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Howard PG, Zou P, Zhang Y, Huang F, Tesic V, Wu CYC, Lee RHC. Serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) in neurological disorders: pain or gain. Exp Neurol 2024; 382:114973. [PMID: 39326820 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1 (SGK1), a serine/threonine kinase, is ubiquitous across a wide range of tissues, orchestrating numerous signaling pathways and associated with various human diseases. SGK1 has been extensively explored in diverse types of immune and inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular disorders, as well as cancer metastasis. These studies link SGK1 to cellular proliferation, survival, metabolism, membrane transport, and drug resistance. Recently, increasing research has focused on SGK1's role in neurological disorders, including a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease), brain injuries (e.g., cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury), psychiatric conditions (e.g., depression and drug addiction). SGK1 is emerging as an increasingly compelling therapeutic target across the spectrum of neurological disorders, supported by the availability of several effective agents. However, the conclusions of many studies observing the prevalence and function of SGK1 in neurological disorders are contradictory, necessitating a review of the SGK1 research within neurological disorders. Herein, we review recent literature on SGK1's primary functions within the nervous system and its impacts within different neurological disorders. We summarize significant findings, identify research gaps, and outline possible future research directions based on the current understanding of SGK1 to help further progress the understanding and treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Grace Howard
- Institute for Cerebrovascular and Neuroregeneration Research, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Neurology, Shreveport, Louisiana State University Health, LA, USA
| | - Peibin Zou
- Institute for Cerebrovascular and Neuroregeneration Research, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Neurology, Shreveport, Louisiana State University Health, LA, USA
| | - Yulan Zhang
- Institute for Cerebrovascular and Neuroregeneration Research, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Neurology, Shreveport, Louisiana State University Health, LA, USA
| | - Fang Huang
- Institute for Cerebrovascular and Neuroregeneration Research, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Neurology, Shreveport, Louisiana State University Health, LA, USA
| | - Vesna Tesic
- Institute for Cerebrovascular and Neuroregeneration Research, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Neurology, Shreveport, Louisiana State University Health, LA, USA
| | - Celeste Yin-Chieh Wu
- Institute for Cerebrovascular and Neuroregeneration Research, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Neurology, Shreveport, Louisiana State University Health, LA, USA.
| | - Reggie Hui-Chao Lee
- Institute for Cerebrovascular and Neuroregeneration Research, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Neurology, Shreveport, Louisiana State University Health, LA, USA; Department of Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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Liu S, Sun C, Tang H, Peng C, Peng F. Leonurine: a comprehensive review of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1428406. [PMID: 39101131 PMCID: PMC11294146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1428406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Leonurine is an alkaloid unique to the Leonurus genus, which has many biological activities, such as uterine contraction, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, regulation of cell apoptosis, anti-tumor, angiogenesis, anti-platelet aggregation, and inhibition of vasoconstriction. This paper summarizes the extraction methods, synthetic pathways, biosynthetic mechanisms, pharmacokinetic properties, pharmacological effects in various diseases, toxicology, and clinical trials of leonurine. To facilitate a successful transition into clinical application, intensified efforts are required in several key areas: structural modifications of leonurine to optimize its properties, comprehensive pharmacokinetic assessments to understand its behavior within the body, thorough mechanistic studies to elucidate how it works at the molecular level, rigorous safety evaluations and toxicological investigations to ensure patient wellbeing, and meticulously conducted clinical trials to validate its efficacy and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hailin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang J, Liu D, Tian E, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Chen J, Guo J, Zhou Z, Shi S, Lu Y, Zhang S. Molecular profile of vestibular compensation in the medial vestibular nucleus after unilateral labyrinthectomy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18532. [PMID: 39039705 PMCID: PMC11263133 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as crucial regulators in the central nervous system, yet their role in vestibular compensation remains elusive. To address this knowledge gap, we employed unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) in rats to establish animal models of peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Utilizing ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq), we comprehensively analysed the expression profiles of genes dysregulated in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) of these rats at distinct time points: 4 h, 4 days, and 14 days post-UL. Through trans-target prediction analysis integrating differentially co-expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and lncRNAs, we constructed lncRNA-mRNA regulatory networks. Validation of selected mRNAs and lncRNAs was performed using RT-qPCR. Our RNA-seq analysis revealed significant aberrant expression of 3054 lncRNAs and 1135 mRNAs compared to control samples. By applying weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified 11 co-expressed modules encompassing all genes. Notably, within the MEmagenta module, we observed an initial upregulation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 4 h, followed by downregulation at 4- and 14-days post-UL. Our findings indicated that 3068 lncRNAs positively regulated 1259 DEGs, while 1482 lncRNAs negatively regulated 433 DEGs in the MVN. The RT-qPCR results corroborated the RNA-seq data, validating our findings. This study offers novel insights into the lncRNA-mRNA expression landscape during vestibular compensation, paving the way for further exploration of lncRNA functions in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - E. Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yuejin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic MedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhanghong Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Shiyu Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Liyuan Hospital of Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yisheng Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic MedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
