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Alexandrov PN, Pogue AI, Lukiw WJ. Synergism in aluminum and mercury neurotoxicity. INTEGRATIVE FOOD, NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2018; 5:10.15761/IFNM.1000214. [PMID: 29938114 PMCID: PMC6013271 DOI: 10.15761/ifnm.1000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum and mercury are common neurotoxic contaminants in our environment - from the air we breathe to the water that we drink to the foods that we eat. It is remarkable that to date neither of these two well-established environmental neurotoxins (i.e. those having a general toxicity towards brain cells) and genotoxins (those agents which exhibit directed toxicity toward the genetic apparatus) have been critically studied, nor have their neurotoxicities been evaluated in human neurobiology or in cells of the human central nervous system (CNS). In this paper we report the effects of added aluminum [sulfate; Al₂(SO₄)₃] and/or mercury [sulfate; HgSO4] to human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells in primary co-culture using the evolution of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB (p50/p65) complex as a critical indicator for the onset of inflammatory neurodegeneration and pathogenic inflammatory signaling. As indexed by significant induction of the NF-kB (p50/p65) complex the results indicate: (i) a notable increase in pro-inflammatory signaling imparted by each of these two environmental neurotoxins toward HNG cells in the ambient 20-200 nM range; and (ii) a significant synergism in the neurotoxicity when aluminum (sulfate) and mercury (sulfate) were added together. This is the first report on the neurotoxic effects of aluminum sulfate and/or mercury sulfate on the initiation of inflammatory signaling in human brain cells in primary culture. The effects aluminum+mercury together on other neurologically important signaling molecules or the effects of other combinations of common environmental metallic neurotoxins to human neurobiology currently remain not well understood but certainly warrant additional investigation and further study in laboratory animals, in human primary tissue cultures of CNS cells, and in other neurobiologically realistic experimental test systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter J Lukiw
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 113152, Russia
- Alchem Biotek Research, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans LA 70112, USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans LA 70112, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans LA 70112, USA
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Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severity factor and treatment target in intracerebral hemorrhage. This study aimed to investigate whether systemic edaravone, a free-radical scavenger, could attenuate the brain injury after IVH in a rat model. Our findings showed that an intraventricular injection of autologous whole blood resulted in acute brain edema, increased malondialdehyde level, and decreased superoxide dismutase enzyme activity. Immediate edaravone treatment after IVH can reduce IVH-induced brain edema and elevated lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, repeated edaravone treatment (immediately, 24 h, and 48 h after IVH) improved the IVH-induced learning and memory damage. These effects suggest that edaravone may be a potential therapeutic agent for IVH, especially those intracerebral hemorrhage patients with ventricular extension.
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Hill JM, Dua P, Clement C, Lukiw WJ. An evaluation of progressive amyloidogenic and pro-inflammatory change in the primary visual cortex and retina in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Front Neurosci 2014; 8:347. [PMID: 25429256 PMCID: PMC4228830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James M Hill
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prerna Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University Ruston, LA, USA
| | - Christian Clement
- Department of Natural Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Experimental Therapeutics and Human Toxicology Lab, Southern University at New Orleans New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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Bhattacharjee S, Zhao Y, Hill JM, Percy ME, Lukiw WJ. Aluminum and its potential contribution to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:62. [PMID: 24782759 PMCID: PMC3986683 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - James M Hill
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Microbiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Maire E Percy
- Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Surrey Place Centre Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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Metal-sulfate induced generation of ROS in human brain cells: detection using an isomeric mixture of 5- and 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-DCFDA) as a cell permeant tracer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9615-9626. [PMID: 22949820 PMCID: PMC3431818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during the patho-physiological stress of nervous tissue, has been implicated in the etiology of several progressive human neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amylotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this brief communication we used mixed isomers of 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-DCFDA; C25H14Cl2O9; MW 529.3), a novel fluorescent indicator, to assess ROS generation within human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells in primary co-culture. We introduced pathological stress using the sulfates of 12 environmentally-, industrially- and agriculturally-relevant divalent and trivalent metals including Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ga, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn. In this experimental test system, of all the metal sulfates analyzed, aluminum sulfate showed by far the greatest ability to induce intracellular ROS. These studies indicate the utility of using isomeric mixtures of carboxy-H2DCFDA diacetates as novel and highly sensitive, long-lasting, cell-permeant, fluorescein-based tracers for quantifying ROS generation in intact, metabolizing human brain cells, and in analyzing the potential epigenetic contribution of different metal sulfates to ROS-generation and ROS-mediated neurological dysfunction.
