPD) and capillary flux index (CFI) were assessed using a 4.5 × 4.5-mm peripapillary scan, and RNFL thickness was assessed using a 200 × 200-μm optic nerve cube OCT scan. Hoehn and Yahr clinical staging for PD was determined by an experienced movement disorders specialist. Generalized estimating equations adjusted for age and sex were used for analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences in RNFL thickness, CPD, and CFI as assessed using multivariable generalized estimating equations between individuals with PD and controls. RESULTS After adjustment for age and sex, average CPD (0.446% ± 0.018% vs. 0.439% ± 0.017%, P < 0.001) and CFI (0.434 ± 0.031 vs. 0.426 ± 0.036, P = 0.008) were significantly higher in PD eyes. Average RNFL thickness was similar between groups (PD 89.71 ± 10.45 μm vs. control 88.20 ± 10.33 μm, P = 0.19). Significant correlations between Hoehn and Yahr stage and OCTA parameters were not observed. The OCTA parameters were not significantly different between eyes of the same patient. CONCLUSIONS Increased peripapillary microvascular density and flux were detected in a large cohort of individuals with PD compared with controls after adjusting for age and sex; however, RNFL thickness was similar between groups. Peripapillary OCTA parameters may not correlate with the severity of PD. OCTA may serve as a noninvasive method to identify novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of PD; as such, this methodology deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cason B Robbins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dilraj S Grewal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Atalie C Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Srinath Soundararajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephen P Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bryce W Polascik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Burton L Scott
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sharon Fekrat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
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23
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Zhou WC, Tao JX, Li J. Optical coherence tomography measurements as potential imaging biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:763-774. [PMID: 33107159 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Retinal pathological changes may precede or accompany the deterioration of brain tissue in Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the usefulness of optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements as potential imaging biomarkers for PD. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for observational studies (published prior to 30 May 2020) comparing the OCT measurements between PD patients and healthy controls (HCs). Our main end-points were peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell complex thickness, macular thickness and macular volume. Pooled data were assessed by use of a random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 36 observational studies were identified that included 1712 patients with PD (2548 eyes) and 1778 HCs (2646 eyes). Compared with the HC group, the PD group showed a significant reduction in mean pRNFL thickness (weighted mean difference [WMD] -3.51 μm, 95% confidence interval [CI] -4.84, -2.18; p = 0.000), all quadrants at the pRNFL (WMD range -7.65 to -2.44 μm, all p < 0.05), macular fovea thickness (WMD -5.62 μm, 95% CI -7.37, -3.87; p = 0.000), all outer sector thicknesses at the macula (WMD range -4.68 to -4.10 μm, all p < 0.05), macular volume (WMD -0.21 mm3 , 95% CI -0.36, -0.06; p < 0.05) and macular ganglion cell complex thickness (WMD -4.18 μm, 95% CI -6.07, -2.29; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our pooled data confirmed robust associations between retinal OCT measurements and PD, highlighting the usefulness of OCT measurements as potential imaging biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Xin Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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24
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Huang L, Zhang D, Ji J, Wang Y, Zhang R. Central retina changes in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2020; 268:4646-4654. [PMID: 33174132 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Central retina imaging is important for early Parkinson's disease (PD) recognition. We aimed to investigate central retina changes using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in PD patients. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE to identify studies comparing the whole or individual layer thickness of central retina between PD patients and health controls using SD-OCT from inception to April 25, 2020. Data were extracted at eye level. We pooled the mean difference with random effects model. Subgroup analysis and mete-regression were done to detect possible source of heterogeneity. RESULTS We included 27 studies (28 sets of data) enrolling 1470 PD patients (2288 eyes) and 1552 health controls (2524 eyes) in our meta-analysis. Compared with control eyes, the whole thickness of central retina decreased significantly at fovea center by mean difference - 2.70 μm (95% CI [- 4.87, - 0.53], p = 0.01) and in all quadrants in PD eyes. The combination of ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer thinned by an average mean difference of - 3.17 μm (95% CI [- 5.07, - 1.26], p = 0.001). The nerve fiber layer thinned by an average mean difference - 0.66 μm (95% CI [- 1.09 to - 0.23], p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in the thickness of inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer and outer nuclear layer between eyes of PD and controls. The results of subgroup analysis and mete-regression were consistent. CONCLUSION The whole thickness, the thickness of the combination of ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer, and nerve fiber layer of central retina decreased significantly in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital, China Medical University, 33 Wenyi Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Sections, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianling Ji