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Ye M, Nguyen S, Kim MJ, Hwang JS, Bae GW, Yang KHS, Shim I. Antidepressant Effect of Enzymatic Porcine Placenta Hydrolysate in Repeated Immobilization Stress-Induced Ovariectomized Female Mice. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6121-6138. [PMID: 38921037 PMCID: PMC11202803 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
When postmenopausal women are under stress conditions, this exacerbates mood disorders and issues with neuroimmune systems. The porcine placenta is known to relieve menopausal depression in clinical trials, but its underlying mechanisms for depression and anti-inflammatory functions remain poorly defined. The present study was designed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of enzymatic porcine placenta hydrolysate (EPPH) on LPS-induced levels of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), corticosterone (CORT), and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In addition, the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells was evaluated to examine the effects of EPPH on neurite growth. To mimic the symptoms of women with menopause-related depression, a stressed ovariectomized (OVX) female mouse model was used to evaluate the antidepressant effects of EPPH. The female mice were randomly divided into five groups: (1) the sham-operated (Sham) group, (2) the OVX + repeated stress + saline-treated (OVX + ST) group, (3) the OVX + repeated stress + estradiol (0.2 mg/kg)-treated (positive control) group, (4) the OVX + repeated stress + EPPH (300 mg/kg)-treated (300) group, and (5) the OVX + repeated stress + EPPH (1500 mg/kg)-treated (1500) group. Female mice were OVX and repeatedly immobilization-stressed for 2 weeks (2 h/day). A tail suspension test was conducted on the 13th day, followed by the forced swimming test on the 14th day to assess the antidepressant effects of EPPH. After the behavioral tests, the levels of CORT, PGE2, and IL-1β were evaluated. In addition, c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The concentrations of NO, PGE2, and IL-1β stimulated by LPS were significantly reduced via the addition of EPPH to RAW 264.7 cells. EPPH significantly promoted neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells compared to that of the controls. In the tail suspension test, the duration of immobility was reduced in mice treated with EPPH 1500 compared to the OVX + ST group. The EPPH 1500 group had significantly decreased levels of c-Fos-positive neurons in the PVN and reduced levels of CORT and IL-1β in the serum of the Sham group. These results suggested that the high dose of EPPH administration induced the antidepressant-like effect in the ovariectomized mice with repeated stress via downregulating the levels of CORT, IL-1β, and PGE2 in the serum through reducing the expression of c-Fos in the PVN regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsook Ye
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sharon Nguyen
- Biological Sciences Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Department of R&D, Unimed Pharmaceuticals Inc., Unimed Bldg., Seoul 05567, Republic of Korea (J.S.H.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Jee Sun Hwang
- Department of R&D, Unimed Pharmaceuticals Inc., Unimed Bldg., Seoul 05567, Republic of Korea (J.S.H.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Gun Won Bae
- Department of R&D, Unimed Pharmaceuticals Inc., Unimed Bldg., Seoul 05567, Republic of Korea (J.S.H.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Keun-Hang Susan Yang
- Biological Sciences Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
- Institute for Earth, Computing, Human and Observing (ECHO), Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Nguyen LTH, Nguyen NPK, Tran KN, Shin HM, Yang IJ. Intranasal administration of the essential oil from Perillae Folium ameliorates social defeat stress-induced behavioral impairments in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 324:117775. [PMID: 38224793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Perillae Folium, the leaves and twigs of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, has been included in many traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulas to treat depression. However, the precise antidepressant mechanism of the essential oil from Perillae Folium (PFEO) has not been fully investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effects and potential mechanisms of PFEO on depression using animal models and network pharmacology analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS PFEO was intranasally administered to a mouse model of social defeat stress (SDS). The antidepressant effects of PFEO on SDS-induced mice were evaluated using behavioral tests. