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Giovannini D, Antonelli F, Casciati A, De Angelis C, Denise Astorino M, Bazzano G, Fratini E, Ampollini A, Vadrucci M, Cisbani E, Nenzi P, Picardi L, Saran A, Marino C, Mancuso M, Ronsivalle C, Pazzaglia S. Comparing the effects of irradiation with protons or photons on neonatal mouse brain: Apoptosis, oncogenesis and hippocampal alterations. Radiother Oncol 2024; 195:110267. [PMID: 38614282 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Medulloblastoma (MB) is a common primary brain cancer in children. Proton therapy in pediatric MB is intensively studied and widely adopted. Compared to photon, proton radiations offer potential for reduced toxicity due to the characteristic Bragg Peak at the end of their path in tissue. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of irradiation with the same dose of protons or photons in Patched1 heterozygous knockout mice, a murine model predisposed to cancer and non-cancer radiogenic pathologies, including MB and lens opacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS TOP-IMPLART is a pulsed linear proton accelerator for proton therapy applications. We compared the long-term health effects of 3 Gy of protons or photons in neonatal mice exposed at postnatal day 2, during a peculiarly susceptible developmental phase of the cerebellum, lens, and hippocampus, to genotoxic stress. RESULTS Experimental testing of the 5 mm Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) proton beam, through evaluation of apoptotic response, confirmed that both cerebellum and hippocampus were within the SOBP irradiation field. While no differences in MB induction were observed after irradiation with protons or photons, lens opacity examination confirmed sparing of the lens after proton exposure. Marked differences in expression of neurogenesis-related genes and in neuroinflammation, but not in hippocampal neurogenesis, were observed after irradiation of wild-type mice with both radiation types. CONCLUSION In-vivo experiments with radiosensitive mouse models improve our mechanistic understanding of the dependence of brain damage on radiation quality, thus having important implications in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giovannini
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonelli
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Arianna Casciati
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maria Denise Astorino
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Bazzano
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Emiliano Fratini
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ampollini
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Monia Vadrucci
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy; Italian Space Agency, Science and Research Directorate, Via del Politecnico 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Nenzi
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Picardi
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Saran
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Carmela Marino
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Concetta Ronsivalle
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy.
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Madeira D, Lopes CR, Simões AP, Canas PM, Cunha RA, Agostinho P. Astrocytic A 2A receptors silencing negatively impacts hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory of adult mice. Glia 2023. [PMID: 37183905 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are wired to bidirectionally communicate with neurons namely with synapses, thus shaping synaptic plasticity, which in the hippocampus is considered to underlie learning and memory. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R) are a potential candidate to modulate this bidirectional communication, since A2A R regulate synaptic plasticity and memory and also control key astrocytic functions. Nonetheless, little is known about the role of astrocytic A2A R in synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory. Here, we investigated the impact of genetic silencing astrocytic A2A R on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory of adult mice. The genetic A2A R silencing in astrocytes was accomplished by a bilateral injection into the CA1 hippocampal area of a viral construct (AAV5-GFAP-GFP-Cre) that inactivate A2A R expression in astrocytes of male adult mice carrying "floxed" A2A R gene, as confirmed by A2A R binding assays. Astrocytic A2A R silencing alters astrocytic morphology, typified by an increment of astrocytic arbor complexity, and led to deficits in spatial reference memory and compromised hippocampal synaptic plasticity, typified by a reduction of LTP magnitude and a shift of synaptic long-term depression (LTD) toward LTP. These data indicate that astrocytic A2A R control astrocytic morphology and influence hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory of adult mice in a manner different from neuronal A2A R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Madeira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia R Lopes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana P Simões
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula M Canas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Kalinichenko SG, Pushchin II, Matveeva NY. Neurotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms in the ischemic neocortex. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 128:102230. [PMID: 36603664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal damage in ischemic stroke occurs due to permanent imbalance between the metabolic needs of the brain and the ability of the blood-vascular system to maintain glucose delivery and adequate gas exchange. Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity trigger complex processes of neuroinflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis of both neurons and glial cells. This review summarizes data on the structural and chemical changes in the neocortex and main cytoprotective effects induced by focal ischemic stroke. We focus on the expression of neurotrophins (NT) and molecular and cellular changes in neurovascular units in ischemic brain. We also discuss how these factors affect the apoptosis of cortical cells. Ischemic damage involves close interaction of a wide range of signaling molecules, each acting as an efficient marker of cell state in both the ischemic core and penumbra. NTs play the main regulatory role in brain tissue recovery after ischemic injury. Heterogeneous distribution of the BDNF, NT-3, and GDNF immunoreactivity is concordant with the selective response of different types of cortical neurons and glia to ischemic injury and allows mapping the position of viable neurons. Astrocytes are the central link in neurovascular coupling in ischemic brain by providing other cells with a wide range of vasotropic factors. The NT expression coincides with the distribution of reactive astrocytes, marking the boundaries of the penumbra. The development of ischemic stroke is accompanied by a dramatic change in the distribution of GDNF reactivity. In early ischemic period, it is mainly observed in cortical neurons, while in late one, the bulk of GDNF-positive cells are various types of glia, in particular, astrocytes. The proportion of GDNF-positive astrocytes increases gradually throughout the ischemic period. Some factors that exert cytoprotective effects in early ischemic period may display neurotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects later on. The number of apoptotic cells in the ischemic brain tissue correlates with the BDNF levels, corroborating its protective effects. Cytoprotection and neuroplasticity are two lines of brain protection and recovery after ischemic stroke. NTs can be considered an important link in these processes. To develop efficient pharmacological therapy for ischemic brain injury, we have to deepen our understanding of neurochemical adaptation of brain tissue to acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kalinichenko
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
| | - Igor I Pushchin
- Laboratory of Physiology, A.V. Zhirmusky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
| | - Natalya Yu Matveeva
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
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Topography of neurotrophins in the rat neocortex and their role in neuron apoptosis after experimental ischemic stroke. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 124:102122. [PMID: 35718293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal loss due to apoptosis after ischemic injury depends on the trophic support of neurons and cytoprotective effects of neurotrophins (NTs). Different NTs may activate both pro- and antiapoptotic factors. Their distribution in the ischemic core (IC) and penumbra (IP) has been poorly studied. The available data on the localization of NTs in the ischemic brain are contradictory and depend to a certain degree on the pathogenetic model used. The distribution of NTs in different layers of the ischemic cortex is also largely unknown hindering our understanding of their exact effects and targets in different zones of the ischemic brain. We examined the immunolocalization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the parietal cortex using a rat model of ischemic stroke due to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The spatial density of immunoreactive (IR) cells varied across the cortical layers and changed with time after ischemic injury. Their distribution in the IC differed considerably from that in the IP. The immunolocalization of neurotrophins in the contralateral hemisphere was similar to that in IP. We also studied the distribution of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors in IC and IP with and without intravenous BDNF administration. In the model without BDNF administration, the proportions of Bcl-2-, p53-, caspase-3-, and Mdm2-IR cells showed different dynamics during the ischemic period. In the model with BDNF administration, Mdm2 immunoreactivity was mainly observed in pyramidal cells of layers V/VI, and Bcl-2, in interneurons of layers II and III. The dynamics of p53 immunoreactivity was opposite to that of caspase-3 throughout the ischemic period. The present results suggest that after ischemic injury, 1) the number of neurotrophin-positive cells increases in the early ischemic period and decreases afterwards; 2) there is a close metabolic relationship between astrocytes and neurons contributing to their adaptation to ischemic conditions; 3) the IP borders undergo constant changes; 4) in the IP, neuronal loss occurs mainly by apoptotic pathway throughout the ischemic period; 5) BDNF may enhance considerably antiapoptotic mechanisms with a predominance of Mdm-2 activity in pyramidal neurons.
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Elevated endogenous GDNF induces altered dopamine signalling in mice and correlates with clinical severity in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3247-3261. [PMID: 35618883 PMCID: PMC9708553 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic increase in striatal dopamine is the primary dopaminergic abnormality in schizophrenia, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Here, we hypothesized that increased expression of endogenous GDNF could induce dopaminergic abnormalities that resemble those seen in schizophrenia. To test the impact of GDNF elevation, without inducing adverse effects caused by ectopic overexpression, we developed a novel in vivo approach to conditionally increase endogenous GDNF expression. We found that a 2-3-fold increase in endogenous GDNF in the brain was sufficient to induce molecular, cellular, and functional changes in dopamine signalling in the striatum and prefrontal cortex, including increased striatal presynaptic dopamine levels and reduction of dopamine in prefrontal cortex. Mechanistically, we identified adenosine A2a receptor (A2AR), a G-protein coupled receptor that modulates dopaminergic signalling, as a possible mediator of GDNF-driven dopaminergic abnormalities. We further showed that pharmacological inhibition of A2AR with istradefylline partially normalised striatal GDNF and striatal and cortical dopamine levels in mice. Lastly, we found that GDNF levels are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of first episode psychosis patients, and in post-mortem striatum of schizophrenia patients. Our results reveal a possible contributor for increased striatal dopamine signalling in a subgroup of schizophrenia patients and suggest that GDNF-A2AR crosstalk may regulate dopamine function in a therapeutically targetable manner.