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital, China Medical University, 33 Wenyi Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Sections, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital, China Medical University, 33 Wenyi Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Zou J, Liu K, Li F, Xu Y, Shen L, Xu H. Combination of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography increases diagnostic efficacy of Parkinson's disease. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:1930-1939. [PMID: 33014726 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background To assess the diagnostic efficacy of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods OCT was used to obtain macular parameters and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. The macular superficial retinal vessel and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) were quantified with OCTA. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) indicated the diagnostic efficacy of the parameters. Results Thirty-five eyes from 35 PD patients and 35 eyes from 35 age-matched healthy subjects who served as controls were evaluated. The mean RNFL thickness overall and the thicknesses of the other three quadrants were similar in PD patients compared with controls (P≥0.358). The RNFL thickness at the temporal quadrant, total macular volume (TMV), macular retinal thickness (MRT), and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer complex (GCL-IPL) thickness were reduced in the eyes of PD patients (P≤0.046). There was no difference between the CMT of PD patients compared with control subjects (P=0.163). The vessel length density (VLD) in the central, inner and full regions; vessel perfusion density (VPD) in all regions; and the FAZ circularity index in PD patients were significantly lower than in controls (P≤0.049). The AUC of the VLD in PD in the central, inner and full regions were 0.712, 0.728, and 0.650, respectively; The VPD in the central, inner and full region were 0.711, 0.756, and 0.682, respectively. The mean RNFL thickness in the temporal quadrant, TMV and MRT revealed an AUC of 0.718, 0.693 and 0.699, respectively. The VPD in the outer region, FAZ circularity and GCL-IPL thickness did not have diagnostic ability in distinguishing PD from normal eyes (P≥0.05). The AUCs of a combination of the VLD in the inner region and TMV, the VLD in the inner region and MRT, the VPD in the inner region and TMV, and the VPD in the inner region and MRT, were 0.843, 0.849, 0.849, and 0.848, respectively (P≤0.001). Conclusions Decreased OCT and OCTA parameters were detected in the eyes of PD patients. Combined non-invasive measurements of OCT and OCTA had better diagnostic ability than either alone, and may provide an additional biomarker for PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Kangcheng Liu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Fangling Li
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huizhuo Xu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
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26
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Huang L, Wang C, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhang R. The specific pattern of retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2020; 268:4023-4032. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Silverstein SM, Demmin DL, Schallek JB, Fradkin SI. Measures of Retinal Structure and Function as Biomarkers in Neurology and Psychiatry. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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28
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Meoni S, Cury RG, Moro E. New players in basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:307-327. [PMID: 32247369 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The classical model of the basal ganglia (BG) circuit has been recently revised with the identification of other structures that play an increasing relevant role especially in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Numerous studies have supported the spreading of the alpha-synuclein pathology to several areas beyond the BG and likely even before their involvement. With the aim of better understanding PD pathophysiology and finding new targets for treatment, the spinal cord, the pedunculopontine nucleus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, the retina, the superior colliculus, the cerebellum, the nucleus parabrachialis and the Meynert's nucleus have been investigated both in animal and human studies. In this chapter, we describe the main anatomical and functional connections between the above structures and the BG, the relationship between their pathology and PD features, and the rational of applying neuromodulation treatment to improve motor and non-motor symptoms in PD. Some of these new players in the BG circuits might also have a potential intriguing role as early biomarkers of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meoni
- Movement Disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France; INSERM U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Rubens Gisbert Cury
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elena Moro
- Movement Disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France; INSERM U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France.