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Lukiw WJ. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide modulators and other current treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2012; 17:10.1517/14728214.2012.672559. [PMID: 22439907 PMCID: PMC3399957 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2012.672559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common, progressive neurological disorder whose incidence is reaching epidemic proportions. The prevailing "amyloid cascade hypothesis," which maintains that the aberrant proteolysis of beta-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) into neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides is central to the etiopathology of AD, continues to dominate pharmacological approaches to the clinical management of this insidious disorder. This review is a compilation and update on current pharmacological strategies designed to down-regulate Aβ42 peptide generation in an effort to ameliorate the tragedy of AD. Areas covered: This review utilized online data searches at various open online-access websites including the Alzheimer Association, Alzheimer Research Forum; individual drug company databases; the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Medline; Pharmaprojects database; Scopus; inter-University research communications; and unpublished research data. Expert opinion: Anti-acetylcholinesterase-, chelation-, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist-, statin-, Aβ immunization-, β-secretase-, γ-secretase-based, and other strategies to modulate βAPP processing, have dominated pharmacological approaches directed against AD-type neurodegenerative pathology. Cumulative clinical results of these efforts remain extremely disappointing, and have had little overall impact on the clinical management of AD. While a number of novel approaches are in consideration and development, to date there is still no effective treatment or cure for this expanding healthcare concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, LSU Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, , 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans LA 70112-2272 , USA +1 504 599 0842 ; +1 504 568 5801 ;
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Percy ME, Kruck TPA, Pogue AI, Lukiw WJ. Towards the prevention of potential aluminum toxic effects and an effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1505-12. [PMID: 22099160 PMCID: PMC3714848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In 1991, treatment with low dose intramuscular desferrioxamine (DFO), a trivalent chelator that can remove excessive iron and/or aluminum from the body, was reported to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by a factor of two. Twenty years later this promising trial has not been followed up and why this treatment worked still is not clear. In this critical interdisciplinary review, we provide an overview of the complexities of AD and involvement of metal ions, and revisit the neglected DFO trial. We discuss research done by us and others that is helping to explain involvement of metal ion catalyzed production of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of AD, and emerging strategies for inhibition of metal-ion toxicity. Highlighted are insights to be considered in the quests to prevent potentially toxic effects of aluminum toxicity and prevention and intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire E Percy
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Surrey Place Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 2C2.
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Dysregulation of iron metabolism in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2011; 2011:378278. [PMID: 22013437 PMCID: PMC3195304 DOI: 10.1155/2011/378278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of iron metabolism has been observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Utilization of several importers and exporters for iron transport in brain cells helps maintain iron homeostasis. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis leads to the production of neurotoxic substances and reactive oxygen species, resulting in iron-induced oxidative stress. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), circumstantial evidence has shown that dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis leads to abnormal iron accumulation. Several genetic studies have revealed mutations in genes associated with increased iron uptake, increased oxidative stress, and an altered inflammatory response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we review the recent findings on brain iron metabolism in common NDs, such as AD, PD, and ALS. We also summarize the conventional and novel types of iron chelators, which can successfully decrease excess iron accumulation in brain lesions. For example, iron-chelating drugs have neuroprotective effects, preventing neural apoptosis, and activate cellular protective pathways against oxidative stress. Glial cells also protect neurons by secreting antioxidants and antiapoptotic substances. These new findings of experimental and clinical studies may provide a scientific foundation for advances in drug development for NDs.