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot were performed to measure the levels of depression-related biomarkers in the hippocampus and serum of the mice. The chemical compounds of PFEO were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were conducted to investigate the potential bioactive components of PFEO and the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects. To validate the mechanisms of the bioactive compounds, in vitro models using PC12 and BV2 cells were established and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was evaluated. RESULTS The intranasal administration of PFEO suppressed SDS-induced depression in mice by increasing the time spent in the social zone and the social interactions in the social interaction test and by decreasing the immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests. Moreover, the PFEO treatment reduced the SDS-induced anxiety-like behavior, as inferred from the increased activity in the central zone observed in the open field test and in the open arms observed in the elevated plus maze test. PFEO administration recovered the SDS-induced decrease in the levels of 5-HT, NE, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and p-ERK in the hippocampus of mice. Furthermore, the increased serum corticosterone level was also attenuated by the PFEO treatment. A total of 21 volatile compounds were detected in PFEO using GC-MS, among which elemicin (15.52%), apiol (15.16%), and perillaldehyde (12.79%) were the most abundant ones. The PFEO compounds targeted 32 depression-associated genes, which were mainly related to neural cells and neurotransmission pathways. Molecular docking indicated good binding affinities between the bioactive components of PFEO (apiol, β-caryophyllene, elemicin, and myristicin) and the key targets, including ACHE, IL1B, IL6, MAOB, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, and tumor necrosis factor. Among the four compounds, β-caryophyllene, elemicin, and myristicin were more effective in reducing neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Elemicin showed the highest BBB permeability rate. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the antidepressant activities of PFEO in an SDS-induced mouse model and suggests its potential mechanisms of action: regulation of the corticosterone levels, hippocampal neurotransmitters, and ERK signaling. Apiol, β-caryophyllene, elemicin, and myristicin may be the main contributors to the observed effects induced by PFEO. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and the main PFEO bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Thi Huong Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Korean Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Nhi Phuc Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Korean Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Khoa Nguyen Tran
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Korean Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heung-Mook Shin
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Korean Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Korean Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Lv S, Zhang G, Huang Y, Zhong X, Yi Y, Lu Y, Li J, Ma Y, Teng J. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: pharmacological mechanisms of antidepressant active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1307746. [PMID: 38152691 PMCID: PMC10751940 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1307746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is characterized by prominent indicators and manifestations, such as anhedonia, which refers to the inability to experience pleasure, and persistent feelings of hopelessness. In clinical practice, the primary treatment approach involves the utilization of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and related pharmacological interventions. Nevertheless, it is crucial to recognize that these agents are associated with significant adverse effects. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) adopts a multifaceted approach, targeting diverse components, multiple targets, and various channels of action. TCM has potential antidepressant effects. Anomalies in adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) constitute a pivotal factor in the pathology of depression, with the regulation of AHN emerging as a potential key measure to intervene in the pathogenesis and progression of this condition. This comprehensive review presented an overview of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of active ingredients found in TCM. Through examination of recent studies, we explored how these ingredients modulated AHN. Furthermore, we critically assessed the current limitations of research in this domain and proposed novel strategies for preclinical investigation and clinical applications in the treatment of depression in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Lv
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunhao Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yitong Lu
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuexiang Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Teng
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Zosen D, Kondratskaya E, Kaplan-Arabaci O, Haugen F, Paulsen RE. Antidepressants escitalopram and venlafaxine up-regulate BDNF promoter IV but down-regulate neurite outgrowth in differentiating SH-SY5Y neurons. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105571. [PMID: 37451345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants are used to treat depression and some anxiety disorders, including use in pregnant patients. The pharmacological actions of these drugs generally determine the uptake and metabolism of a series of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine, along with an increase in BDNF expression. However, many aspects of antidepressant action remain unknown, particularly whether antidepressants interfere with normal neurodevelopment when taken by pregnant women. In order to reveal cellular and molecular implications crucial to the functioning of pathways related to antidepressant effects, we performed an investigation on neuronally differentiating human SH-SY5Y cells. To our knowledge, this is the first time human SH-SY5Y cells in cultures of purely neuronal cells induced by controlled differentiation with retinoic acid are followed by short-term 48-h exposure to 0.1-10 μM escitalopram or venlafaxine. Treatment with antidepressants (1 μM) did not affect the electrophysiological properties of SH-SY5Y cells. However, the percentage of mature neurons exhibiting voltage-gated sodium currents was substantially higher in cultures pre-treated with either antidepressant. After exposure to escitalopram or venlafaxine, we observed a concentration-dependent increase in activity-dependent BDNF promoter IV activation. The assessment of neurite metrics showed significant down-regulation of neurite outgrowth upon exposure to venlafaxine. Identified changes may represent links to molecular processes of importance to depression and be involved in neurodevelopmental alterations observed in postpartum children exposed to antidepressants antenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Zosen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elena Kondratskaya