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29
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Tugcu B, Melikov A, Yildiz GB, Gökcal E, Ercan R, Uysal O, Ozdemir H. Evaluation of retinal alterations in Parkinson disease and tremor diseases. Acta Neurol Belg 2020; 120:107-113. [PMID: 31679150 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-019-01228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been suggested as a method for detection of retinal alterations in neurodegenerative diseases. The usefulness of OCT as a diagnostic tool to differentiate Parkinson's disease (PD) from other tremor diseases, remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate morphological changes of the retina in patients with PD, essential tremor (ET), essential tremor-Parkinson's disease (ET-PD) using OCT. Forty-two eyes of 21 patients with PD, 24 eyes of 12 patients with ET, 24 eyes of 12 patients with ET-PD and 44 eyes of 22 age-matched healthy controls were included in the study. All participants underwent detailed neurological and ophthalmological examination. Measurements in all quadrants of macula and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness using OCT were recorded. There was no significant difference among the groups regarding age, sex. The average RNFL thickness was thinner in PD patients than that of ET (p = 0.032). The RNFL thickness in superior quadrant was lower in PD group compared with the ET and control group (p = 0.001, p = 0.016). Significant differences were observed in most of the macular thickness parameters excluding foveolar and foveal thickness (p = 0.865, 0.394). Correlations were found among several OCT parameters and disease duration or severity in all patient groups (p > 0.05). Retinal alterations were found in PD patients compared to ET. However, no significant retinal changes were detected by OCT in patients with ET and ET-PD compared to controls. According to our data, retinal assessments by OCT do not seem to be satisfactory for differentiation of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Tugcu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Bezmialem Vakif University, Göz Hastalıkları A.D. Adnan Menderes Bulvarı, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Arif Melikov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Bezmialem Vakif University, Göz Hastalıkları A.D. Adnan Menderes Bulvarı, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsen Babacan Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Gökcal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rukiye Ercan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Uysal
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Ozdemir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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30
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Lee J, Ahn J, Oh S, Shin JY, Kim YK, Nam H, Jeon B. Retina Thickness as a Marker of Neurodegeneration in Prodromal Lewy Body Disease. Mov Disord 2019; 35:349-354. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jee‐Young Lee
- Department of Neurology Seoul Metropolitan Government‐Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyun Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology Seoul Metropolitan Government‐Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Department of Biomedical Statistics Seoul Metropolitan Government‐Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology Seoul Metropolitan Government‐Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Seoul Metropolitan Government‐Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Nam
- Department of Neurology Seoul Metropolitan Government‐Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
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31
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Spaide RF. Measurable Aspects of the Retinal Neurovascular Unit in Diabetes, Glaucoma, and Controls. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 207:395-409. [PMID: 31078537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the structural and angiographic optical coherence tomography (OCT) data of the macula from controls, patients with diabetes, and patients with glaucoma to evaluate neurovascular and structural relationships. METHODS This was a retrospective study of 89 eyes from 49 patients in a community-based retinal referral practice with diabetes, glaucoma, and normal controls. The patients were evaluated with OCT to include retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurement and ganglion cell layer (GCL) volume determination. The vascular density of the radial peripapillary capillary network and the vascular plexuses in the macula were evaluated with OCT angiography. The main outcome measures were the data obtained per disease state and the interrelationships the data displayed. RESULTS The mean GCL volumes were significantly lower than the control group in both the diabetic (P = .016) and glaucoma (P < .001) groups. The difference between the diabetic and glaucoma groups was not significant (P = .052). The mean global vascular density was greater in the control group than the diabetic group (P = .002) and the glaucoma group (P < .001). The mean RNFL thicknesses were lowest in the glaucoma group. Both the diabetic and glaucoma groups had significantly lower radial peripapillary network and deep vascular plexus density values compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Although there are important differences in disease pathogenesis between diabetes and glaucoma, they share certain similarities in the structural and angiographic abnormalities eventually produced. This suggests that, in addition to canonical pathways of disease, a component of both could represent neurodegenerative disease, offering the possibility for the development of new treatments. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Spaide
- Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, New York, USA.
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32
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Mailankody P, Lenka A, Pal PK. The role of Optical Coherence Tomography in Parkinsonism: A critical review. J Neurol Sci 2019; 403:67-74. [PMID: 31228766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been evaluated as a tool to assess retinal changes in various neurodegenerative disorders. Parkinson's disease (PD), is a neurodegenerative disorder wherein dopaminergic deficiency results in some of the symptoms. As retina also has high concentration of dopamine, it would be of interest for both the clinician as well as the basic scientist to know if there is a correlation between the clinical features and the retinal changes. The objective of this review is to critically evaluate the literature and study the utility of OCT as a tool to evaluate retinal changes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Mailankody
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Abhishek Lenka
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India.