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Pogue AI, Percy ME, Cui JG, Li YY, Bhattacharjee S, Hill JM, Kruck TPA, Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. Up-regulation of NF-kB-sensitive miRNA-125b and miRNA-146a in metal sulfate-stressed human astroglial (HAG) primary cell cultures. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1434-7. [PMID: 22099153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) constitute a unique class of small, non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs) that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The presence of two inducible miRNAs, miRNA-125b and miRNA-146a, involved in respectively, astroglial cell proliferation and in the innate immune and inflammatory response, is significantly up-regulated in human neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study we analyzed abundances miRNA-125b and miRNA-146a in magnesium-, iron-, gallium, and aluminum-sulfate-stressed human-astroglial (HAG) cells, a structural and immune-responsive brain cell type. The combination of iron- plus aluminum-sulfate was found to be significantly synergistic in up-regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) abundance, NF-кB-DNA binding and miRNA-125b and miRNA-146a expression. Treatment of metal-sulfate stressed HAG cells with the antioxidant phenyl butyl nitrone (PBN) or the NF-кB inhibitors curcumin, the metal chelator-anti-oxidant pyrollidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), or the resveratrol analog CAY10512, abrogated both NF-кB signaling and induction of these miRNAs. Our observations further illustrate the potential of physiologically relevant amounts of aluminum and iron sulfates to synergistically up-regulate specific miRNAs known to contribute to AD-relevant pathogenetic mechanisms, and suggest that antioxidants or NF-кB inhibitors may be useful to quench metal-sulfate triggered genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen I Pogue
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
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Jin H, Randazzo J, Zhang P, Kador PF. Multifunctional antioxidants for the treatment of age-related diseases. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1117-27. [PMID: 20078105 PMCID: PMC2826224 DOI: 10.1021/jm901381j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of N,N-dimethyl-4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazine-1-sulfonamide possessing a free radical scavenger group (FRS), chelating groups (CHL), or both (FRS + CHL) have been synthesized. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry studies indicate that select members of this series bind ions in the relative order of Cu(1+) = Cu(2+) > Fe(2+) = Fe(3+) > Zn(2+) with no binding of Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) observed. In vitro evaluation of these compounds in human lens epithelial, human retinal pigmented epithelial, and human hippocampal astrocyte cell lines indicates that all analogues possessing the FRS group as well as the water-soluble vitamin E analogue 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid protect these cells against decreased cell viability and glutathione levels induced by hydrogen peroxide. In addition, those compounds possessing CHL groups also protected these cells against hydroxyl radicals generated by the Fenton reaction. These compounds are good candidates for the preventive treatment of cataract, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Alzheimer's dementia (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Jin
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - James Randazzo
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Peter F. Kador
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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Cahill CM, Lahiri DK, Huang X, Rogers JT. Amyloid precursor protein and alpha synuclein translation, implications for iron and inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1790:615-28. [PMID: 19166904 PMCID: PMC3981543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies that alleles in the hemochromatosis gene may accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease by five years have validated interest in the model in which metals (particularly iron) accelerate disease course. Biochemical and biophysical measurements demonstrated the presence of elevated levels of neurotoxic copper zinc and iron in the brains of AD patients. Intracellular levels of APP holoprotein were shown to be modulated by iron by a mechanism that is similar to the translation control of the ferritin L- and H mRNAs by iron-responsive element (IRE) RNA stem loops in their 5' untranslated regions (5'UTRs). More recently a putative IRE-like sequence was hypothesized present in the Parkinsons's alpha synuclein (ASYN) transcript (see [A.L. Friedlich, R.E. Tanzi, J.T. Rogers, The 5'-untranslated region of Parkinson's disease alpha-synuclein messenger RNA contains a predicted iron responsive element, Mol. Psychiatry 12 (2007) 222-223. [6]]). Together with the demonstration of metal dependent translation of APP mRNA, the involvement of metals in the plaque of AD patients and of increased iron in striatal neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease patients have stimulated the development of metal attenuating agents and iron chelators as a major new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these neurodegenerative diseases. In the case of AD, metal based therapeutics may ultimately prove more cost effective than the use of an amyloid vaccine as the preferred anti-amyloid therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the cognitive decline of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Cahill
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry-Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), Harvard Medical School, CNY2, Building 149, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Bolognin S, Drago D, Messori L, Zatta P. Chelation therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:547-70. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Neurol 2009; 22:321-9. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32832cf9cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lukiw WJ. Emerging amyloid beta (Ab) peptide modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:255-71. [PMID: 18537520 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.2.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the 'amyloid cascade hypothesis' of Alzheimer's disease (AD), abnormal processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) into toxic amyloid beta (Abeta)-peptides is central to the etiopathology of this uniquely human brain disorder. OBJECTIVE To review current AD drugs, pharmacological approaches and strategies aimed at modulating Abeta-peptide generation and/or aggregation in the treatment of AD. METHODS Data searches at various websites: Alzheimer Research Forum; individual drug company databases; Medline; Pharmaprojects database; unpublished research; inter-University research communications. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Considerable research effort has focused on secretase-mediated mechanisms of betaAPP processing, and the latest pharmacological strategies have used selective Abeta-peptide-lowering agents (SALA) to provide therapeutic benefit against Abeta-initiated neurodegenerative pathology. Currently, dedicated anticholinesterase, glutamatergic agonist and Abeta-peptide immunization have had little impact in the clinical treatment of AD. One unexpected benefit of statins (HMG-CoA inhibitors), besides their cholesterol lowering abilities, has been their ancillary effects in potentiating the enzymatic mechanisms that generate Abeta-peptides. The long-term benefits or complications of statin-based therapies for use in the clinical management of AD are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, LSU Neuroscience Center of Excellence, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 8B8, New Orleans, LA 70112-2272, USA.
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