1
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Dioguardi M, Polverari D, Spirito F, Iacovelli G, Sovereto D, Laneve E, Caloro GA, Ballini A, Lo Muzio L. Introspection of the Etiopathological Mechanisms Underlying Noncarious Cervical Lesions: Analysis of the Different Theories and Their Impact on the Mineralized Structures of the Tooth. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:8838314. [PMID: 37965274 PMCID: PMC10643036 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8838314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) recognize an etiological framework of onset very different from the carious processes with etiology whose bacteria aggregated in a biofilm play a predominant role, leading in this way to the loss of the mineralized structure of the tooth. The pathological picture of the NCCLs, which manifests itself with a clinical picture of dental wear, differs from caries because it mainly recognizes a series of pathological processes, such as erosion, through the action of generally acidic chemical agents and abrasion, which is basically expressed through repeated mechanical trauma characteristic of tooth brushing. However, in the literature, there is no unanimous agreement in identifying only these two mechanisms, but there are some who propose a more marked role of anomalous occlusal loads, which would be unloaded on some teeth which, in addition to both erosive and abrasive mechanisms, would give rise to abfraction. Therefore, the aim of this review was to collect literature etio-pathological information and discuss the mechanisms underlying NCCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Davide Polverari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Spirito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Iacovelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Diego Sovereto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Enrica Laneve
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Apollonia Caloro
- Unità Operativa Nefrologia e Dialisi, Presidio Ospedaliero Scorrano, ASL (Azienda Sanitaria Locale) Lecce, Via Giuseppina Delli Ponti, 73020, Scorrano, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122, Foggia, Italy
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2
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Ledogar JA, Senck S, Villmoare BA, Smith AL, Weber GW, Richmond BG, Dechow PC, Ross CF, Grosse IR, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Benazzi S, Carlson KJ, Carlson KB, Pryor McIntosh LC, van Casteren A, Strait DS. Mechanical compensation in the evolution of the early hominin feeding apparatus. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220711. [PMID: 35703052 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Australopiths, a group of hominins from the Plio-Pleistocene of Africa, are characterized by derived traits in their crania hypothesized to strengthen the facial skeleton against feeding loads and increase the efficiency of bite force production. The crania of robust australopiths are further thought to be stronger and more efficient than those of gracile australopiths. Results of prior mechanical analyses have been broadly consistent with this hypothesis, but here we show that the predictions of the hypothesis with respect to mechanical strength are not met: some gracile australopith crania are as strong as that of a robust australopith, and the strength of gracile australopith crania overlaps substantially with that of chimpanzee crania. We hypothesize that the evolution of cranial traits that increased the efficiency of bite force production in australopiths may have simultaneously weakened the face, leading to the compensatory evolution of additional traits that reinforced the facial skeleton. The evolution of facial form in early hominins can therefore be thought of as an interplay between the need to increase the efficiency of bite force production and the need to maintain the structural integrity of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Ledogar
- Department of Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Sascha Senck
- Research Group Computed Tomography, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Brian A Villmoare
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA 98901, USA
| | - Gerhard W Weber
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.,Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ian R Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Barth W Wright
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna 48121, Italy
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Keely B Carlson
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Leslie C Pryor McIntosh
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine South Georgia, Moultrie, GA 31768, USA
| | - Adam van Casteren
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.,Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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3
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Polyphenols in Dental Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030072. [PMID: 32645860 PMCID: PMC7552636 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: polyphenols are a broad class of molecules extracted from plants and have a large repertoire of biological activities. Biomimetic inspiration from the effects of tea or red wine on the surface of cups or glass lead to the emergence of versatile surface chemistry with polyphenols. Owing to their hydrogen bonding abilities, coordination chemistry with metallic cations and redox properties, polyphenols are able to interact, covalently or not, with a large repertoire of chemical moieties, and can hence be used to modify the surface chemistry of almost all classes of materials. (2) Methods: the use of polyphenols to modify the surface properties of dental materials, mostly enamel and dentin, to afford them with better adhesion to resins and improved biological properties, such as antimicrobial activity, started more than 20 years ago, but no general overview has been written to our knowledge. (3) Results: the present review is aimed to show that molecules from all the major classes of polyphenolics allow for low coast improvements of dental materials and engineering of dental tissues.
