1
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Hejrati N, Wong R, Khazaei M, Fehlings MG. How can clinical safety and efficacy concerns in stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury be overcome? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:883-899. [PMID: 37545020 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2245321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe neurological dysfunction. Despite scientific and medical advances, clinically effective regenerative therapies including stem cells are lacking for SCI. AREAS COVERED This paper discusses translational challenges related to the safe, effective use of stem cells for SCI, with a focus on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), Schwann cells (SCs), olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We discuss approaches to enhance the efficacy of cell-based strategies by i) addressing patient heterogeneity and enhancing patient selection; ii) selecting cell type, cell source, cell developmental stage, and delivery technique; iii) enhancing graft integration and mitigating immune-mediated graft rejection; and iv) ensuring availability of cells. Additionally, we review strategies to optimize outcomes including combinatorial use of rehabilitation and discuss ways to mitigate potential risks of tumor formation associated with stem cell-based strategies. EXPERT OPINION Basic science research will drive translational advances to develop stem cell-based therapies for SCI. Genetic, serological, and imaging biomarkers may enable individualization of cell-based treatments. Moreover, combinatorial strategies will be required to enhance graft survival, migration and functional integration, to enable precision-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Hejrati
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery & Spine Center of Eastern Switzerland, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Wong
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Tsujimoto H, Osafune K. Current status and future directions of clinical applications using iPS cells-focus on Japan. FEBS J 2022; 289:7274-7291. [PMID: 34407307 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine using iPS cell technologies has progressed remarkably in recent years. In this review, we summarize these technologies and their clinical application. First, we discuss progress in the establishment of iPS cells, including the HLA-homo iPS cell stock project in Japan and the advancement of low antigenic iPS cells using genome-editing technology. Then, we describe iPS cell-based therapies in or approaching clinical application, including those for ophthalmological, neurological, cardiac, hematological, cartilage, and metabolic diseases. Next, we introduce disease models generated from patient iPS cells and successfully used to identify therapeutic agents for intractable diseases. Clinical medicine using iPS cells has advanced safely and effectively by making full use of current scientific standards, but tests on cell safety need to be further developed and validated. The next decades will see the further spread of iPS cell technology-based regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Tsujimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Japan.,RegeNephro Co., Ltd., MIC bldg. Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
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3
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Bower OJ, McCarthy A, Lea RA, Alanis-Lobato G, Zohren J, Gerri C, Turner JMA, Niakan KK. Generating CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Null Mutations and Screening Targeting Efficiency in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e232. [PMID: 34432381 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis facilitates the investigation of gene function in a number of developmental and cellular contexts. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), either embryonic or induced, are a tractable cellular model to investigate molecular mechanisms involved in early human development and cell fate decisions. hPSCs also have broad potential in regenerative medicine to model, investigate, and ameliorate diseases. Here, we provide an optimized protocol for efficient CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing of hPSCs to investigate the functional role of genes by engineering null mutations. We emphasize the importance of screening single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to identify those with high targeting efficiency for generation of clonally derived null mutant hPSC lines. We provide important considerations for targeting genes that may have a role in hPSC maintenance. We also present methods to evaluate the on-target mutation spectrum and unintended karyotypic changes. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Selecting and ligating sgRNAs into expression plasmids Basic Protocol 2: Validation of sgRNA via in vitro transcription and cleavage assay Basic Protocol 3: Nucleofection of primed human embryonic stem cells Basic Protocol 4: MiSeq analysis of indel mutations Basic Protocol 5: Single cell cloning of targeted hPSCs Basic Protocol 6: Karyotyping of targeted hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Bower
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Afshan McCarthy
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Lea
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregorio Alanis-Lobato
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmin Zohren
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Gerri
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - James M A Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy K Niakan