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Dard R, Moreau M, Parizot E, Ghieh F, Brehier L, Kassis N, Serazin V, Lamaziere A, Racine C, di Clemente N, Vialard F, Janel N. DYRK1A Overexpression in Mice Downregulates the Gonadotropic Axis and Disturbs Early Stages of Spermatogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1800. [PMID: 34828406 PMCID: PMC8621272 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder. It is responsible for intellectual disability (ID) and several medical conditions. Although men with DS are thought to be infertile, some spontaneous paternities have been reported. The few studies of the mechanism of infertility in men with DS are now dated. Recent research in zebrafish has indicated that overexpression of DYRK1A (the protein primarily responsible for ID in DS) impairs gonadogenesis at the embryonic stage. To better ascertain DYRK1A's role in infertility in DS, we investigated the effect of DYRK1A overexpression in a transgenic mouse model. We found that overexpression of DYRK1A impairs fertility in transgenic male mice. Interestingly, the mechanism in mice differs slightly from that observed in zebrafish but, with disruption of the early stages of spermatogenesis, is similar to that seen in humans. Unexpectedly, we observed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in the transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Dard
- Laboratoire Processus Dégénératifs, Stress et Vieillissement, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France; (M.M.); (E.P.); (N.K.); (N.J.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, ENVA, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (F.G.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
- Département de Génétique, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, 78300 Poissy, France;
| | - Manon Moreau
- Laboratoire Processus Dégénératifs, Stress et Vieillissement, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France; (M.M.); (E.P.); (N.K.); (N.J.)
| | - Estelle Parizot
- Laboratoire Processus Dégénératifs, Stress et Vieillissement, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France; (M.M.); (E.P.); (N.K.); (N.J.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, ENVA, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (F.G.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Farah Ghieh
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, ENVA, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (F.G.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Leslie Brehier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, ENVA, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (F.G.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Laboratoire Processus Dégénératifs, Stress et Vieillissement, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France; (M.M.); (E.P.); (N.K.); (N.J.)
| | - Valérie Serazin
- Département de Génétique, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, 78300 Poissy, France;
| | - Antonin Lamaziere
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université-INSERM, 75012 Paris, France; (A.L.); (C.R.); (N.d.C.)
| | - Chrystèle Racine
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université-INSERM, 75012 Paris, France; (A.L.); (C.R.); (N.d.C.)
| | - Nathalie di Clemente
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université-INSERM, 75012 Paris, France; (A.L.); (C.R.); (N.d.C.)
| | - François Vialard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, ENVA, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (F.G.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
- Département de Génétique, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, 78300 Poissy, France;
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Laboratoire Processus Dégénératifs, Stress et Vieillissement, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France; (M.M.); (E.P.); (N.K.); (N.J.)
