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Chen Z, Huang Y, Yu C, Liu Q, Qiu C, Wan G. Cochlear Sox2 + Glial Cells Are Potent Progenitors for Spiral Ganglion Neuron Reprogramming Induced by Small Molecules. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:728352. [PMID: 34621745 PMCID: PMC8490772 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.728352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cochlea, spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) relay the acoustic information to the central auditory circuits. Degeneration of SGNs is a major cause of sensorineural hearing loss and severely affects the effectiveness of cochlear implant therapy. Cochlear glial cells are able to form spheres and differentiate into neurons in vitro. However, the identity of these progenitor cells is elusive, and it is unclear how to differentiate these cells toward functional SGNs. In this study, we found that Sox2+ subpopulation of cochlear glial cells preserves high potency of neuronal differentiation. Interestingly, Sox2 expression was downregulated during neuronal differentiation and Sox2 overexpression paradoxically inhibited neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that Sox2+ glial cells are potent SGN progenitor cells, a phenotype independent of Sox2 expression. Furthermore, we identified a combination of small molecules that not only promoted neuronal differentiation of Sox2– glial cells, but also removed glial cell identity and promoted the maturation of the induced neurons (iNs) toward SGN fate. In summary, we identified Sox2+ glial subpopulation with high neuronal potency and small molecules inducing neuronal differentiation toward SGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaorong Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Xia M, Ma J, Sun S, Li W, Li H. The biological strategies for hearing re-establishment based on the stem/progenitor cells. Neurosci Lett 2019; 711:134406. [PMID: 31377244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cochlea is the essential organ for hearing and includes both auditory sensory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. The discovery of inner ear stem cell brings hope to the regeneration of hair cell and spiral ganglion neuron as well as the followed hearing re-establishment. Thus the investigation on characteristics of inner ear stem/progenitor cells and related regulating clue is important to make such regeneration a reality. In addition, attempts have also been made to transplant exogenous stem cells into the inner ear to restore hearing function. In this review, we describe recent advances in the characterization of mammalian inner ear progenitor/stem cells and the mechanisms of regulating their proliferation and differentiation, and summarize studies that have used exogenous stem cells to repair damaged hair cells and neurons in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Xia
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaoyao Ma
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shan Sun
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Shanghai, 200031, China; The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Abstract
Despite impressive technical progress in the field of conventional hearing aids and implantable hearing systems, the hopes for the treatment of inner ear diseases such as hearing loss and tinnitus have become increasingly directed toward regenerative therapeutic approaches. This review discusses the currently most promising strategies for hair cell regeneration in the inner ear to treat hearing loss, including stem cell-based, gene transfer-based, and pharmacological interventions. Furthermore, previous milestones and ground-breaking work in this scientific field are identified. After many years of basic research, the first clinical trials with a regenerative therapeutic approach for hearing-impaired patients were recently initiated. Although there is still a long and bumpy road ahead until a true breakthrough is achieved, it seems more realistic than ever that regenerative therapies for the inner ear will find their way into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Diensthuber
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/M., Deutschland.
| | - T Stöver
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/M., Deutschland
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Moon BS, Ammothumkandy A, Zhang N, Peng L, Ibrayeva A, Bay M, Pratap A, Park HJ, Bonaguidi MA, Lu W. The Presence of Neural Stem Cells and Changes in Stem Cell-Like Activity With Age in Mouse Spiral Ganglion Cells In Vivo and In Vitro. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 11:224-232. [PMID: 30309200 PMCID: PMC6222184 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2018.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) include potential endogenous progenitor populations for the regeneration of the peripheral auditory system. However, whether these populations are present in adult mice is largely unknown. We examined the presence and characteristics of SGN-neural stem cells (NSCs) in mice as a function of age. Methods The expression of Nestin and Ki67 was examined in sequentially dissected cochlear modiolar tissues from mice of different ages (from postnatal day to 24 weeks) and the sphere-forming populations from the SGNs were isolated and differentiated into different cell types. Results There were significant decreases in Nestin and Ki67 double-positive mitotic progenitor cells in vivo with increasing mouse age. The SGNs formed spheres exhibiting self-renewing activity and multipotent capacity, which were seen in NSCs and were capable of differentiating into neuron and glial cell types. The SGN spheres derived from mice at an early age (postnatal day or 2 weeks) contained more mitotic stem cells than those from mice at a late age. Conclusion. Our findings showed the presence of self-renewing and proliferative subtypes of SGN-NSCs which might serve as a promising source for the regeneration of auditory neurons even in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-San Moon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aswathy Ammothumkandy
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naibo Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albina Ibrayeva
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell Bay
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Athira Pratap
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hong Ju Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michael Anthony Bonaguidi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wange Lu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Los Angeles, CA, USA
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