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Yong KW, Choi JR, Dolbashid AS, Wan Safwani WKZ. Biosafety and bioefficacy assessment of human mesenchymal stem cells: what do we know so far? Regen Med 2018; 13:219-232. [PMID: 29509072 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An outstanding amount of resources has been used in research on manipulation of human stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), for various clinical applications. However, human MSCs have not been fully utilized in clinical applications due to restrictions with regard to their certain biosafety and bioefficacy concerns, for example, genetic abnormality, tumor formation, induction of host immune response and failure of homing and engraftment. This review summarizes the biosafety and bioefficacy assessment of human MSCs in terms of genetic stability, tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, homing and engraftment. The strategies used to reduce the biosafety concerns and improve the bioefficacy of human MSCs are highlighted. In addition, the approaches that can be implemented to improve their biosafety and bioefficacy assessment are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Wey Yong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.,Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jane Ru Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Asdani Saifullah Dolbashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Abstract
For quality assurance (QA) in stem cell banking, a planned system is needed to ensure that the banked products, stem cells, meet the standards required for research, clinical use, and commercial biotechnological applications. QA is process oriented, avoids, or minimizes unacceptable product defects, and particularly encompasses the management and operational systems of the bank, as well as the ethical and legal frameworks. Quality control (QC ) is product oriented and therefore ensures the stem cells of a bank are what they are expected to be. Testing is for controlling, not assuring, product quality, and is therefore a part of QC , not QA. Like QA, QC is essential for banking cells for quality research and translational application (Schwartz et al., Lancet 379:713-720, 2012). Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), as cells derived from donated supernumerary embryos from in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy, are different from other stem cell types in resulting from an embryo that has had two donors . This imposes important ethical and legal constraints on the utility of the cells, which, together with quite specific culture conditions, require special attention in the QA system. Importantly, although the origin and derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs ) differ from that of hESCs, many of the principles of QA for hESC banking are applicable to iPSC banking (Stacey et al., Cell Stem Cell 13:385-388, 2013). Furthermore, despite differences between the legal and regulatory frameworks for hESC and iPSC banking between different countries, the requirements for QA are being harmonized (Stacey et al., Cell Stem Cell 13:385-388, 2013; International Stem Cell Banking Initiative, Stem Cell Rev 5:301-314, 2009).
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6
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Roh KH, Nerem RM, Roy K. Biomanufacturing of Therapeutic Cells: State of the Art, Current Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2017; 7:455-78. [PMID: 27276552 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-080615-033559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells and other functionally defined therapeutic cells (e.g., T cells) are promising to bring hope of a permanent cure for diseases and disorders that currently cannot be cured by conventional drugs or biological molecules. This paradigm shift in modern medicine of using cells as novel therapeutics can be realized only if suitable manufacturing technologies for large-scale, cost-effective, reproducible production of high-quality cells can be developed. Here we review the state of the art in therapeutic cell manufacturing, including cell purification and isolation, activation and differentiation, genetic modification, expansion, packaging, and preservation. We identify current challenges and discuss opportunities to overcome them such that cell therapies become highly effective, safe, and predictively reproducible while at the same time becoming affordable and widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Roh
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0313; .,The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Robert M Nerem
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332.,The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0313; .,The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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7
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Petrova A, Capalbo A, Jacquet L, Hazelwood-Smith S, Dafou D, Hobbs C, Arno M, Farcomeni A, Devito L, Badraiq H, Simpson M, McGrath JA, Di WL, Cheng JB, Mauro TM, Ilic D. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation and Three-Dimensional Tissue Formation Attenuate Clonal Epigenetic Differences in Trichohyalin. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1366-75. [PMID: 27460132 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic background of pluripotent stem cells can influence transcriptional and functional behavior. Most of these data have been obtained in standard monolayer cell culture systems. In this study, we used exome sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), miRNA array, DNA methylation array, three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering, and immunostaining to conduct a comparative analysis of two induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines used in engineering of 3D human epidermal equivalent (HEE), which more closely approximates epidermis. Exome sequencing and array CGH suggested that their genome was stable following 3 months of feeder-free culture. While the miRNAome was also not affected, ≈7% of CpG sites were differently methylated between the two lines. Analysis of the epidermal differentiation complex, a region on chromosome 1 that contains multiple genes involved in skin barrier maturation (including trichohyalin, TCHH), found that in one of the iPSC clones (iKCL004), TCHH retained a DNA methylation signature characteristic of the original somatic cells, whereas in other iPSC line (iKCL011), the TCHH methylation signature matched that of the human embryonic stem cell line KCL034. The difference between the two iPSC clones in TCHH methylation did not have an obvious effect on its expression in 3D HEE, suggesting that differentiation and tissue formation may mitigate variations in the iPSC methylome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Petrova
