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Ni L, Chen H, Xu X, Sun D, Cai H, Wang L, Tang Q, Hao Y, Cao S, Hu X. Neurocircuitry underlying the antidepressant effect of retrograde facial botulinum toxin in mice. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:30. [PMID: 36782335 PMCID: PMC9926702 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is extensively applied in spasticity and dystonia as it cleaves synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) in the presynaptic terminals, thereby inhibiting neurotransmission. An increasing number of randomized clinical trials have suggested that glabellar BoNT/A injection improves depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the underlying neuronal circuitry of BoNT/A-regulated depression remains largely uncharacterized. RESULTS Here, we modeled MDD using mice subjected to chronic restraint stress (CRS). By pre-injecting BoNT/A into the unilateral whisker intrinsic musculature (WIM), and performing behavioral testing, we showed that pre-injection of BoNT/A attenuated despair- and anhedonia-like phenotypes in CRS mice. By applying immunostaining of BoNT/A-cleaved SNAP25 (cl.SNAP25197), subcellular spatial localization of SNAP25 with markers of cholinergic neurons (ChAT) and post-synaptic membrane (PSD95), and injection of monosynaptic retrograde tracer CTB-488-mixed BoNT/A to label the primary nucleus of the WIM, we demonstrated that BoNT/A axonal retrograde transported to the soma of whisker-innervating facial motoneurons (wFMNs) and subsequent transcytosis to synaptic terminals of second-order neurons induced central effects. Furthermore, using transsynaptic retrograde and monosynaptic antegrade viral neural circuit tracing with c-Fos brain mapping and co-staining of neural markers, we observed that the CRS-induced expression of c-Fos and CaMKII double-positive neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey (vlPAG), which sent afferents to wFMNs, was down-regulated 3 weeks after BoNT/A facial pre-administration. Strikingly, the repeated and targeted silencing of the wFMNs-projecting CaMKII-positive neurons in vlPAG with a chemogenetic approach via stereotactic injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus into specific brain regions of CRS mice mimicked the antidepressant-like action of BoNT/A pre-treatment. Conversely, repeated chemogenetic activation of this potential subpopulation counteracted the BoNT/A-improved significant antidepressant behavior. CONCLUSION We reported for the first time that BoNT/A inhibited the wFMNs-projecting vlPAG excitatory neurons through axonal retrograde transport and cell-to-cell transcytosis from the injected location of the WIM to regulate depressive-like phenotypes of CRS mice. For the limited and the reversibility of side effects, BoNT/A has substantial advantages and potential application in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Ni
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Hanze Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Ultrasonography, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Di Sun
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Huaying Cai
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Li Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Qiwen Tang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Yonggang Hao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053 China ,grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Department of Neurology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, 215125 China
| | - Shuxia Cao
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Xingyue Hu
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Luvisetto S. Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110751. [PMID: 34822535 PMCID: PMC8622321 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent inhibitors of synaptic vesicle fusion and transmitter release. The natural target of BoNTs is the peripheral neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where, by blocking the release of acetylcholine (ACh), they functionally denervate muscles and alter muscle tone. This leads them to be an excellent drug for the therapy of muscle hyperactivity disorders, such as dystonia, spasticity, and many other movement disorders. BoNTs are also effective in inhibiting both the release of ACh at sites other than NMJ and the release of neurotransmitters other than ACh. Furthermore, much evidence shows that BoNTs can act not only on the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but also on the central nervous system (CNS). Under this view, central changes may result either from sensory input from the PNS, from retrograde transport of BoNTs, or from direct injection of BoNTs into the CNS. The aim of this review is to give an update on available data, both from animal models or human studies, which suggest or confirm central alterations induced by peripheral or central BoNTs treatment. The data will be discussed with particular attention to the possible therapeutic applications to pathological conditions and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siro Luvisetto
- National Research Council of Italy-CNR, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Via Ercole Ramarini 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Roma, Italy
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