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oykum Kaplan-Arabaci
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fred Haugen
- Department of Work Psychology and Physiology, National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Elisabeth Paulsen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Bian X, Xue H, Jing D, Wang Y, Zhou G, Zhu F. Role of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 1 (SGK1) in Immune and Inflammatory Diseases. Inflammation 2023; 46:1612-1625. [PMID: 37353719 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase gene family, is primarily regulated by serum and glucocorticoids. SGK1 is involved in the development of tumors and fibrotic diseases. However, relatively little research has been conducted on their role in immune and inflammatory diseases. SGK1 may act as a pivotal immune regulatory gene by modulating immune cells (e.g., T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils) and functions and is involved in the pathogenesis of some immune and inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, allergic diseases, sepsis, and major depressive disorder. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest research focusing on the immune and inflammatory regulatory roles of SGK1 and provide new insights into diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Bian
- Clinical Medical College of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Honglu Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dehuai Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Guangxi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
| | - Fengqin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
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Li YH, Sun CC, Chen PM, Chen HH. SGK1 Target Genes Involved in Heart and Blood Vessel Functions in PC12 Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1641. [PMID: 37371111 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is expressed in neuronal cells and involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and metabolic syndrome, regulation of neuronal function, and depression in the brain. This study aims to identify the cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways of SGK1 in neuronal cells. In this study, the SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394 is used to suppress SGK1 expression in PC12 cells using an in vitro neuroscience research platform. Comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the effects of SGK1 inhibition in nervous cells using mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq), differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and gene enrichment analysis. In total, 12,627 genes were identified, including 675 and 2152 DEGs at 48 and 72 h after treatment with GSK650394 in PC12 cells, respectively. Gene enrichment analysis data indicated that SGK1 inhibition-induced DEGs were enriched in 94 and 173 genes associated with vascular development and functional regulation and were validated using real-time PCR, Western blotting, and GEPIA2. Therefore, this study uses RNA-seq, DEG analysis, and GEPIA2 correlation analysis to identify positive candidate genes and signaling pathways regulated by SGK1 in rat nervous cells, which will enable further exploration of the underlying molecular signaling mechanisms of SGK1 and provide new insights into neuromodulation in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-He Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Sun
- Physical Examination Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ming Chen
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
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Leonurine Regulates Hippocampal Nerve Regeneration in Rats with Chronic and Unpredictable Mild Stress by Activating SHH/GLI Signaling Pathway and Restoring Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolic Homeostasis. Neural Plast 2023; 2023:1455634. [PMID: 36647544 PMCID: PMC9840550 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1455634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent and heterogeneous disorder that requires new strategies to overcome depression. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether leonurine modulated hippocampal nerve regeneration in chronic and unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats through the SHH/GLI signaling pathway and restoring gut microbiota and microbial metabolic homeostasis. The CUMS rat model was constructed and treated with leonurine. The body weight of rats was recorded, and a series of tests were performed. Western blot was utilized to measure the expression of BDNF and 5-HT in the hippocampus. Then the expression of SHH, GLI, PTCH, and SMO were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. The colocalization of BrdU+DCX and BrdU+NeuN was evaluated by IF. 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing was applied to detect the composition and distribution of gut microbiota. The differential metabolites were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics. The correlation between gut microbiota and microbial metabolites was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient. After CUMS modeling, the body weight of rats was decreased, and the expression of BDNF and 5-HT were decreased, while the body weight was recovered, and the expression of BDNF and 5-HT were increased after leonurine treatment. Leonurine reversed the reduction in the colocalization of BrdU+DCX and BrdU+NeuN and the reduction in the levels of SHH, GLI, PTCH, and SMO induced by CUMS modeling. Leonurine also restored gut microbiota and microbial metabolites homeostasis in CUMS rats. Furthermore, Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group was negatively correlated with 3-Oxocholic acid, nutriacholic acid, and cholic acid. Collectively, leonurine regulated hippocampal nerve regeneration in CUMS rats by activating the SHH/GLI signaling pathway and restoring gut microbiota and microbial metabolic homeostasis.