- 1 Assisted Conception Unit, Stem Cell Laboratory, Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London , London, United Kingdom .,2 St John's Institute of Dermatology , King's College London, London, United Kingdom .,3 Immunobiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laureen Jacquet
- 1 Assisted Conception Unit, Stem Cell Laboratory, Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hazelwood-Smith
- 5 Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Dafou
- 5 Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Hobbs
- 6 Histology Laboratory, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Arno
- 7 Genomics Centre, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Farcomeni
- 8 Statistics Section, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Liani Devito
- 1 Assisted Conception Unit, Stem Cell Laboratory, Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Heba Badraiq
- 1 Assisted Conception Unit, Stem Cell Laboratory, Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Simpson
- 5 Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - John A McGrath
- 2 St John's Institute of Dermatology , King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Li Di
- 3 Immunobiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey B Cheng
- 9 Department of Dermatology, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- 9 Department of Dermatology, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Dusko Ilic
- 1 Assisted Conception Unit, Stem Cell Laboratory, Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
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8
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Eldridge P, Griffin D, Janssen W, O'Donnell L. Part 3: Understanding the manufacturing of unproven cellular therapy products. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:124-6. [PMID: 26719204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eldridge
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Advanced Cellular Therapeutics Facility, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. ISCT North America, Past Regional Vice President 2012-2014.
| | - Deborah Griffin
- Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA. Chair, ISCT NA LRA Committee, 2014-2016 and Co-Editor of the Telegraft
| | - William Janssen
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. ISCT Past Co-Chair, NA LRA Committee 2011-2014. ISCT North America, Regional Vice President 2014-2016
| | - Lynn O'Donnell
- Division of Hematology, Cell Therapy Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. ISCT Global Secretary, 2013-2016 and Editor in Chief of Telegraft
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9
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Canham MA, Van Deusen A, Brison DR, De Sousa PA, Downie J, Devito L, Hewitt ZA, Ilic D, Kimber SJ, Moore HD, Murray H, Kunath T. The Molecular Karyotype of 25 Clinical-Grade Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17258. [PMID: 26607962 PMCID: PMC4660465 DOI: 10.1038/srep17258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derivatives to regenerative medicine is now becoming a reality. Although the vast majority of hESC lines have been derived for research purposes only, about 50 lines have been established under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions. Cell types differentiated from these designated lines may be used as a cell therapy to treat macular degeneration, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, diabetes, osteoarthritis and other degenerative conditions. It is essential to know the genetic stability of the hESC lines before progressing to clinical trials. We evaluated the molecular karyotype of 25 clinical-grade hESC lines by whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis. A total of 15 unique copy number variations (CNVs) greater than 100 kb were detected, most of which were found to be naturally occurring in the human population and none were associated with culture adaptation. In addition, three copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) regions greater than 1 Mb were observed and all were relatively small and interstitial suggesting they did not arise in culture. The large number of available clinical-grade hESC lines with defined molecular karyotypes provides a substantial starting platform from which the development of pre-clinical and clinical trials in regenerative medicine can be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice A Canham
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy Van Deusen
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel R Brison
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul A De Sousa
- Roslin Cells Limited, Nine Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janet Downie
- Roslin Cells Limited, Nine Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liani Devito
- Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zoe A Hewitt
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dusko Ilic
- Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Harry D Moore
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helen Murray
