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Qiao S, Zhang WY, Xie YF, Li HY, Cui CS, Tao SX, Xin T, Liu QJ. Diagnostic signatures and immune cell infiltration characteristics in anti-GABA BR encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 388:578296. [PMID: 38309225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR) encephalitis is an uncommon form of autoimmune encephalitis associated with a poor prognosis and a high fatality rate. We aim to find diagnostic markers for anti- GABABR encephalitis as well as the effects of immune cell infiltration on this pathology. METHODS For quantitative proteomic analysis, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation were used in conjunction with LC-MS/MS analysis. To conduct functional correlation analyses, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Following that, we used bioinformatics analysis to screen for and determine the diagnostic signatures of anti- GABABR encephalitis. ROC curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic values. To assess the inflammatory status of anti- GABABR encephalitis, we used cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of the RNA transcript (CIBERSORT) and explored the link between diagnostic markers and infiltrating immune cells. RESULTS Overall, 108 robust DEPs (47 upregulated and 61 downregulated) were identified, of which 11 were immune related. The most impressively enriched pathways were complemented and coagulation cascades, actin cytoskeleton regulation, and cholesterol metabolism; GSEA revealed that the enriched pathways were considerably differentially connected to immune modulation. Eleven immune-related DEPs were chosen for further investigation. We developed a novel diagnostic model based on CSF1R and AZGP1 serum levels using ROC analysis (area under the ROC curve = 1). M1 macrophages and activated natural killer cells are likely to play a role in course of anti- GABABR encephalitis. CONCLUSION We identified CSF1R and AZGP1 are possible anti-GABABR encephalitis diagnostic indicators, and immune cell infiltration may have a significant impact on the development and occurrence of anti- GABABR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Qiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Yun-Fang Xie
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hai-Yun Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cai-San Cui
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shu-Xin Tao
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Qi-Ji Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Liang Y, Zhao L, Dai C, Liu G, Zhong Y, Liu H, Mo L, Tan C, Liu X, Chen L. Epileptiform Discharges Reduce Neuronal ATP Production by Inhibiting F0F1-ATP Synthase Activity via A Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein-Dependent Mechanism. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6627-6641. [PMID: 37468739 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal energy metabolism dysfunction, especially adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply decrease, is observed in epilepsy and associated with epileptogenesis and prognosis. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is known as an important modulator of energy metabolism and involved in neuronal glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and ketogenesis impairment in seizures, but its effect on neuronal ATP synthesis in seizures and the specific mechanism are unclear. In this study, we verified the localization of ZAG in primary cultured neuronal mitochondria by using double-labeling immunofluorescence, immune electron microscopy, and western blot. ZAG level in neuronal mitochondria was modulated by lentiviruses and detected by western blot. The F0F1-ATP synthase activity, ATP level, and acetyl-CoA level were measured. The binding between ZAG and F0F1-ATP synthase was determined by coimmunoprecipitation. We found that both ZAG and F0F1-ATP synthase existed in neuronal mitochondria, and there was mutual binding between them. Epileptiform discharge-induced decrease of mitochondrial ZAG level was reversed by ZAG overexpression. Epileptiform discharge or ZAG knockdown decreased F0F1-ATP synthase activity and ATP level in neurons, which were reversed by ZAG overexpression, while overexpression of ZAG along only increased F0F1-ATP synthase activity but not increased ATP level. Meanwhile, neither epileptiform discharges nor changes of ZAG level can alter the acetyl-CoA level. Moreover, epileptiform discharge did not alter F0F1-ATP synthase level. In conclusion, epileptiform discharge-induced ZAG decrease in neuronal mitochondria is correlated to F0F1-ATP synthase activity inhibition, which may possibly lead to ATP supply impairments. ZAG may be a potential therapeutic target for treating neuronal energy metabolism dysfunction in seizures with further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Chengcheng Dai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yuke Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Changhong Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Sun H, Ma F, Chen W, Yang X. Adipokine ZAG Alters Depression-Like Behavior by Regulating Oxidative Stress in Hippocampus. Horm Metab Res 2022; 54:259-267. [PMID: 35255519 DOI: 10.1055/a-1759-3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is an adipokine involved in body metabolism, and now it has been shown to be present in the brain and play a role in some neurological diseases such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we employed ZAG knockout (KO) mice to investigate the effects of ZAG on behaviors after fasting and in vitro used overexpression (OV) ZAG in HT-22 cells to further clarify the possibly underlying mechanism. The results showed that ZAG exists widely in the brain tissues of mice and significantly increased during fasting. In ZAG KO group the depression-like behaviors were significantly increased after fasting for 24 hours, meanwhile the hippocampal reactive oxygen species (ROS) content was significantly increased. In vitro, serum deprivation led to the increasing of neuronal death and ROS, the reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels, while ZAG overexpression alleviated these negative effects. The β3 adrenoreceptor (β3AR)/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding (CREB) pathway possibly mediated the effects of ZAG on antioxidation. These results proposed a possible target for novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of depression and provide potential link between adipose tissue and psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangbing Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Fuli Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Peng W, Liu X, Tan C, Zhou W, Jiang J, Zhou X, Du J, Mo L, Chen L. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein relieved seizure-Induced neuronal glucose uptake impairment via insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor-regulated glucose transporter 3 expression. J Neurochem 2020; 157:695-709. [PMID: 33258143 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucose hypometabolism is observed in epilepsy and promotes epileptogenesis. Glucose hypometabolism in epilepsy may be attributed to decreased neuronal glucose uptake, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is related to glucose metabolism and is reported to suppress seizures. The anti-epileptic effect of ZAG may be attributed to its regulation of neuronal glucose metabolism. This study explored the effect of ZAG on neuronal glucose uptake and its molecular mechanism via insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R)-regulated glucose transporter 3 (GLUT-3) expression. The ZAG level was modulated by lentivirus in primary culture neurons. Neuronal seizure models were induced by Mg2+ -free artificial cerebrospinal fluid. We assessed neuronal glucose uptake by the 2-NBDG method and Glucose Uptake Colorimetric Assay Kit. IGF1R was activated by IGF1 and blocked by AXL1717. The expression and distribution of IGF1R and GLUT-3, together with IGF1R phosphorylation, were measured by western blot. The binding between ZAG and IGF1R was determined by coimmunoprecipitation. Neuronal glucose uptake and GLUT-3 expression were significantly decreased by seizure or ZAG knockdown, whereas ZAG over-expression or IGF1 treatment reversed this decrease. The effect of ZAG on neuronal glucose uptake and GLUT-3 expression was blocked by AXL1717. ZAG increased IGF1R distribution and phosphorylation possibly by binding. Additionally, IGF1R increased GLUT-3 activity by increasing GLUT-3 expression. In epilepsy/seizure, neuronal glucose uptake suppression may be attributed to a decrease in ZAG, which suppresses neuronal GLUT-3 expression by regulating the activity of IGF1R. ZAG, IGF1R, and GLUT-3 may be novel potential therapeutic targets of glucose hypometabolism in epilepsy and seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuxue Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changhong Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncong Du
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Huang R, Zhu Y, Lin L, Song S, Cheng L, Zhu R. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Enhanced the Neuroprotective Role of Curcumin against Epilepsy through Activation of Bcl-2 Family and P38 MAPK Pathways. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1985-1995. [PMID: 32464055 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress of neurons caused by a series of complex neuropathological processes will induce certain neurodegenerative disorders including epilepsy. Curcumin (Cur) is an effective natural antioxidant compound; however, the poor bioavailability obstructs its neural protective applications. In this study, Cur is encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for better neuroprotective efficacy. In vitro study certified that Cur-SLNs functioned obviously better against neuronal apoptosis than Cur, by significantly decreasing the level of free radical and reversing mitochondrial function through the activation of the Bcl-2 family. In vivo experiments showed that SLNs transported Cur through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The behavioral performance of epileptic mice was improved by Cur-SLNs, with more NeuN but less TUNEL positive cells observed in hippocampus. The in vivo mechanism was also explored. Cur-SLNs reduced neuronal apoptosis through Bcl2 family and P38 MAPK pathways. Overall, Cur-SLNs have better protective effects toward oxidative stress in neurons than free Cur both in vitro and in vivo, which suggests they may be a promising agent against neurodegenerative disorders including epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Huang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yanjing Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Lijuan Lin
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Simin Song
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
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Tan C, Liu X, Peng W, Wang H, Zhou W, Jiang J, Wei X, Mo L, Chen Y, Chen L. Seizure-induced impairment in neuronal ketogenesis: Role of zinc-α2-glycoprotein in mitochondria. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6833-6845. [PMID: 32340079 PMCID: PMC7299723 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies (KBs) were known to suppress seizure. Untraditionally, neurons were recently reported to utilize fatty acids and produce KBs, but the effect of seizure on neuronal ketogenesis has not been researched. Zinc‐α2‐glycoprotein (ZAG) was reported to suppress seizure via unclear mechanism. Interestingly, ZAG was involved in fatty acid β‐oxidation and thus may exert anti‐epileptic effect by promoting ketogenesis. However, this promotive effect of ZAG on neuronal ketogenesis has not been clarified. In this study, we performed immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to identify potential interaction partners with ZAG. The mechanisms of how ZAG translocated into mitochondria were determined by quantitative coimmunoprecipitation after treatment with apoptozole, a heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) inhibitor. ZAG level was modulated by lentivirus in neurons or adeno‐associated virus in rat brains. Seizure models were induced by magnesium (Mg2+)‐free artificial cerebrospinal fluid in neurons or intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole kindling in rats. Ketogenesis was determined by cyclic thio‐NADH method in supernatant of neurons or brain homogenate. The effect of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) on ZAG expression was examined by Western blot, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and chromatin immunoprecipitation qRT‐PCR. We found that seizure induced ketogenesis deficiency via a ZAG‐dependent mechanism. ZAG entered mitochondria through a HSC70‐dependent mechanism, promoted ketogenesis by binding to four β‐subunits of long‐chain L‐3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HADHB) and alleviated ketogenesis impairment in a neuronal seizure model and pentylenetetrazole‐kindled epileptic rats. Additionally, PPARγ activation up‐regulated ZAG expression by binding to promoter region of AZGP1 gene and promoted ketogenesis through a ZAG‐dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wuxue Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangmei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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