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Sun Y, Zhao J, Rong J. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant activities of herbal medicines through the comprehensive review of the recent literatures. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1054726. [PMID: 36620687 PMCID: PMC9813794 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1054726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is clinically defined as a mood disorder with persistent feeling of sadness, despair, fatigue, and loss of interest. The pathophysiology of depression is tightly regulated by the biosynthesis, transport and signaling of neurotransmitters [e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] in the central nervous system. The existing antidepressant drugs mainly target the dysfunctions of various neurotransmitters, while the efficacy of antidepressant therapeutics is undermined by different adverse side-effects. The present review aimed to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant activities of herbal medicines toward the development of effective and safe antidepressant drugs. Our strategy involved comprehensive review and network pharmacology analysis for the active compounds and associated target proteins. As results, 45 different antidepressant herbal medicines were identified from various in vivo and in vitro studies. The antidepressant mechanisms might involve multiple signaling pathways that regulate neurotransmitters, neurogenesis, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, endocrine, and microbiota. Importantly, herbal medicines could modulate broader spectrum of the cellular pathways and processes to attenuate depression and avoid the side-effects of synthetic antidepressant drugs. The present review not only recognized the antidepressant potential of herbal medicines but also provided molecular insights for the development of novel antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Sun
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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12
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Wang Z, Cheng Y, Lu Y, Sun G, Pei L. Baicalin coadministration with lithium chloride enhanced neurogenesis via GSK3β pathway in corticosterone induced PC-12 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:605-613. [PMID: 35296580 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating studies suggest that hippocampal neurogenesis plays a crucial role in the pathological mechanism of depression. As a classic antidepressant, lithium chloride can play an antidepressant role by inhibiting GSK3β and promoting neurogenesis. Correspondingly, baicalin is a compound extracted from natural plants, which shows potential antidepressant effect, however, whether baicalin exerts antidepressant effects by promoting neurogenesis still needs further investigation. In the current study, we established an in vitro depression model through corticosterone induced PC-12 cells, and explored the potential mechanism of baicalin's antidepressant effect by comparing it with lithium chloride alone and the coadministration with lithium chloride. We used CCK-8 assay, EdU staining and cell cycle analysis to evaluate the state of cell survival and cell proliferation. The protein expression levels of neurodevelopmental related factors DCX, BDNF, and the GSK3β pathway-related proteins and mRNA were detected by Western blot and Real-time PCR. The results showed that baicalin could decrease the expression level of GSK3β, while upregulate the expression level of DCX, BDNF, Cyclin D1-CDK4/6, thus promoted cell proliferation and survival in CORT induced PC-12 cells. Moreover, this effect was enhanced when baicalin and lithium chloride were coadministration. Taking the above results together, we conclude that baicalin can promote the proliferation and development of PC-12 cells by regulating GSK3β pathway, so as to reverse the depressive-like pathological changes induced by corticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine
| | | | - Ye Lu
- Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Lin Pei
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine.,Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
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13
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Wang M, Liu X, Wu Y, Wang Y, Cui J, Sun J, Bai Y, Lang MF. ΜicroRNA-122 protects against ischemic stroke by targeting Maf1. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:616. [PMID: 33936273 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The protection of brain tissue against damage and the reduction of infarct size is crucial for improving patient prognosis following ischemic stroke. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of microRNA (miR)-122 and its target gene repressor of RNA polymerase III transcription MAF1 homolog (Maf1) on the infarct area in ischemic stroke. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to determine miR-122 expression levels in an ischemic stroke [middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)] mouse model. Nissl staining was conducted to measure the infarct area of the MCAO mouse model. Moreover, RT-qPCR was performed to investigate the relationship between the expression of Maf1 and miR-122 in the MCAO mouse model. Dual-luciferase reporter assay in vitro and miR-122 mimic or inhibitor treatment in vivo were conducted to verify that miR-122 targeted and inhibited Maf1 expression. The results suggested that miR-122 was upregulated in the brain tissue of MCAO model mice. miR-122 overexpression effectively reduced the size of the infarct area in comparison with a control and miR-122 knockdown in brain tissue resulted in the opposite effect. Moreover, Maf1 was confirmed to be a direct target of miR-122. The results of a dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR-122 bound to the 3'-untranslated region of Maf1. Maf1 expression decreased after stroke model induction in comparison with that in sham animals, and Maf1 expression was negatively associated with the expression of miR-122. In addition, miR-122 knockdown increased Maf1 expression levels, whereas miR-122 overexpression decreased Maf1 expression levels in comparison with a control. In conclusion, the results suggested that miR-122 improved the outcome of acute ischemic stroke by reducing the expression of Maf1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wu
- Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, P.R. China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Fei Lang
- Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, P.R. China
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14
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Huang L, Xu DQ, Chen YY, Yue SJ, Tang YP. Leonurine, a potential drug for the treatment of cardiovascular system and central nervous system diseases. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01995. [PMID: 33300684 PMCID: PMC7882174 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leonurus japonicus Houtt., a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is often used as a gynecological medicine with the effect of promoting blood circulation, regulating menstruation, clearing heat, and detoxificating. As the most important alkaloid in L. japonicus, leonurine has a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Cardiovascular system and central nervous system diseases are arrogant killers that threaten human lives and health around the world, but many drugs for treating them have certain side effects. This paper reviews the potential therapeutic effects of leonurine on cardiovascular system and central nervous system diseases, summarizes the previous research progress, and focuses on its therapeutic effect in various diseases. Although leonurine plays a prominent role in the treatment of cardiovascular system and central nervous system diseases, there are still some shortages, such as low bioavailability, weak transmembrane ability, and poor fat solubility. Therefore, the structure modification of leonurine may solve these problems and provide reference value for the development of new drugs. At present, leonurine is in clinical trial, and it is hoped that our summary will help to provide guidance for its future research on the basic science and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Ding-Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
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15
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Angeloni S, Spinozzi E, Maggi F, Sagratini G, Caprioli G, Borsetta G, Ak G, Sinan KI, Zengin G, Arpini S, Mombelli G, Ricciutelli M. Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Crude and Purified Leonurus cardiaca Extracts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:195. [PMID: 33494336 PMCID: PMC7911824 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leonurus cardiaca L. (Lamiaceae) is a perennial herb distributed in Asia and Southeastern Europe and has been used in traditional medicine since antiquity for its role against cardiac and gynecological disorders. The polar extracts obtained from L. cardiaca aerial parts contain several compounds among which alkaloids, iridoids, labdane diterpenes, and phenylethanoid glycosides play a major role in conferring protection against the aforementioned diseases. On the other hand, the antioxidant activities and the enzyme inhibitory properties of these extracts have not yet been deeply studied. On the above, in the present study, crude and purified extracts were prepared from the aerial parts of L. cardiaca and have been chemically characterized by spectrophotometric assays and HPLC-DAD-MS analyses. Notably, the content of twelve secondary metabolites, namely phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, caffeoylmalic and trans-ferulic acids), flavonoids (rutin and quercetin), phenylethanoid glycosides (verbascoside and lavandulifolioside), guanidine pseudoalkaloids (leonurine), iridoids (harpagide), diterpenes (forskolin), and triterpenes (ursolic acid), has been determined. Furthermore, the extracts were tested for their antioxidant capabilities (phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and ferrous chelating assays) and enzyme inhibitory properties against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, and glucosidase. The purified extracts contained higher phytochemical content than the crude ones, with caffeoylmalic acid and verbascoside as the most abundant compounds. A linear correlation between total phenolics, radical scavenging activity, and reducing power of extracts has been found. Notably, quercetin, caffeic acid, lavandulifolioside, verbascoside, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and ursolic acid influenced the main variations in the bioactivities found in L. cardiaca extracts. Our findings provide further insights into the chemico-biological traits of L. cardiaca and a scientific basis for the development of nutraceuticals and food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.A.); (E.S.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (M.R.)