- Roslin Cells Limited, Nine Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Jacquet L, Neueder A, Földes G, Karagiannis P, Hobbs C, Jolinon N, Mioulane M, Sakai T, Harding SE, Ilic D. Three Huntington's Disease Specific Mutation-Carrying Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Have Stable Number of CAG Repeats upon In Vitro Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126860. [PMID: 25993131 PMCID: PMC4438866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD; OMIM 143100), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is caused by an expanded trinucleotide CAG (polyQ) motif in the HTT gene. Cardiovascular symptoms, often present in early stage HD patients, are, in general, ascribed to dysautonomia. However, cardio-specific expression of polyQ peptides caused pathological response in murine models, suggesting the presence of a nervous system-independent heart phenotype in HD patients. A positive correlation between the CAG repeat size and severity of symptoms observed in HD patients has also been observed in in vitro HD cellular models. Here, we test the suitability of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines carrying HD-specific mutation as in vitro models for understanding molecular mechanisms of cardiac pathology seen in HD patients. We have differentiated three HD-hESC lines into cardiomyocytes and investigated CAG stability up to 60 days after starting differentiation. To assess CAG stability in other tissues, the lines were also subjected to in vivo differentiation into teratomas for 10 weeks. Neither directed differentiation into cardiomyocytes in vitro nor in vivo differentiation into teratomas, rich in immature neuronal tissue, led to an increase in the number of CAG repeats. Although the CAG stability might be cell line-dependent, induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with larger numbers of CAG repeats could have an advantage as a research tool for understanding cardiac symptoms of HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen Jacquet
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women’s Health, King’s College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Neueder
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Gabor Földes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, ICTEM, 4th Floor, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Rd, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Hobbs
- Histology Laboratory, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Nelly Jolinon
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Maxime Mioulane
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, ICTEM, 4th Floor, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Rd, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Takao Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E. Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, ICTEM, 4th Floor, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Rd, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Dusko Ilic
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women’s Health, King’s College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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11
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Results from a horizon scan on risks associated with transplantation of human organs, tissues and cells: from donor to patient. Cell Tissue Bank 2014; 16:1-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-014-9450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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A thermoresponsive and chemically defined hydrogel for long-term culture of human embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1335. [PMID: 23299885 PMCID: PMC3562446 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultures of human embryonic stem cell typically rely on protein matrices or feeder cells to support attachment and growth, while mechanical, enzymatic or chemical cell dissociation methods are used for cellular passaging. However, these methods are ill defined, thus introducing variability into the system, and may damage cells. They also exert selective pressures favouring cell aneuploidy and loss of differentiation potential. Here we report the identification of a family of chemically defined thermoresponsive synthetic hydrogels based on 2-(diethylamino)ethyl acrylate, which support long-term human embryonic stem cell growth and pluripotency over a period of 2–6 months. The hydrogels permitted gentle, reagent-free cell passaging by virtue of transient modulation of the ambient temperature from 37 to 15 °C for 30 min. These chemically defined alternatives to currently used, undefined biological substrates represent a flexible and scalable approach for improving the definition, efficacy and safety of human embryonic stem cell culture systems for research, industrial and clinical applications. To transfer cultured human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) between culture dishes, cells need to be released using mechanical, enzymatic or chemical means, which can damage cells. Zhang et al. describe a thermomodulatable hydrogel that allows gentle, reagent-free cell passaging for the long-term culture of hESCs.
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13
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Sverdlov ED, Mineev K. Mutation rate in stem cells: an underestimated barrier on the way to therapy. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:273-80. [PMID: 23481596 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are thought to have great therapeutic potential, but due to continuously and stochastically arising new mutations that unpredictably change the composition of a cell population, the large-scale manufacturing of SCs with uniform properties and predictable behavior is a challenge. Quantitative evaluation of the characteristic mutation rate of a given stem cell line could be an important criterion in making the decision to use the line in medical practice. Such an evaluation could provide a new quality standard for newly derived human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines prior to depositing them in stem cell banks. Here, we substantiate this view with simple calculations showing the effect of the mutation rate on changes in the cell population composition due to amplification. Selection of SCs with low mutation rate could reduce the risk of negative side effects during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Sverdlov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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14