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33
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Chrysou A, Jansonius NM, van Laar T. Retinal layers in Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography studies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 64:40-49. [PMID: 31054866 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Parkinson's disease experience visual symptoms, partially originating from retinal changes. Since 2011, multiple case-control studies using spectral-domain OCT, which allows for studying individual retinal layers, have been published. The aim of this study was to substantiate the occurrence, extent, and location of retinal degeneration in Parkinson's by meta-analysis. METHODS Spectral-domain OCT case-control data were collected by performing a search in PubMed and Embase with terms: "optical coherence tomography" and "parkinson", up to November 5th, 2018. Studies with fewer than 10 patients or controls were excluded. We performed a random effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was evaluated with I2 statistics; publication bias with Egger's and Begg's tests. RESULTS Out of 77 identified studies, 36 were included, totaling 1916 patients and 2006 controls. A significant thinning of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (d = -0.42; 95% confidence interval -0.54 to -0.29) and the combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers (d = -0.40; -0.72, to -0.07) was found. The inner nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer did not show significant changes. Heterogeneity ranged from 3 to 92%; no publication bias was found. CONCLUSIONS Parkinson's patients show significant thinning of the inner retinal layers, resembling changes found in glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Study of different cell layers in-vivo is possible by moving from time-to spectral domain OCT. Retinal degeneration may be affiliated with neurodegenerative pathology overall, and could serve as a biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders. Longitudinal research including clinical correlations is needed to determine usefulness in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asterios Chrysou
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Teus van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Young JB, Godara P, Williams V, Summerfelt P, Connor TB, Tarima S, Visotcky A, Cooper RF, Blindauer K, Carroll J. Assessing Retinal Structure in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10. [PMID: 31057987 PMCID: PMC6494090 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9562.1000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The retina is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS), and ocular symptoms can precede manifestations of CNS disorders. Given that several neurodegenerative conditions that affect the brain exhibit ocular symptoms, the retina may be an accessible biomarker to monitor disease progression. Dopamine, the key neurotransmitter related to Parkinson’s disease (PD), is contained in amacrine and interplexiform cells, which reside in specific retinal layers. Understanding how loss of dopaminergic cells affects retinal anatomy could be relevant for monitoring disease progression. Here, our objective is to evaluate retinal structure (foveal pit morphology and thickness) in patients with PD. Methods: Thirty-three Caucasian subjects diagnosed with PD and 40 age-matched Caucasian control subjects underwent retinal imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Axial length measurements were used to correct the lateral scale of each macular volume scan. From these corrected volumes, foveal morphology was quantified with previously described algorithms, and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grids of retinal thickness were generated and incorporated into a logistic regression model to predict PD. Results: Interocular foveal morphology measurements were highly symmetrical in PD patients and control subjects. There were no significant differences in foveal pit morphology between PD patients and control subjects. Using a model incorporating sex and axial length corrected ETDRS regions, we generated a receiver operating characteristic curve with a C-statistic of 0.80. Conclusion: Our study, which to our knowledge is the first to properly scale OCT measurements when quantifying retinal thickness, demonstrates that PD patients retain foveal symmetry between eyes. When constructing a model to predict PD, sex, along with the center 1 mm and temporal outer ETDRS regions, were significant predictors of PD. In addition to proper scaling of OCT measures, gender and racial differences in retinal anatomy should be considered in building future predictive PD models when using OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon B Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Pooja Godara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Vesper Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Phyllis Summerfelt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Thomas B Connor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Sergey Tarima
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexis Visotcky
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert F Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA
| | | | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
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Litvinenko IV, Dynin PS, Trufanov AG, Gimadutdinov RF, Maltsev DS. [Eye as an object of investigation of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:105-114. [PMID: 30346443 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2018118062105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study visual and spatial disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD). MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and eighteen patients with PD and 30 healthy people (the control group) were studied. All participants underwent neurological and ophthalmological examinations. PD progression was assessed using The Hoehn and Yahr scale. MMSE, FAB and other psychological tests were administered. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and MRI of the brain were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The relationship of the variation in the thickness of various parts of the retina and brain cortex with cognitive deficit that manifests itself as visual-spatial disturbances is shown. The complex diagnostic technique, including neuropsychological and instrumental method (OCT of the retina, MRI of the brain with MRI-morphometry), should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Litvinenko
- S.M. Kirov Saint-Petersburg Military Medical Academy, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - P S Dynin