- International Hub for Coffee Research and Innovation, I-62020 Belforte del Chienti, Italy
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.A.); (E.S.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.A.); (E.S.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.A.); (E.S.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.A.); (E.S.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Germana Borsetta
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.A.); (E.S.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Gunes Ak
- Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.A.); (K.I.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
- Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.A.); (K.I.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.A.); (K.I.S.); (G.Z.)
| | | | | | - Massimo Ricciutelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.A.); (E.S.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (M.R.)
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16
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Dattilo V, Amato R, Perrotti N, Gennarelli M. The Emerging Role of SGK1 (Serum- and Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 1) in Major Depressive Disorder: Hypothesis and Mechanisms. Front Genet 2020; 11:826. [PMID: 32849818 PMCID: PMC7419621 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric disease characterized by persistent low mood, diminished interests, and impaired cognitive and social functions. The multifactorial etiology of MDD is still largely unknown because of the complex genetic and environmental interactions involved. Therefore, no established mechanism can explain all the aspects of the disease. In this light, an extensive research about the pathophysiology of MDD has been carried out. Several pathogenic hypotheses, such as monoamines deficiency and neurobiological alterations in the stress-responsive system, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the immune system, have been proposed for MDD. Over time, remarkable studies, mainly on preclinical rodent models, linked the serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) to the main features of MDD. SGK1 is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the AGK Kinase family. SGK1 is ubiquitously expressed, which plays a pivotal role in the hormonal regulation of several ion channels, carriers, pumps, and transcription factors or regulators. SGK1 expression is modulated by cell stress and hormones, including gluco- and mineralocorticoids. Compelling evidence suggests that increased SGK1 expression or function is related to the pathogenic stress hypothesis of major depression. Therefore, the first part of the present review highlights the putative role of SGK1 as a critical mediator in the dysregulation of the HPA axis, observed under chronic stress conditions, and its controversial role in the neuroinflammation as well. The second part depicts the negative regulation exerted by SGK1 in the expression of both the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), resulting in an anti-neurogenic activity. Finally, the review focuses on the antidepressant-like effects of anti-oxidative nutraceuticals in several preclinical model of depression, resulting from the restoration of the physiological expression and/or activity of SGK1, which leads to an increase in neurogenesis. In summary, the purpose of this review is a systematic analysis of literature depicting SGK1 as molecular junction of the complex mechanisms underlying the MDD in an effort to suggest the kinase as a potential biomarker and strategic target in modern molecular antidepressant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Dattilo
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosario Amato
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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17
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Tao Y, Xie Z, Shi J, Ou R, Wu H, Shi H, Huang F, Wu X. Hippocampal mRNA expression profiling in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:11-19. [PMID: 32534010 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity, affecting a person's thoughts, behavior, motivation, feelings and sense of well-being, which is associated with dramatical gene expression changes in hippocampus. Rodents induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) demonstrate typical depression-like behaviors similar to clinical patients, therefore, are commonly used as a model for depression and antidepressant study. In order to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of depression, in the present study, the hippocampal mRNA expression profile of mice exposed to CUMS for 5 weeks was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform followed by enrichment analysis, including Hierarchical Cluster, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Totally, 346 differently expressed mRNAs, including 208 downregulated and 138 upregulated, were identified in the hippocampus of the CUMS mice. KEGG biological pathway analysis showed that the upregulated and downregulated mRNAs were mostly enriched in 29 pathways and 8 pathways, respectively. PPI network analysis exposed that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was the crucial node with high connectivity degree. Additionally, most of these genes in PPI network analysis have previously been linked to energy metabolism and corticosterone responses. Overall, our results indicate the possible novel molecular targets for the therapy of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Zhejun Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Rongliwen Ou
