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Ashrafi R, Bruneaux M, Sundberg LR, Hoikkala V, Karvonen A. Multispecies coinfections and presence of antibiotics shape resistance and fitness costs in a pathogenic bacterium. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4447-4460. [PMID: 37303030 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a challenge for treatment of bacterial diseases. In real life, bacterial infections are typically embedded within complex multispecies communities and influenced by the environment, which can shape costs and benefits of AMR. However, knowledge of such interactions and their implications for AMR in vivo is limited. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated fitness-related traits of a pathogenic bacterium (Flavobacterium columnare) in its fish host, capturing the effects of bacterial antibiotic resistance, coinfections between bacterial strains and metazoan parasites (fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum) and antibiotic exposure. We quantified real-time replication and virulence of sensitive and resistant bacteria and demonstrate that both bacteria can benefit from coinfection in terms of persistence and replication, depending on the coinfecting partner and antibiotic presence. We also show that antibiotics can benefit resistant bacteria by increasing bacterial replication under coinfection with flukes. These results emphasize the importance of diverse, inter-kingdom coinfection interactions and antibiotic exposure in shaping costs and benefits of AMR, supporting their role as significant contributors to spread and long-term persistence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matthieu Bruneaux
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ville Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Lavrinenko IV, Shulha LV, Peredera ОО, Zhernosik IA, Peredera RV. Efficacy of acriflavin chloride and Melaleuca alternifolia extract against Saprolegnia parasitica infection in Pterophyllum scalare. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The article describes cases of saprolegniosis in Pterophyllum scalare in private aquaristics and assesses the therapeutic efficacy of acriflafin chloride against Saprolegnia parasitica infection. To establish the diagnosis, the clinical signs present in sick fish, the results of mycological and microscopic examinations are taken into account. Some chemical and mycological indices of aquarium water have been studied, and also mycological studies of fish feed have been carried out. It is established that the disease of fish develops against the background of adverse changes in physical, chemical composition and microbiocenosis of aquarium water. Low water temperature, high levels of phosphates and pH, a significant level of organic pollution, compared to the norm, provoke the accumulation of opportunistic microbiota, resulting in imbalance in the parasite-host system and the development of clinical manifestations of saprolegniosis in fish. It was found that 44.4% of the studied feed samples fed to fish were contaminated with epiphytic micromycetes. Micromycetes are represented by the genera Aspergillus, Penicilium, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus. Among the studied feeds, the most affected by fungi were larvae of Chironomus plumosus and dry Daphnia pulex. According to the results of our studies during outbreaks of saprolegniosis, the pH of aquarium water was 8.1 ± 0.7, the content of phosphates – 5.6 ± 1.1 mg/L, micromycetes – 18.0 ± 1.2 CFU/100 cm3. Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Penicillium canescens were detected in the studied water samples. With saprolegniosis, the angelfish have a reduced appetite, spots, ulcers, white thin threads, and a cotton-like plaque appear on certain areas of the skin, fins, eyes, and gills. It is established that effective means for the treatment of sick fish are external use in the form of a long bath of acriflavine chloride and extract of Melaleuca alternifolia. It is also effective to increase the water temperature to 25–27 °С, to ensure the normative fish-holding density in aquariums and to exclude from the diet fish feed contaminated with micromycetes. After using the drugs for two weeks every other day, water was replaced by 20% of the aquarium volume and aerated. As a result of the treatment, gradual healing of skin lesions and recovery of 65% of fish with signs of lesions of the outer coverings were registered. Thus, the article analyzes the causes of saprolegniosis in angelfish common in private aquariums, describes the clinical signs of the disease and assesses the therapeutic efficacy of acriflavine chloride and Melaleuca alternifolia extract against Saprolegnia parasitica infection. Prospects for further research lie in search of more effective and environmentally friendly means for the treatment of saprolegniosis in aquarium fish.
