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Imrie RM, Walsh SK, Roberts KE, Lello J, Longdon B. Investigating the outcomes of virus coinfection within and across host species. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011044. [PMID: 37216391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between coinfecting pathogens have the potential to alter the course of infection and can act as a source of phenotypic variation in susceptibility between hosts. This phenotypic variation may influence the evolution of host-pathogen interactions within host species and interfere with patterns in the outcomes of infection across host species. Here, we examine experimental coinfections of two Cripaviruses-Cricket Paralysis Virus (CrPV), and Drosophila C Virus (DCV)-across a panel of 25 Drosophila melanogaster inbred lines and 47 Drosophilidae host species. We find that interactions between these viruses alter viral loads across D. melanogaster genotypes, with a ~3 fold increase in the viral load of DCV and a ~2.5 fold decrease in CrPV in coinfection compared to single infection, but we find little evidence of a host genetic basis for these effects. Across host species, we find no evidence of systematic changes in susceptibility during coinfection, with no interaction between DCV and CrPV detected in the majority of host species. These results suggest that phenotypic variation in coinfection interactions within host species can occur independently of natural host genetic variation in susceptibility, and that patterns of susceptibility across host species to single infections can be robust to the added complexity of coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Imrie
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science, and Economy, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah K Walsh
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science, and Economy, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E Roberts
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science, and Economy, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Lello
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Longdon
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science, and Economy, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
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Dinges ZM, Phillips RK, Lively CM, Bashey F. Post‐association barrier to host switching maintained despite strong selection in a novel mutualism. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9011. [PMID: 35784049 PMCID: PMC9204852 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a host shift, repeated co‐passaging of a mutualistic pair is expected to increase fitness over time in one or both species. Without adaptation, a novel association may be evolutionarily short‐lived as it is likely to be outcompeted by native pairings. Here, we test whether experimental evolution can rescue a low‐fitness novel pairing between two sympatric species of Steinernema nematodes and their symbiotic Xenorhabdus bacteria. Despite low mean fitness in the novel association, considerable variation in nematode reproduction was observed across replicate populations. We selected the most productive infections, co‐passaging this novel mutualism nine times to determine whether selection could improve the fitness of either or both partners. We found that neither partner showed increased fitness over time. Our results suggest that the variation in association success was not heritable and that mutational input was insufficient to allow evolution to facilitate this host shift. Thus, post‐association costs of host switching may represent a formidable barrier to novel partnerships among sympatric mutualists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M. Dinges
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana USA
| | | | - Curtis M. Lively
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana USA
| | - Farrah Bashey
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana USA
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3
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Armitage SA, Genersch E, McMahon DP, Rafaluk-Mohr C, Rolff J. Tripartite interactions: how immunity, microbiota and pathogens interact and affect pathogen virulence evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100871. [PMID: 34999035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The bipartite interactions between insect hosts and their bacterial gut microbiota, or their bacterial pathogens, are empirically and theoretically well-explored. However, direct, and indirect tripartite interactions will also likely occur inside a host. These interactions will almost certainly affect the trajectory of pathogen virulence evolution, an area that is currently under researched. The interactions within tripartite associations can be competitive, that is, exploitative-competition, interference-competition or apparent-competition. Competitive interactions will be significantly influenced by non-competitive effects, for example, immunopathology, immunosuppression, and microbiota-mediated tolerance. Considering a combination of these interactions and effects, will enable an increased understanding of the evolution of pathogen virulence. This new perspective allows us to identify several novel research questions, which we hope will be a useful framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ao Armitage
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elke Genersch
- Institute for Bee Research, Friedrich-Engels-Straße 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany; Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Rafaluk-Mohr
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Rolff
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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5
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Facilitative priority effects drive parasite assembly under coinfection. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1510-1521. [PMID: 32868915 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Host individuals are often coinfected with diverse parasite assemblages, resulting in complex interactions among parasites within hosts. Within hosts, priority effects occur when the infection sequence alters the outcome of interactions among parasites. Yet, the role of host immunity in this process remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that the host response to the first infection could generate priority effects among parasites, altering the assembly of later-arriving strains during epidemics. We tested this by infecting sentinel host genotypes of Plantago lanceolata with strains of the fungal parasite Podosphaera plantaginis and measuring susceptibility to subsequent infection during experimental and natural epidemics. In these experiments, prior infection by one strain often increased susceptibility to other strains, and these facilitative priority effects altered the structure of parasite assemblages, but this effect depended on host genotype, host population and parasite genotype. Thus, host genotype, spatial structure and priority effects among strains all independently altered parasite assembly. Using a fine-scale survey and sampling of infections on wild hosts in several populations, we then identified a signal of facilitative priority effects, which altered parasite assembly during natural epidemics. Together, these results provide evidence that within-host priority effects of early-arriving strains can drive parasite assembly, with implications for how strain diversity is spatially and temporally distributed during epidemics.