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hailian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Fei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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18
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Xu T, Li X, Leng T, Zhuang T, Sun Y, Tang Y, Wang L, Yang M, Ji M. CYP2A13 Acts as the Main Metabolic CYP450s Enzyme for Activating Leonurine in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922149. [PMID: 32284524 PMCID: PMC7174896 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leonurine is an active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Leonurus japonicus. This study aimed to investigate the effects of overexpressed CYP450s on the metabolic activity of leonurine. Material/Methods BEAS-2B cells stably expressing CYP1A1, 1A2, 2A13, 2B6, and 3A4 were constructed. CYP450s expression was identified using reverse-transcription PCR and Western blot assay. CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the effect of leonurine on cell activity. Leonurine was incubated in vitro with CYP1A1, 1A2, 2A13, 2B6, and 3A4 metabolic enzymes to evaluate the clearance rate of CYP450 enzymes for leonurine. UPLC-MS was used to detect changes of drug concentration and discover the main metabolic enzymes affecting leonurine. Results BEAS-2B cells stably expressing CYP1A1, 1A2, 2A13, 2B6, and 3A4 were successfully constructed. According to primary mass spectra and secondary mass spectra of leonurine, the main metabolic enzymes were 312.1550 [H+] and 181.0484. Compared to the control group, residue of leonurine in CYP2A13 group was significantly reduced (F=5.307, p=0.024). Compared to the 0-min group, the clearance rate of leonurine in the CYP2A13-treated group was significantly decreased at 120 min after treatment (F=7.273, p=0.007). CCK-8 results also showed that activity of BEAS-2B cells that overexpress CYP2A13 gradually decreased with increased concentration of leonurine. Although CYP2A13 demonstrated good metabolic activity for leonurine, we found that CYP1A1, 1A2, 2B6, and 3A4 had no metabolic effects on leonurine. Conclusions Leonurine can be effectively activated through CYP2A13 enzyme metabolism, and further inhibits activity of human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Therefore, CYP2A13 is a main metabolic enzyme for leonurine in BEAS-2B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xuxu Li
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Tian Leng
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Tianchi Zhuang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yajun Tang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Li Wang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Muyi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Minghui Ji
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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19
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Ohmoto M, Shibuya Y, Taniguchi S, Nakade T, Nomura M, Ikeda-Matsuo Y, Daikoku T. Protective effects of butein on corticosterone-induced cytotoxicity in Neuro2A cells. IBRO Rep 2020; 8:82-90. [PMID: 32181410 PMCID: PMC7066037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Butein protected Neuro2A cells from CORT-induced apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase-3 activation, and DNA damage. CORT suppressed retinoic acid-induced neurite outgrowth in Neuro2A cells. Butein inhibited CORT-suppressed neurite outgrowth in Neuro2A cells. High doses of butein induced cytotoxicity in Neuro2A cells.
A functional understanding of the relationship between glucocorticoids and neuronal apoptosis induced by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to a novel strategy for the treatment or prevention of depression. Previous reports suggest that butein, a type of flavonoids, may be a potent candidate against depression-related neuronal cell apoptosis caused by oxidative stress; however, the protective effects of butein on damaged corticosterone (CORT)-treated neuronal cells has not been elucidated. In the present study, we examined the protective effect of butein on CORT-induced cytotoxicity and neurite growth during cell differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2A (N2A) cells. Moreover, the effect on cultured cells by high concentrations of butein was confirmed. Our results demonstrate that CORT treatment significantly decreases cell viability and induces cell death. CORT was suggested to induce apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase-3 activation; this apoptosis may be attributed to DNA damage by ROS generation, found in this study to be significantly inhibited by pretreatment with butein. We found that CORT produced significant growth suppression of retinoic acid-induced neurite outgrowth in N2A cells; however, butein significantly increased neurite length and induced dose-dependent apoptotic cytotoxicity in N2A cells. This study suggests that low concentration of butein can prevent CORT-induced cytotoxicity in N2A cells, and provides preliminary results supporting some of the beneficial roles of butein in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ohmoto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
| | - Yukina Shibuya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
| | - Shihori Taniguchi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakade
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nomura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
| | - Yuri Ikeda-Matsuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
| | - Tohru Daikoku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
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