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Carlsen EØ, Lee Y, Magnus P, Jugessur A, Page CM, Nustad HE, Håberg SE, Lie RT, Magnus MC. An examination of mediation by DNA methylation on birthweight differences induced by assisted reproductive technologies. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:151. [PMID: 36443807 PMCID: PMC9703677 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children born after assisted reproductive technologies (ART) differ in birthweight from those naturally conceived. It has been hypothesized that this might be explained by epigenetic mechanisms. We examined whether cord blood DNA methylation mediated the birthweight difference between 890 newborns conceived by ART (764 by fresh embryo transfer and 126 frozen thawed embryo transfer) and 983 naturally conceived newborns from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). DNA methylation was measured by the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array. We conducted mediation analyses to assess whether differentially methylated CpGs mediated the differences in birthweight observed between: (1) fresh embryo transfer and natural conception and (2) frozen and fresh embryo transfer. RESULTS We observed a difference in birthweight between fresh embryo transfer and naturally conceived offspring of - 120 g. 44% (95% confidence interval [CI] 26% to 81%) of this difference in birthweight between fresh embryo transfer and naturally conceived offspring was explained by differences in methylation levels at four CpGs near LOXL1, CDH20, and DRC1. DNA methylation differences at two CpGs near PTGS1 and RASGRP4 jointly mediated 22% (95% CI 8.1% to 50.3%) of the birthweight differences between fresh and frozen embryo transfer. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that DNA methylation is an important mechanism in explaining birthweight differences according to the mode of conception. Further research should examine how gene regulation at these loci influences fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ø. Carlsen
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunsung Lee
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian M. Page
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Haakon E. Nustad
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ,Deepinsight, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri E. Håberg
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolv T. Lie
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria C. Magnus
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Matsunaga E, Nambu S, Oka M, Iriki A. Complex and dynamic expression of cadherins in the embryonic marmoset cerebral cortex. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:474-483. [PMID: 26081465 PMCID: PMC4744772 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule widely expressed in the nervous system. Previously, we analyzed the expression of nine classic cadherins (Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh10, Cdh11, Cdh12, and Cdh20) and T-cadherin (Cdh13) in the developing postnatal common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain, and found differential expressions between mice and marmosets. In this study, to explore primate-specific cadherin expression at the embryonic stage, we extensively analyzed the expression of these cadherins in the developing embryonic marmoset brain. Each cadherin showed differential spatial and temporal expression and exhibited temporally complicated expression. Furthermore, the expression of some cadherins differed from that in rodent brains, even at the embryonic stage. These results suggest the possibility that the differential expressions of diverse cadherins are involved in primate specific cortical development, from the prenatal to postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsunaga
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sanae Nambu
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mariko Oka
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
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Matsunaga E, Nambu S, Oka M, Iriki A. Complementary and dynamic type II cadherin expression associated with development of the primate visual system. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:535-43. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsunaga
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Sanae Nambu
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Mariko Oka
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako 351-0198 Japan
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Matsunaga E, Okanoya K. Cadherins: potential regulators in the faculty of language. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 28:28-33. [PMID: 24988490 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cadherin superfamily is a large (now more than 100 proteins) protein family originally identified as cell adhesion molecules. Each cadherin shows distinct expression patterns in the nervous system, and their expressions are both spatially and temporally regulated and diverse among different species. Mounting evidence has suggested that cadherins play multiple roles in neural development and functions. Recently, using songbirds and mice, the potential role of cadherins in vocal behavior has been demonstrated. Here, we will briefly introduce general function of cadherins, and analyze the potential involvement of cadherins in vocal behaviors and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsunaga
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan; ERATO Okanoya Emotional Information Project, JST-ERATO, Japan; Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan.