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4
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Schwartz GT, McGrosky A, Strait DS. Fracture mechanics, enamel thickness and the evolution of molar form in hominins. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20190671. [PMID: 31964261 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the tissue most directly responsible for breaking down food in the oral cavity, the form and function of enamel is obviously of evolutionary significance in humans, non-human primates and other vertebrates. Accordingly, a standard metric, relative enamel thickness (RET), has been used for many decades to provide insights into vertebrate and human palaeobiology. Relatively thick enamel has evolved many times in vertebrates including hominoids (the group to which living humans and fossil hominins belong), and this pattern is thought to provide information about taxonomy, phylogeny, functional anatomy and diet. In particular, relatively thick enamel is thought to make tooth crowns strong so that they resist fractures associated with eating mechanically resistant foods. Here, we use current models of tooth biomechanics to show that RET is at best only moderately informative of function and diet in living hominoids and fossil hominins, and at worst provides misleading information. We propose a new metric, absolute crown strength, to assess the resistance of teeth to fracture, and identify what may be a novel characteristic of tooth strength in fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary T Schwartz
- Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda McGrosky
- Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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5
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Jones MEH, Lucas PW, Tucker AS, Watson AP, Sertich JJW, Foster JR, Williams R, Garbe U, Bevitt JJ, Salvemini F. Neutron scanning reveals unexpected complexity in the enamel thickness of an herbivorous Jurassic reptile. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0039. [PMID: 29899156 PMCID: PMC6030635 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eilenodontines are one of the oldest radiation of herbivorous lepidosaurs (snakes, lizards and tuatara) characterized by batteries of wide teeth with thick enamel that bear mammal-like wear facets. Unlike most reptiles, eilenodontines have limited tooth replacement, making dental longevity particularly important to them. We use both X-ray and neutron computed tomography to examine a fossil tooth from the eilenodontine Eilenodon (Late Jurassic, USA). Of the two approaches, neutron tomography was more successful and facilitated measurements of enamel thickness and distribution. We find the enamel thickness to be regionally variable, thin near the cusp tip (0.10 mm) but thicker around the base (0.15–0.30 mm) and notably greater than that of other rhynchocephalians such as the extant Sphenodon (0.08–0.14 mm). The thick enamel in Eilenodon would permit greater loading, extend tooth lifespan and facilitate the establishment of wear facets that have sharp edges for orally processing plant material such as horsetails (Equisetum). The shape of the enamel dentine junction indicates that tooth development in Eilenodon and Sphenodon involved similar folding of the epithelium but different ameloblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc E H Jones
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK .,Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Peter W Lucas
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amy P Watson
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Joseph J W Sertich
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Ruth Williams
- Department of Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Ulf Garbe
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joseph J Bevitt
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Floriana Salvemini
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
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6
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van Casteren A, Crofts SB. The Materials of Mastication: Material Science of the Humble Tooth. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:1681-1689. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dental functional morphology, as a field, represents a confluence of materials science and biology. Modern methods in materials testing have been influential in driving the understanding of dental tissues and tooth functionality. Here we present a review of dental enamel, the outermost tissue of teeth. Enamel is the hardest biological tissue and exhibits remarkable resilience even when faced with a variety of mechanical threats. In the light of recent work, we progress the argument that the risk of mechanical degradation across multiple scales exhibits a strong and continued selection pressure on structural organization of enamel. The hierarchical nature of enamel structure presents a range of scale-dependent toughening mechanisms and provides a means by which natural selection can drive the specialization of this tissue from nanoscale reorganization to whole tooth morphology. There has been much learnt about the biomechanics of enamel recently, yet our understanding of the taxonomic diversity of this tissue is still lacking and may form an interesting avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam van Casteren
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, Campus Box 1114, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Stephanie B Crofts
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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7