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6
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Greischar MA, Alexander HK, Bashey F, Bento AI, Bhattacharya A, Bushman M, Childs LM, Daversa DR, Day T, Faust CL, Gallagher ME, Gandon S, Glidden CK, Halliday FW, Hanley KA, Kamiya T, Read AF, Schwabl P, Sweeny AR, Tate AT, Thompson RN, Wale N, Wearing HJ, Yeh PJ, Mideo N. Evolutionary consequences of feedbacks between within-host competition and disease control. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:30-34. [PMID: 32099654 PMCID: PMC7027713 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Lay Summary: Competition often occurs among diverse parasites within a single host, but control efforts could change its strength. We examined how the interplay between competition and control could shape the evolution of parasite traits like drug resistance and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Greischar
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Helen K Alexander
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Farrah Bashey
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ana I Bento
- Odum School of Ecology and the Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, 140 E Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amrita Bhattacharya
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Mary Bushman
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lauren M Childs
- Department of Mathematics, McBryde Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - David R Daversa
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Troy Day
- Departments of Mathematics & Biology, Jeffery Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christina L Faust
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Sylvain Gandon
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Caroline K Glidden
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Fletcher W Halliday
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Foster Hall, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Tsukushi Kamiya
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Andrew F Read
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes for the Life Sciences; Departments of Biology and Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Philipp Schwabl
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Amy R Sweeny
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Robin N Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.,Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.,Christ Church, University of Oxford, St Aldates, Oxford OX1 1DP, UK
| | - Nina Wale
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Ave, Biological Sciences Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Helen J Wearing
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics & Statistics, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Pamela J Yeh
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Dr South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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Sajnaga E, Kazimierczak W. Evolution and taxonomy of nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: an overview. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEntomopathogenic bacteria from the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are closely related Gram-negative bacilli from the family Enterobacteriaceae (γ-Proteobacteria). They establish obligate mutualistic associations with soil nematodes from the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis to facilitate insect pathogenesis. The research of these two bacterial genera is focused mainly on their unique interactions with two different animal hosts, i.e. nematodes and insects. So far, studies of the mutualistic bacteria of nematodes collected from around the world have contributed to an increase in the number of the described Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus species. Recently, the classification system of entomopatogenic nematode microsymbionts has undergone profound revision and now 26 species of the genus Xenorhabdus and 19 species of the genus Photorhabdus have been identified. Despite their similar life style and close phylogenetic origin, Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacterial species differ significantly in e.g. the nematode host range, symbiotic strategies for parasite success, and arrays of released antibiotics and insecticidal toxins. As the knowledge of the diversity of entomopathogenic nematode microsymbionts helps to enable the use thereof, assessment of the phylogenetic relationships of these astounding bacterial genera is now a major challenge for researchers. The present article summarizes the main information on the taxonomy and evolutionary history of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, entomopathogenic nematode symbionts.
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Bhattacharya A, Toro Díaz VC, Morran LT, Bashey F. Evolution of increased virulence is associated with decreased spite in the insect-pathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190432. [PMID: 31455168 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease virulence may be strongly influenced by social interactions among pathogens, both during the time course of an infection and evolutionarily. Here, we examine how spiteful bacteriocin production in the insect-pathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is evolutionarily linked to its virulence. We expected a negative correlation between virulence and spite owing to their inverse correlations with growth. We examined bacteriocin production and growth across 14 experimentally evolved lineages that show faster host-killing relative to their ancestral population. Consistent with expectations, these more virulent lineages showed reduced bacteriocin production and faster growth relative to the ancestor. Further, bacteriocin production was negatively correlated with growth across the examined lineages. These results strongly support an evolutionary trade-off between virulence and bacteriocin production and lend credence to the view that disease management can be improved by exploiting pathogen social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Bhattacharya
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Valeria C Toro Díaz
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Levi T Morran
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Farrah Bashey
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN, USA
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