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Karvonen A, Räihä V, Klemme I, Ashrafi R, Hyvärinen P, Sundberg LR. Quantity and Quality of Aquaculture Enrichments Influence Disease Epidemics and Provide Ecological Alternatives to Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030335. [PMID: 33810018 PMCID: PMC8004632 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental heterogeneity is a central component influencing the virulence and epidemiology of infectious diseases. The number and distribution of susceptible hosts determines disease transmission opportunities, shifting the epidemiological threshold between the spread and fadeout of a disease. Similarly, the presence and diversity of other hosts, pathogens and environmental microbes, may inhibit or accelerate an epidemic. This has important applied implications in farming environments, where high numbers of susceptible hosts are maintained in conditions of minimal environmental heterogeneity. We investigated how the quantity and quality of aquaculture enrichments (few vs. many stones; clean stones vs. stones conditioned in lake water) influenced the severity of infection of a pathogenic bacterium, Flavobacterium columnare, in salmonid fishes. We found that the conditioning of the stones significantly increased host survival in rearing tanks with few stones. A similar effect of increased host survival was also observed with a higher number of unconditioned stones. These results suggest that a simple increase in the heterogeneity of aquaculture environment can significantly reduce the impact of diseases, most likely operating through a reduction in pathogen transmission (stone quantity) and the formation of beneficial microbial communities (stone quality). This supports enriched rearing as an ecological and economic way to prevent bacterial infections with the minimal use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (V.R.); (I.K.); (R.A.); (L.-R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-40-8053882; Fax: +358-14-2601021
| | - Ville Räihä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (V.R.); (I.K.); (R.A.); (L.-R.S.)
| | - Ines Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (V.R.); (I.K.); (R.A.); (L.-R.S.)
| | - Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (V.R.); (I.K.); (R.A.); (L.-R.S.)
| | - Pekka Hyvärinen
- Natural Resources and Bioproduction, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Manamansalontie 90, 88300 Paltamo, Finland;
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (V.R.); (I.K.); (R.A.); (L.-R.S.)
- Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Lavrinenko IV, Shulga LV, Peredera OO, Zhernosik IA. Analysis of the treatment regimen efficacy for columnaris disease in Pterophyllum scalare. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents the results of studies on the treatment scheme efficacy for columnaris in Pterophyllum scalare, common under private aquarium husbandry conditions. To establish the diagnosis, the clinical features of the diseased fish, pathological and anatomical changes and the results of microscopic and microbiological studies were taken into account. Separate chemical and microbiological parameters of aquarium water were also studied. It was established that fish disease developed against the background of adverse changes in the chemical composition and microbiocenosis of aquarium water. High alkalinity and excess of phosphates compared to the norm provoked accumulation of opportunistic microbiota, resulting in a balance disorder in the parasite-host system and development of clinical manifestation of the fish disease. During the disease outbreak, bacteriological indices of water indicated a high level of organic contamination and a low intensity of water self-purification processes. Clinically, the disease was manifested in P. scalare by decrease in appetite and motor activity, onset of ulcerative lesions of various shapes and sizes on the surface of the body and on the gill covers. Selected pure cultures of Flavobacterium columnare showed sensitivity to enrofloxacin (growth retardation zone 31.3 ± 1.0 mm); moderate resistance was found to tylosin. The microorganisms were resistant to amoxicillin, doxycycline, benzylpenicillin and tetracycline. Microscopic studies of intestinal specimens of dead P. scalare revealed numerous motile flagellates. It has been shown that an effective treatment regimen that provides recovery for 70% of diseased P. scalare is the use of enroxil 10% solution for five days, metronidazole three times a day, and “API MelaFix” for seven days. It is proved that the following measures are effective to restore the disrupted hydro-balance: periodic water replacement in the amount of 20% of the total volume, providing the aquarium with active aeration systems, planting slow-growing plants and reducing the amount of fish food provided. The measures developed were efficient, they led to elimination of the outbreak of columnaris in the P. scalare and to restoration of biological equilibrium in a closed aquatic ecosystem.
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Räihä V, Sundberg L, Ashrafi R, Hyvärinen P, Karvonen A. Rearing background and exposure environment together explain higher survival of aquaculture fish during a bacterial outbreak. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Räihä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Pekka Hyvärinen
- Aquatic Population Dynamics Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Paltamo Finland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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