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van Casteren A, Lucas PW, Strait DS, Michael S, Bierwisch N, Schwarzer N, Al-Fadhalah KJ, Almusallam AS, Thai LA, Saji S, Shekeban A, Swain MV. Evidence that metallic proxies are unsuitable for assessing the mechanics of microwear formation and a new theory of the meaning of microwear. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171699. [PMID: 29892367 PMCID: PMC5990759 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian tooth wear research reveals contrasting patterns seemingly linked to diet: irregularly pitted enamel surfaces, possibly from consuming hard seeds, versus roughly aligned linearly grooved surfaces, associated with eating tough leaves. These patterns are important for assigning diet to fossils, including hominins. However, experiments establishing conditions necessary for such damage challenge this paradigm. Lucas et al. (Lucas et al. 2013 J. R. Soc. Interface10, 20120923. (doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0923)) slid natural objects against enamel, concluding anything less hard than enamel would rub, not abrade, its surface (producing no immediate wear). This category includes all organic plant matter. Particles harder than enamel, with sufficiently angular surfaces, could abrade it immediately, prerequisites that silica/silicate particles alone possess. Xia et al. (Xia, Zheng, Huang, Tian, Chen, Zhou, Ungar, Qian. 2015 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA112, 10 669-10 672. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1509491112)) countered with experiments using brass and aluminium balls. Their bulk hardness was lower than enamel, but the latter was abraded. We examined the ball exteriors to address this discrepancy. The aluminium was surfaced by a thin rough oxide layer harder than enamel. Brass surfaces were smoother, but work hardening during manufacture gave them comparable or higher hardness than enamel. We conclude that Xia et al.'s results are actually predicted by the mechanical model of Lucas et al. To explain wear patterns, we present a new model of textural formation, based on particle properties and presence/absence of silica(tes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam van Casteren
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter W. Lucas
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Ave., Bldg. 401 Tupper Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, Campus Box 1114, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Shaji Michael
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 11310, Kuwait
| | - Nick Bierwisch
- Saxonian Institute of Surface Mechanics SIO, Tankow 2, 18569 Ummanz, Rügen, Germany
| | - Norbert Schwarzer
- Saxonian Institute of Surface Mechanics SIO, Tankow 2, 18569 Ummanz, Rügen, Germany
| | - Khaled J. Al-Fadhalah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Abdulwahab S. Almusallam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Lidia A. Thai
- Nanotechnology Research Facility, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Sreeja Saji
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 11310, Kuwait
| | - Ali Shekeban
- Nanotechnology Research Facility, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Michael V. Swain
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 11310, Kuwait
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8
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van Casteren A, Lucas PW, Strait DS, Michael S, Bierwisch N, Schwarzer N, Al-Fadhalah KJ, Almusallam AS, Thai LA, Saji S, Shekeban A, Swain MV. Evidence that metallic proxies are unsuitable for assessing the mechanics of microwear formation and a new theory of the meaning of microwear. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171699. [PMID: 29892367 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.72431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian tooth wear research reveals contrasting patterns seemingly linked to diet: irregularly pitted enamel surfaces, possibly from consuming hard seeds, versus roughly aligned linearly grooved surfaces, associated with eating tough leaves. These patterns are important for assigning diet to fossils, including hominins. However, experiments establishing conditions necessary for such damage challenge this paradigm. Lucas et al. (Lucas et al. 2013 J. R. Soc. Interface10, 20120923. (doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0923)) slid natural objects against enamel, concluding anything less hard than enamel would rub, not abrade, its surface (producing no immediate wear). This category includes all organic plant matter. Particles harder than enamel, with sufficiently angular surfaces, could abrade it immediately, prerequisites that silica/silicate particles alone possess. Xia et al. (Xia, Zheng, Huang, Tian, Chen, Zhou, Ungar, Qian. 2015 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA112, 10 669-10 672. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1509491112)) countered with experiments using brass and aluminium balls. Their bulk hardness was lower than enamel, but the latter was abraded. We examined the ball exteriors to address this discrepancy. The aluminium was surfaced by a thin rough oxide layer harder than enamel. Brass surfaces were smoother, but work hardening during manufacture gave them comparable or higher hardness than enamel. We conclude that Xia et al.'s results are actually predicted by the mechanical model of Lucas et al. To explain wear patterns, we present a new model of textural formation, based on particle properties and presence/absence of silica(tes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam van Casteren
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter W Lucas
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Ave., Bldg. 401 Tupper Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, Campus Box 1114, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Shaji Michael
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 11310, Kuwait
| | - Nick Bierwisch
- Saxonian Institute of Surface Mechanics SIO, Tankow 2, 18569 Ummanz, Rügen, Germany
| | - Norbert Schwarzer
- Saxonian Institute of Surface Mechanics SIO, Tankow 2, 18569 Ummanz, Rügen, Germany
| | - Khaled J Al-Fadhalah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Abdulwahab S Almusallam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Lidia A Thai
- Nanotechnology Research Facility, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Sreeja Saji
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 11310, Kuwait
| | - Ali Shekeban
- Nanotechnology Research Facility, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Michael V Swain
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 11310, Kuwait
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