- S.M. Kirov Saint-Petersburg Military Medical Academy, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A G Trufanov
- S.M. Kirov Saint-Petersburg Military Medical Academy, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - R F Gimadutdinov
- S.M. Kirov Saint-Petersburg Military Medical Academy, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - D S Maltsev
- S.M. Kirov Saint-Petersburg Military Medical Academy, St-Petersburg, Russia
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Guo L, Normando EM, Shah PA, De Groef L, Cordeiro MF. Oculo-visual abnormalities in Parkinson's disease: Possible value as biomarkers. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1390-1406. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
| | - Eduardo M. Normando
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust; London UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Parth Arvind Shah
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
| | - Lies De Groef
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust; London UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London; London UK
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Gatto E, Parisi V, Persi G, Fernandez Rey E, Cesarini M, Luis Etcheverry J, Rivera P, Squitieri F. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) study in Argentinean Huntington's disease patients. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:1157-1162. [PMID: 29912591 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1489807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic, rare and progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes motor and cognitive impairment in midlife patients. Although retinal damage was observed in animal HD models and in patients with other neurodegenerative diseases, we still need confirmation of impairment in HD patients. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive methodology that analyses the retinal nerve fibre layers (RNFL) and could reflect processes of neurodegeneration. METHODS A cross-sectional study with 14 HD patients who underwent a spectral domain OCT. Results were compared with a control group. Demographic data were also obtained. RESULTS Temporal and superior RNFL sectors in HD showed a significant RNFL thinning compared with a control group. However, no differences were identified in mean total RNFL thickness between HD patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS OCT is a rapid and non-invasive technique that can be investigated in larger cohorts of patients to assess its potential role as a biomarker in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Gatto
- a Department of Neurology , Sanatorio de la Trinidad Mitre , Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Department of Movement Disorders , Fundación INEBA , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Virginia Parisi
- a Department of Neurology , Sanatorio de la Trinidad Mitre , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Gabriel Persi
- a Department of Neurology , Sanatorio de la Trinidad Mitre , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Estela Fernandez Rey
- c Department of Neuro-opthamology , Hospital Oftalmológico Santa Lucía , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Martin Cesarini
- c Department of Neuro-opthamology , Hospital Oftalmológico Santa Lucía , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - José Luis Etcheverry
- c Department of Neuro-opthamology , Hospital Oftalmológico Santa Lucía , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Pablo Rivera
- c Department of Neuro-opthamology , Hospital Oftalmológico Santa Lucía , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Ferdinando Squitieri
- d Huntington and Rare Diseases Unit at IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , San Giovanni Rotondo , Italy
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Ahn J, Lee JY, Kim TW, Yoon EJ, Oh S, Kim YK, Kim JM, Woo SJ, Kim KW, Jeon B. Retinal thinning associates with nigral dopaminergic loss in de novo Parkinson disease. Neurology 2018; 91:e1003-e1012. [PMID: 30111550 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationship between retinal thinning and nigral dopaminergic loss in de novo Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS Forty-nine patients with PD and 54 age-matched controls were analyzed. Ophthalmologic examination and macula optical coherence tomography scans were performed with additional microperimetry, N-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane PET, and 3T MRI scans were done in patients with PD only. Retinal layer thickness and volume were measured in subfields of the 1-, 2.22-, and 3.45-mm Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study circle and compared in patients with PD and controls. Correlation of inner retinal layer thinning with microperimetric response was examined in patients with PD, and the relationships between retinal layer thickness and dopamine transporter densities in the ipsilateral caudate, anterior and posterior putamen, and substantia nigra were analyzed. RESULTS Retinal layer thinning was observed in the temporal and inferior 2.22-mm sectors (false discovery rate-adjusted p < 0.05) of drug-naive patients with PD, particularly the inner plexiform and ganglion cell layers. The thickness of these layers in the inferior 2.22-mm sector showed a negative correlation with the Hoehn and Yahr stage (p = 0.032 and 0.014, respectively). There was positive correlation between macular sensitivity and retinal layer thickness in all 3.45-mm sectors, the superior 2.22-mm sector, and 1-mm circle (p < 0.05 for all). There was an association between retinal thinning and dopaminergic loss in the left substantia nigra (false discovery rate-adjusted p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Retinal thinning is present in the early stages of PD, correlates with disease severity, and may be linked to nigral dopaminergic degeneration. Retinal imaging may be useful for detection of pathologic changes occurring in early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyun Ahn
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A., T.W.K.), Neurology (J.-Y.L.), Nuclear Medicine (E.J.Y., Y.K.K.), and Biomedical Statistics (S.O.), Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (J.M.K.), Ophthalmology (S.J.W.), and Psychiatry (K.W.K.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (B.J.), Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A., T.W.K.), Neurology (J.-Y.L.), Nuclear Medicine (E.J.Y., Y.K.K.), and Biomedical Statistics (S.O.), Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (J.M.K.), Ophthalmology (S.J.W.), and Psychiatry (K.W.K.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (B.J.), Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea.