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Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Raish M, Ahmad SF. Adenosine A2A receptor modulates neuroimmune function through Th17/retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) signaling in a BTBR T + Itpr3 tf /J mouse model of autism. Cell Signal 2017; 36:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cunha RA. How does adenosine control neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 2016; 139:1019-1055. [PMID: 27365148 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1 R) and facilitatory A2A receptors (A2A R) in the brain. The activity-dependent release of adenosine acts as a brake of excitatory transmission through A1 R, which are enriched in glutamatergic terminals. Adenosine sharpens salience of information encoding in neuronal circuits: high-frequency stimulation triggers ATP release in the 'activated' synapse, which is locally converted by ecto-nucleotidases into adenosine to selectively activate A2A R; A2A R switch off A1 R and CB1 receptors, bolster glutamate release and NMDA receptors to assist increasing synaptic plasticity in the 'activated' synapse; the parallel engagement of the astrocytic syncytium releases adenosine further inhibiting neighboring synapses, thus sharpening the encoded plastic change. Brain insults trigger a large outflow of adenosine and ATP, as a danger signal. A1 R are a hurdle for damage initiation, but they desensitize upon prolonged activation. However, if the insult is near-threshold and/or of short-duration, A1 R trigger preconditioning, which may limit the spread of damage. Brain insults also up-regulate A2A R, probably to bolster adaptive changes, but this heightens brain damage since A2A R blockade affords neuroprotection in models of epilepsy, depression, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's disease. This initially involves a control of synaptotoxicity by neuronal A2A R, whereas astrocytic and microglia A2A R might control the spread of damage. The A2A R signaling mechanisms are largely unknown since A2A R are pleiotropic, coupling to different G proteins and non-canonical pathways to control the viability of glutamatergic synapses, neuroinflammation, mitochondria function, and cytoskeleton dynamics. Thus, simultaneously bolstering A1 R preconditioning and preventing excessive A2A R function might afford maximal neuroprotection. The main physiological role of the adenosine modulation system is to sharp the salience of information encoding through a combined action of adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R) in the synapse undergoing an alteration of synaptic efficiency with an increased inhibitory action of A1 R in all surrounding synapses. Brain insults trigger an up-regulation of A2A R in an attempt to bolster adaptive plasticity together with adenosine release and A1 R desensitization; this favors synaptotocity (increased A2A R) and decreases the hurdle to undergo degeneration (decreased A1 R). Maximal neuroprotection is expected to result from a combined A2A R blockade and increased A1 R activation. This article is part of a mini review series: "Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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The emerging role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in cerebral ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 137:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Purine nucleosides in neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:226-42. [PMID: 26577017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present review, we stress the importance of the purine nucleosides, adenosine and guanosine, in protecting the nervous system, both centrally and peripherally, via activation of their receptors and intracellular signalling mechanisms. A most novel part of the review focus on the mechanisms of neuronal regeneration that are targeted by nucleosides, including a recently identified action of adenosine on axonal growth and microtubule dynamics. Discussion on the role of the purine nucleosides transversally with the most established neurotrophic factors, e.g. brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), is also focused considering the intimate relationship between some adenosine receptors, as is the case of the A2A receptors, and receptors for neurotrophins. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Perígolo-Vicente R, Ritt K, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Giestal-de-Araujo E. IL-6, A1 and A2aR: a crosstalk that modulates BDNF and induces neuroprotection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 449:477-82. [PMID: 24845382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several diseases are related to retinal ganglion cell death, such as glaucoma, diabetes and other retinopathies. Many studies have attempted to identify factors that could increase neuroprotection after axotomy of these cells. Interleukin-6 has been shown to be able to increase the survival and regeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in mixed culture as well as in vivo. In this work we show that the trophic effect of IL-6 is mediated by adenosine receptor (A2aR) activation and also by the presence of extracellular BDNF. We also show that there is a complex cross-talk between IL-6, BDNF, the Adenosine A1 and A2a receptors that results in neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Perígolo-Vicente
- Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 24020-140, Brazil; Blizard Institute - Queen Mary, University of London, 4 Newark St, London, City of London, Greater London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen Ritt
- Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacodinâmica, Av. Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP: 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hugo Caire Castro-Faria-Neto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacodinâmica, Av. Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP: 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Giestal-de-Araujo
- Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 24020-140, Brazil
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Nanog attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses by blocking nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity in BV-2 cells. Neuroreport 2014; 24:718-23. [PMID: 23924954 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328363fd67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanog, a unique homeobox transcription factor, maintains self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells by binding to nuclear factor κB proteins in order to inhibit their transcriptional and prodifferentiation activities. We previously reported that Nanog attenuated inflammatory responses in rat primary microglia cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. However, the effects of Nanog on another microglia cell type, BV-2 cells, are still unknown. In this study, we investigated whether Nanog attenuated inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells and found that Nanog significantly decreased the release of nitric oxide and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase at the mRNA and protein levels. The production of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β was also significantly inhibited by Nanog. Further, we observed that the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor κB was dramatically reduced by Nanog. These results suggest that Nanog may be a potential anti-inflammatory therapy for neurological diseases caused by persistent microglia activation.
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