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Matsunaga E, Nambu S, Oka M, Okanoya K, Iriki A. Comparative analysis of protocadherin-11 X-linked expression among postnatal rodents, non-human primates, and songbirds suggests its possible involvement in brain evolution. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58840. [PMID: 23527036 PMCID: PMC3601081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protocadherin-11 is a cell adhesion molecule of the cadherin superfamily. Since, only in humans, its paralog is found on the Y chromosome, it is expected that protocadherin-11X/Y plays some role in human brain evolution or sex differences. Recently, a genetic mutation of protocadherin-11X/Y was reported to be associated with a language development disorder. Here, we compared the expression of protocadherin-11 X-linked in developing postnatal brains of mouse (rodent) and common marmoset (non-human primate) to explore its possible involvement in mammalian brain evolution. We also investigated its expression in the Bengalese finch (songbird) to explore a possible function in animal vocalization and human language faculties. Methodology/Principal Findings Protocadherin-11 X-linked was strongly expressed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and brainstem. Comparative analysis between mice and marmosets revealed that in certain areas of marmoset brain, the expression was clearly enriched. In Bengalese finches, protocadherin-11 X-linked was expressed not only in nuclei of regions of the vocal production pathway and the tracheosyringeal hypoglossal nucleus, but also in areas homologous to the mammalian amygdala and hippocampus. In both marmosets and Bengalese finches, its expression in pallial vocal control areas was developmentally regulated, and no clear expression was seen in the dorsal striatum, indicating a similarity between songbirds and non-human primates. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that the enriched expression of protocadherin-11 X-linked is involved in primate brain evolution and that some similarity exists between songbirds and primates regarding the neural basis for vocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsunaga
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan.
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Defects in ultrasonic vocalization of cadherin-6 knockout mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49233. [PMID: 23173049 PMCID: PMC3500271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although some molecules have been identified as responsible for human language disorders, there is still little information about what molecular mechanisms establish the faculty of human language. Since mice, like songbirds, produce complex ultrasonic vocalizations for intraspecific communication in several social contexts, they can be good mammalian models for studying the molecular basis of human language. Having found that cadherins are involved in the vocal development of the Bengalese finch, a songbird, we expected cadherins to also be involved in mouse vocalizations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To examine whether similar molecular mechanisms underlie the vocalizations of songbirds and mammals, we categorized behavioral deficits including vocalization in cadherin-6 knockout mice. Comparing the ultrasonic vocalizations of cadherin-6 knockout mice with those of wild-type controls, we found that the peak frequency and variations of syllables were differed between the mutant and wild-type mice in both pup-isolation and adult-courtship contexts. Vocalizations during male-male aggression behavior, in contrast, did not differ between mutant and wild-type mice. Open-field tests revealed differences in locomotors activity in both heterozygote and homozygote animals and no difference in anxiety behavior. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that cadherin-6 plays essential roles in locomotor activity and ultrasonic vocalization. These findings also support the idea that different species share some of the molecular mechanisms underlying vocal behavior.
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Matsunaga E, Suzuki K, Kato S, Kurotani T, Kobayashi K, Okanoya K. Dynamic expression of cadherins regulates vocal development in a songbird. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25272. [PMID: 21949888 PMCID: PMC3176824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since, similarly to humans, songbirds learn their vocalization through imitation during their juvenile stage, they have often been used as model animals to study the mechanisms of human verbal learning. Numerous anatomical and physiological studies have suggested that songbirds have a neural network called ‘song system’ specialized for vocal learning and production in their brain. However, it still remains unknown what molecular mechanisms regulate their vocal development. It has been suggested that type-II cadherins are involved in synapse formation and function. Previously, we found that type-II cadherin expressions are switched in the robust nucleus of arcopallium from cadherin-7-positive to cadherin-6B-positive during the phase from sensory to sensorimotor learning stage in a songbird, the Bengalese finch. Furthermore, in vitro analysis using cultured rat hippocampal neurons revealed that cadherin-6B enhanced and cadherin-7 suppressed the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents via regulating dendritic spine morphology. Methodology/Principal Findings To explore the role of cadherins in vocal development, we performed an in vivo behavioral analysis of cadherin function with lentiviral vectors. Overexpression of cadherin-7 in the juvenile and the adult stages resulted in severe defects in vocal production. In both cases, harmonic sounds typically seen in the adult Bengalese finch songs were particularly affected. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that cadherins control vocal production, particularly harmonic sounds, probably by modulating neuronal morphology of the RA nucleus. It appears that the switching of cadherin expressions from sensory to sensorimotor learning stage enhances vocal production ability to make various types of vocalization that is essential for sensorimotor learning in a trial and error manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsunaga
- Laboratory for Biolinguistics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
- * E-mail: (EM); (KO)
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Laboratory for Biolinguistics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
- ERATO Okanoya Emotional Information Project, JST-ERATO, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tohru Kurotani
- ERATO Okanoya Emotional Information Project, JST-ERATO, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Laboratory for Biolinguistics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
- ERATO Okanoya Emotional Information Project, JST-ERATO, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
- * E-mail: (EM); (KO)
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