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A., T.W.K.), Neurology (J.-Y.L.), Nuclear Medicine (E.J.Y., Y.K.K.), and Biomedical Statistics (S.O.), Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (J.M.K.), Ophthalmology (S.J.W.), and Psychiatry (K.W.K.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (B.J.), Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea.
| | - Eun Jin Yoon
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A., T.W.K.), Neurology (J.-Y.L.), Nuclear Medicine (E.J.Y., Y.K.K.), and Biomedical Statistics (S.O.), Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (J.M.K.), Ophthalmology (S.J.W.), and Psychiatry (K.W.K.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (B.J.), Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A., T.W.K.), Neurology (J.-Y.L.), Nuclear Medicine (E.J.Y., Y.K.K.), and Biomedical Statistics (S.O.), Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (J.M.K.), Ophthalmology (S.J.W.), and Psychiatry (K.W.K.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (B.J.), Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A., T.W.K.), Neurology (J.-Y.L.), Nuclear Medicine (E.J.Y., Y.K.K.), and Biomedical Statistics (S.O.), Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (J.M.K.), Ophthalmology (S.J.W.), and Psychiatry (K.W.K.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (B.J.), Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A., T.W.K.), Neurology (J.-Y.L.), Nuclear Medicine (E.J.Y., Y.K.K.), and Biomedical Statistics (S.O.), Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (J.M.K.), Ophthalmology (S.J.W.), and Psychiatry (K.W.K.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (B.J.), Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Se Joon Woo
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A., T.W.K.), Neurology (J.-Y.L.), Nuclear Medicine (E.J.Y., Y.K.K.), and Biomedical Statistics (S.O.), Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (J.M.K.), Ophthalmology (S.J.W.), and Psychiatry (K.W.K.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (B.J.), Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A., T.W.K.), Neurology (J.-Y.L.), Nuclear Medicine (E.J.Y., Y.K.K.), and Biomedical Statistics (S.O.), Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (J.M.K.), Ophthalmology (S.J.W.), and Psychiatry (K.W.K.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (B.J.), Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A., T.W.K.), Neurology (J.-Y.L.), Nuclear Medicine (E.J.Y., Y.K.K.), and Biomedical Statistics (S.O.), Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center and Seoul National University College of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (J.M.K.), Ophthalmology (S.J.W.), and Psychiatry (K.W.K.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (B.J.), Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
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He SB, Liu CY, Chen LD, Ye ZN, Zhang YP, Tang WG, Wang BD, Gao X. Meta-Analysis of Visual Evoked Potential and Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2018; 2018:3201308. [PMID: 30123489 PMCID: PMC6079328 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3201308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggested that visual evoked potential (VEP) was impaired in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), but the results were inconsistent. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore whether the VEP was significantly different between PD patients and healthy controls. Case-control studies of PD were selected through an electronic search of the databases PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We calculated the pooled weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between individuals with PD and controls using the random-effects model. RESULTS Twenty case-control studies which met our inclusion criteria were included in the final meta-analysis. We found that the P100 latency in PD was significantly higher compared with healthy controls (pooled WMD = 6.04, 95% CI: 2.73 to 9.35, P=0.0003, n=20). However, the difference in the mean amplitude of P100 was not significant between the two groups (pooled WMD = 0.64, 95% CI: -0.06 to 1.33, P=0.07) based on 10 studies with the P100 amplitude values available. CONCLUSIONS The higher P100 latency of VEP was observed in PD patients, relative to healthy controls. Our findings suggest that electrophysiological changes and functional defect in the visual pathway of PD patients are important to our understanding of the pathophysiology of visual involvement in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-bin He
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Chun-yan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Lin-di Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Zhi-nan Ye
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Ya-ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wei-guo Tang
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Bin-da Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
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Functional and morphological assessment of ocular structures and follow-up of patients with early-stage Parkinson’s disease. Int Ophthalmol 2018; 39:1255-1262. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-0934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Combination of Multifocal Electroretinogram and Spectral-Domain OCT Can Increase Diagnostic Efficacy of Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 2018:4163239. [PMID: 29755728 PMCID: PMC5883930 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4163239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The retinal changes have been identified in morphology and function in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the controversial results suggest that it is incredible that only using a single method for testing retinal change to evaluate Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study was to assess retinal changes and increase the diagnostic efficacy of Parkinson's disease with a combination of multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) examinations. Method Fifty-three PD patients and forty-one healthy controls were enrolled. Subjects were assessed for retinal function using mf-ERG and retinal structure using SD-OCT. Results The PD patients had a significantly decreased amplitude density of P1 and a delayed implicit time of P1 in some regions. The macular retinal thickness, macular volume, and average RNFL thickness were decreased in PD. The AUC of a single parameter of either retinal function or structure was low. Both of them were higher in diagnostic value to discriminate PD patients. Conclusion The amplitude density of P1 combined with macular volume can get a high diagnostic efficacy to discriminate between participants with or without PD. It indicates that a combination of mf-ERG and SD-OCT provides a good clinical biomarker for diagnosis of PD.