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Chen XM, Kan QC, Wang F, Kong HJ, Zhang YY, Yu WZ, Sun YP. Chromosome dynamic changes in two cultured Chinese human embryonic stem cell lines: single nucleotide polymorphism, copy number variation and loss of heterozygosity. J Cell Biochem 2013; 113:3520-7. [PMID: 22711576 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The quality and safety of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in clinical application depend on gene stability. Two Chinese hESC lines, Zh1 and Zh21, were incubated over a long period. We observed and compared the gene stability in the passage numbers 20, 17 for Zh1 cell line and passage numbers 27, 60, 68 for Zh21 cell line. Single nucleotide polymorphisis analysis indicated that hESCs in early passages had relative gene stability; and with the increase in passage number, gene instability became strong. We also found that there were copy number variations (CNVs) in both Zh21 and Zh1. We analyzed the CNVs of Chinese Han Beijing man (CHB; normal Chinese people) and found that the all CNV forms were the loss in Zh21, Zh1, and CHB. We also analyzed and compared the related pathways of the mutant genes. We propose three steps to ensure hESC safety. Firstly, besides the conventional methods such as pluripotent genes, chromosome G-banding and teratoma, high-resolution DNA chip analysis should also be adopted; secondly, chromosomal properties are monitored every 10 passages in less than passage 50 and every 5 passages in more than passage 50; thirdly, the related pathways of mutant genes should be observed because only the mutant genes with variations of their related pathways may affected cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Chen
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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15
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Lopez Corrales NL, Mrasek K, Voigt M, Liehr T, Kosyakova N. Comprehensive characterization of genomic instability in pluripotent stem cells and their derived neuroprogenitor cell lines. Appl Transl Genom 2012; 1:21-24. [PMID: 27896049 PMCID: PMC5121198 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genomic integrity of two human pluripotent stem cells and their derived neuroprogenitor cell lines was studied, applying a combination of high-resolution genetic methodologies. The usefulness of combining array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) techniques should be delineated to exclude/detect a maximum of possible genomic structural aberrations. Interestingly, in parts different genomic imbalances at chromosomal and subchromosomal levels were detected in pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. Some of the copy number variations were inherited from the original cell line, whereas other modifications were presumably acquired during the differentiation and manipulation procedures. These results underline the necessity to study both pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated progeny by as many approaches as possible in order to assess their genomic stability before using them in clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Luis Lopez Corrales
- Visiting Scientist CnPQ Fellowship, Brazil; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Mrasek
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Voigt
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nadezda Kosyakova
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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16
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Notara M, Hernandez D, Mason C, Daniels JT. Characterization of the phenotype and functionality of corneal epithelial cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Regen Med 2012; 7:167-78. [PMID: 22397607 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the optimum conditions for the differentiation of a mouse embryonic stem cell line towards corneal epithelial cell fate. MATERIALS & METHODS The effect of conditioned media from both metabolically active (to produce lineage A) and growth-arrested limbal fibroblasts (lineage G) were compared with basal media (lineage N) in terms of morphology and marker expression, assessed by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription PCR. Cultures were transplanted into a porcine ex vivo model to investigate their ability for wound healing and cornea repair. RESULTS Lineage N exhibited cobblestone morphology and expressed CK12 and p63α, while OCT4 and SSEA1 were downregulated. Post-transplantation, these cells were able to multilayer and heal after wounding while maintaining marker expression. CONCLUSION Lineages with corneal epithelial-like characteristics, which are derived from embryonic stem cells, have potential for use in the study of corneal wound healing and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Notara
- Department of Ocular Biology & Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
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17
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Sandu N, Schaller B. Molecular imaging of stem cell therapy in brain tumors: a step towards personalized medicine. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8:601-5. [PMID: 23056068 PMCID: PMC3460495 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.30282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sandu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Stephenson E, Jacquet L, Miere C, Wood V, Kadeva N, Cornwell G, Codognotto S, Dajani Y, Braude P, Ilic D. Derivation and propagation of human embryonic stem cell lines from frozen embryos in an animal product-free environment. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:1366-81. [PMID: 22722371 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The protocols described here are comprehensive instructions for deriving human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines in xeno-free conditions from cryopreserved embryos. Details are included for propagation, cryopreservation and characterization. Initial derivation is on feeder cells and is followed by adaptation to a feeder-free environment; competent technicians can perform these simplified methods easily. From derivation to cryopreservation of fully characterized initial stocks takes 3-4 months. These protocols served as the basis for standard operating procedures (SOPs), with both operational and technical components, that we set to meet good manufacturing practice (GMP) and UK regulatory body requirements for derivation of clinical-grade cells. As such, these SOPs are currently used in our current GMP compliant facility to derive hES cell lines ab initio, in an animal product-free environment; these lines are suitable for research and potentially for clinical use in cell therapy. So far, we have derived eight clinical-grade lines, which will be freely available to the scientific community after submission/accession to the UK Stem Cell Bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Stephenson
- Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, King's College School of Medicine, London, UK
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19
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Tannenbaum SE, Tako Turetsky T, Singer O, Aizenman E, Kirshberg S, Ilouz N, Gil Y, Berman-Zaken Y, Perlman TS, Geva N, Levy O, Arbell D, Simon A, Ben-Meir A, Shufaro Y, Laufer N, Reubinoff BE. Derivation of xeno-free and GMP-grade human embryonic stem cells--platforms for future clinical applications. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35325. [PMID: 22745653 PMCID: PMC3380026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically compliant human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) should be developed in adherence to ethical standards, without risk of contamination by adventitious agents. Here we developed for the first time animal-component free and good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant hESCs. After vendor and raw material qualification, we derived xeno-free, GMP-grade feeders from umbilical cord tissue, and utilized them within a novel, xeno-free hESC culture system. We derived and characterized three hESC lines in adherence to regulations for embryo procurement, and good tissue, manufacturing and laboratory practices. To minimize freezing and thawing, we continuously expanded the lines from initial outgrowths and samples were cryopreserved as early stocks and banks. Batch release criteria included DNA-fingerprinting and HLA-typing for identity, characterization of pluripotency-associated marker expression, proliferation, karyotyping and differentiation in-vitro and in-vivo. These hESCs may be valuable for regenerative therapy. The ethical, scientific and regulatory methodology presented here may serve for development of additional clinical-grade hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly E. Tannenbaum
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tikva Tako Turetsky
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orna Singer
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat Aizenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sophie Kirshberg
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nili Ilouz
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaniv Gil
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Berman-Zaken
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Temima Schnitzer Perlman
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nitshia Geva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ora Levy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Arbell
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alex Simon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Assaf Ben-Meir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoel Shufaro
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Neri Laufer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin E. Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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20
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Screening of human pluripotent stem cells using CGH and FISH reveals low-grade mosaic aneuploidy and a recurrent amplification of chromosome 1q. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:1248-55. [PMID: 22713809 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency and proliferative capacity of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) make them a promising source for basic and applied research as well as in therapeutic medicine. The introduction of human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) holds great promise for patient-tailored regenerative medicine therapies. However, for hESCs and hiPSCs to be applied for therapeutic purposes, long-term genomic stability in culture must be maintained. Until recently, G-banding analysis was considered as the default approach for detecting chromosomal abnormalities in stem cells. Our goal in this study was to apply fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) for the screening of pluripotent stem cells, which will enable us identifying chromosomal abnormalities in stem cells genome with a better resolution. We studied three hESC lines and two hiPSC lines over long-term culture. Aneuploidy rates were evaluated at different passages, using FISH probes (12,13,16,17,18,21,X,Y). Genomic integrity was shown to be maintained at early passages of hESCs and hiPSCs but, at late passages, we observed low rates mosaiciam in hESCs, which implies a direct correlation between number of passages and increased aneuploidy rate. In addition, CGH analysis revealed a recurrent genomic instability, involving the gain of chromosome 1q. This finding was detected in two unrelated cell lines of different origin and implies that gains of chromosome 1q may endow a clonal advantage in culture. These findings, which could only partially be detected by conventional cytogenetic methods, emphasize the importance of using molecular cytogenetic methods for tracking genomic instability in stem cells.