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La Morgia C, Di Vito L, Carelli V, Carbonelli M. Patterns of Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Parvocellular vs Magnocellular Degeneration in Optical Coherence Tomography Studies. Front Neurol 2017; 8:710. [PMID: 29312131 PMCID: PMC5744067 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as part of the neurodegenerative process. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) studies demonstrated variable degree of optic atrophy in these diseases. However, the pattern of degenerative changes affecting the optic nerve (ON) can be different. In particular, neurodegeneration is more evident for magnocellular RGCs in AD and multiple system atrophy with a pattern resembling glaucoma. Conversely, in PD and Huntington’s disease, the parvocellular RGCs are more vulnerable. This latter pattern closely resembles that of mitochondrial optic neuropathies, possibly pointing to similar pathogenic mechanisms. In this review, the currently available evidences on OCT findings in these neurodegenerative disorders are summarized with particular emphasis on the different pattern of RGC loss. The ON degeneration could become a validated biomarker of the disease, which may turn useful to follow natural history and possibly assess therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lidia Di Vito
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Carbonelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Response to: On the role of visual electrophysiology in parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 45:98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Mendoza-Santiesteban CE, Gabilondo I, Palma JA, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Kaufmann H. The Retina in Multiple System Atrophy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:206. [PMID: 28596752 PMCID: PMC5443142 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, adult-onset, rapidly progressive fatal synucleinopathy that primarily affects oligodendroglial cells in the brain. Patients with MSA only rarely have visual complaints, but recent studies of the retina using optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed atrophy of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and to a lesser extent the macular ganglion cell layer (GCL) complex. Methods We performed a literature review and meta-analysis according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines for studies published before January 2017, identified through PubMed and Google Scholar databases, which reported OCT-related outcomes in patients with MSA and controls. A random-effects model was constructed. Results The meta-analysis search strategy yielded 15 articles of which 7 met the inclusion criteria. The pooled difference in the average thickness of the RNFL was −5.48 μm (95% CI, −6.23 to −4.73; p < 0.0001), indicating significant thinning in patients with MSA. The pooled results showed significant thinning in all the specific RNFL quadrants, except in the temporal RNFL quadrant, where the thickness in MSA and controls was similar [pooled difference of 1.11 µm (95% CI, −4.03 to 6.26; p = 0.67)]. This pattern of retinal damage suggests that MSA patients have preferential loss of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the magnocellular pathway (M-cells), which are mainly located in the peripheral retina and are not essential for visual acuity. Visual acuity, on the other hand, relies mostly on macular ganglion cells projecting to the parvocellular pathway (P-cells) through the temporal portion of the RNFL, which are relatively spared in MSA patients. Conclusion The retinal damage in patients with MSA differs from that observed in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Patients with MSA have more relative preservation of temporal sector of the RNFL and less severe atrophy of the macular GCL complex. We hypothesize that in patients with MSA there is predominant damage of large myelinated optic nerve axons like those originating from the M-cells. These large axons may require higher support from oligodendrocytes. Conversely, in patients with PD, P-cells might be more affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iñigo Gabilondo
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Jose Alberto Palma
- Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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46
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Moschos MM, Chatziralli IP. Evaluation of Choroidal and Retinal Thickness Changes in Parkinson’s Disease Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Semin Ophthalmol 2017; 33:494-497. [DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2017.1307423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilita M. Moschos
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Irini P. Chatziralli
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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47
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Visual dysfunction and its correlation with retinal changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Eye (Lond) 2017; 31:1034-1041. [PMID: 28282060 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AimTo evaluate visual dysfunction and its correlation with structural changes in the retina in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsPatients with AD (n=24) and controls (n=24) underwent evaluation of visual acuity (VA), color vision (using the Farnsworth and L'Anthony desaturated (D) 15 color tests), and contrast sensitivity vision (CSV; using the Pelli-Robson chart and CSV-1000E test) to measure visual dysfunction. Structural measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness were obtained using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).ResultsCSV at three of the four spatial frequencies was significantly worse in AD patients than in controls. Color vision was significantly affected in AD patients based on the Farnsworth color test. Compared with controls, macular thinning was detected in all sectors except the fovea, and the RNFL exhibited significant thinning in the superior quadrant and lower average thickness (P<0.05). CSV was the functional parameter most strongly correlated with structural measurements in patients with AD. Color vision was strongly associated with macular volume (r>0.70, P<0.05). VA at different levels of contrast was associated with macular and RNFL thickness.ConclusionsPatients with AD had visual dysfunction that correlated with structural changes evaluated by SD-OCT. Macular measurements may be reliable indicators of visual impairment in AD patients.
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Del Tredici K, Braak H. Review: Sporadic Parkinson's disease: development and distribution of α-synuclein pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:33-50. [PMID: 26662475 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of α-synuclein immunoreactive aggregates in selectively vulnerable neuronal types of the human central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems is crucial for the pathogenesis of sporadic Parkinson's disease. The presence of these lesions persists into the end phase of the disease, a process that is not subject to remission. The initial induction of α-synuclein misfolding and subsequent aggregation probably occurs in the olfactory bulb and/or the enteric nervous system. Each of these sites is exposed to potentially hostile environmental factors. Once formed, the aggregates appear to be capable of propagating trans-synaptically from nerve cell to nerve cell in a virtually self-promoting pathological process. A regional distribution pattern of aggregated α-synuclein emerges that entails the involvement of only a few types of susceptible and axonally interconnected projection neurons within the human nervous system. One major route of disease progression may originate in the enteric nervous system and retrogradely reach the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve in the lower brainstem. From there, the disease process proceeds chiefly in a caudo-rostral direction through visceromotor and somatomotor brainstem centres to the midbrain, forebrain, and cerebral cortex. Spinal cord centres may become involved by means of descending projections from involved lower brainstem nuclei as well as by sympathetic projections connecting the enteric nervous system with postganglionic peripheral ganglia and preganglionic nuclei of the spinal cord. The development of experimental cellular and animal models is helping to explain the mechanisms of how abnormal α-synuclein can undergo aggregation and how transmission along axonal connectivities can occur, thereby encouraging the initiation of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for sporadic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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49
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Graft versus self (GvS) against T-cell autoantigens is a mechanism of graft-host interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13827-13832. [PMID: 27834728 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609118113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) represents the major nonrelapse complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Although rare, the CNS and the eye can be affected. In this study, manifestation in the retina as part of the CNS and T-cell epitopes recognized by the allogeneic T cells were evaluated. In 2 of 6 patients with posttransplantation retina diseases and 6 of 22 patients without ocular symptoms, antigen-specific T-cell responses against retina-specific epitopes were observed. No genetic differences between donor and recipient could be identified indicating T-cell activation against self-antigens (graft versus self). Transplantation of a preexisting immunity and cross-reactivity with ubiquitous epitopes was excluded in family donors and healthy individuals. In summary, an immunological reaction against retina cells represents a mechanism of graft-versus-host interaction following hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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50
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Ridder A, Müller MLTM, Kotagal V, Frey KA, Albin RL, Bohnen NI. Impaired contrast sensitivity is associated with more severe cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 34:15-19. [PMID: 27742131 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dopaminergic degeneration affects both nigrostriatal projection neurons and retinal amacrine cells in Parkinson disease (PD). Parkinsonian retinopathy is associated with impaired color discrimination and contrast sensitivity. Some prior studies described associations between color discrimination deficits and cognitive deficits in PD, suggesting that contrast discrimination deficits are due, at least in part, to cognitive deficits in PD. We investigated the relationship between cognitive deficits and impaired contrast sensitivity in PD. METHODS PD subjects, n = 43; 15F/28M; mean age 66.5 ± 8.2, Hoehn and Yahr stage 2.6 ± 0.6, and duration of disease of 6.2 ± 5.0 years underwent neuropsychological and Rabin contrast sensitivity testing. RESULTS Mean Rabin contrast sensitivity score was 1.34 ± 0.40. Bivariate analyses showed significant correlation between Rabin contrast sensitivity scores and global cognitive z-scores (R = 0.54, P = 0.0002). Cognitive domain Z-score post hoc analysis demonstrated most robust correlation between Rabin scores and executive functions (R = 0.49, P = 0.0009), followed by verbal learning (R = 0.44, P = 0.0028), visuospatial (R = 0.39, P = 0.001) and attention z-scores (R = 0.32, P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Impaired contrast sensitivity in PD is robustly associated with cognitive deficits, particularly executive function deficits. These results suggest that contrast sensitivity may be a useful biomarker for cognitive changes in PD and may have implications for driving safety evaluations in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ridder
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M L T M Müller
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - V Kotagal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K A Frey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N I Bohnen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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