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21
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Goldring CEP, Duffy PA, Benvenisty N, Andrews PW, Ben-David U, Eakins R, French N, Hanley NA, Kelly L, Kitteringham NR, Kurth J, Ladenheim D, Laverty H, McBlane J, Narayanan G, Patel S, Reinhardt J, Rossi A, Sharpe M, Park BK. Assessing the safety of stem cell therapeutics. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 8:618-28. [PMID: 21624806 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented developments in stem cell research herald a new era of hope and expectation for novel therapies. However, they also present a major challenge for regulators since safety assessment criteria, designed for conventional agents, are largely inappropriate for cell-based therapies. This article aims to set out the safety issues pertaining to novel stem cell-derived treatments, to identify knowledge gaps that require further research, and to suggest a roadmap for developing safety assessment criteria. It is essential that regulators, pharmaceutical providers, and safety scientists work together to frame new safety guidelines, based on "acceptable risk," so that patients are adequately protected but the safety "bar" is not set so high that exciting new treatments are lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E P Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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22
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Lee S, Kim J, Park TJ, Shin Y, Lee SY, Han YM, Kang S, Park HS. The effects of the physical properties of culture substrates on the growth and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8816-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Ilic D, Stephenson E, Wood V, Jacquet L, Stevenson D, Petrova A, Kadeva N, Codognotto S, Patel H, Semple M, Cornwell G, Ogilvie C, Braude P. Derivation and feeder-free propagation of human embryonic stem cells under xeno-free conditions. Cytotherapy 2011; 14:122-8. [PMID: 22029654 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.623692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Human embryonic stem (hES) cells hold great potential for cell therapy and regenerative medicine because of their pluripotency and capacity for self-renewal. The conditions used to derive and culture hES cells vary between and within laboratories depending on the desired use of the cells. Until recently, stem cell culture has been carried out using feeder cells, and culture media, that contain animal products. Recent advances in technology have opened up the possibility of both xeno-free and feeder-free culture of stem cells, essential conditions for the use of stem cells for clinical purposes. To date, however, there has been limited success in achieving this aim. METHODS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Protocols were developed for the successful derivation of two normal and three specific mutation-carrying (SMC) (Huntington's disease and myotonic dystrophy 1) genomically stable hES cell lines, and their adaptation to feeder-free culture, all under xeno-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusko Ilic
- Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, King's College School of Medicine, London, UK.
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24
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Diaferia GR, Cardano M, Cattaneo M, Spinelli CC, Dessì SS, DeBlasio P, Biunno I. The science of stem cell biobanking: Investing in the future. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:14-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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25
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Noisa P, Parnpai R. Technical challenges in the derivation of human pluripotent cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:907961. [PMID: 21776284 PMCID: PMC3138062 DOI: 10.4061/2011/907961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been discovered that human pluripotent cells could be isolated from the blastocyst state of embryos and called human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). These cells can be adapted and propagated indefinitely in culture in an undifferentiated manner as well as differentiated into cell representing the three major germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. However, the derivation of human pluripotent cells from donated embryos is limited and restricted by ethical concerns. Therefore, various approaches have been explored and proved their success. Human pluripotent cells can also be derived experimentally by the nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells. These techniques include somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), cell fusion and overexpression of pluripotent genes. In this paper, we discuss the technical challenges of these approaches for nuclear reprogramming, involving their advantages and limitations. We will also highlight the possible applications of these techniques in the study of stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinya Noisa
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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26
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Zimmermann WH. Embryonic and embryonic-like stem cells in heart muscle engineering. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 50:320-6. [PMID: 21040727 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac muscle engineering is evolving rapidly and may ultimately be exploited to (1) model cardiac development, physiology, and pathology; (2) identify and validate drug targets; (3) assess drug safety and efficacy; and (4) provide therapeutic substitute myocardium. The ultimate success in any of these envisioned applications depends on the utility of human cells and their assembly into myocardial equivalents with structural and functional properties of mature heart muscle. Embryonic stem cells appear as a promising cell source in this respect, because they can be cultured reliably and differentiated robustly into cardiomyocytes. Despite their unambiguous cardiogenicity, data on advanced maturation and seamless myocardial integration of embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in vivo are sparse. Additional concerns relate to the limited control over cardiomyogenic specification and cardiomyocyte maturation in vitro as well as the risk of teratocarcinoma formation and immune rejection of stem cell implants in vivo. Through the invent of embryonic-like stem cells - such as parthenogenetic stem cells, male germline stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells - some but certainly not all of these issues may be addressed, albeit at the expense of additional concerns. This review will discuss the applicability of embryonic and embryonic-like stem cells in myocardial tissue engineering and address issues that require particular attention before the potential of stem cell-based heart muscle engineering may be fully exploited. This article is part of a special issue entitled, "Cardiovascular Stem Cells Revisited".
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram-Hubertus Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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27
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Polak J, Bravery CA, Prescott C. Translation and commercialization of regenerative medicines. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7 Suppl 6:S675-6. [PMID: 20926428 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0498.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Polak
- Faculty of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Room 144, Roderic Hill Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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