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Micheletti C, Shah FA. Bone hierarchical organization through the lens of materials science: Present opportunities and future challenges. Bone Rep 2024; 22:101783. [PMID: 39100913 PMCID: PMC11295937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2024.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiscale characterization is essential to better understand the hierarchical architecture of bone and an array of analytical methods contributes to exploring the various structural and compositional aspects. Incorporating X-ray tomography, X-ray scattering, vibrational spectroscopy, and atom probe tomography alongside electron microscopy provides a comprehensive approach, offering insights into the diverse levels of organization within bone. X-ray scattering techniques reveal information about collagen-mineral spatial relationships, while X-ray tomography captures 3D structural details, especially at the microscale. Electron microscopy, such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, extends resolution to the nanoscale, showcasing intricate features such as collagen fibril organization. Additionally, atom probe tomography achieves sub-nanoscale resolution and high chemical sensitivity, enabling detailed examination of bone composition. Despite various technical challenges, a correlative approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of bone material properties. Real-time investigations through in situ and in operando approaches shed light on the dynamic processes in bone. Recently developed techniques such as liquid, in situ transmission electron microscopy provide insights into calcium phosphate formation and collagen mineralization. Mechanical models developed in the effort to link structure, composition, and function currently remain oversimplified but can be improved. In conclusion, correlative analytical platforms provide a holistic perspective of bone extracellular matrix and are essential for unraveling the intricate interplay between structure and composition within bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Micheletti
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Furqan A. Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Schwarcz HP, Nassif N, Kis VK. Curved mineral platelets in bone. Acta Biomater 2024; 183:201-209. [PMID: 38838906 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Bone is a composite material principally made up of a mineral phase (apatite) and collagen fibrils. The mineral component of bone occurs in the form of polycrystalline platelets 2-6 nm in thickness. These platelets are packed and probably glued together in stacks of two or more, ranging up to >30 platelets. Here we show that most of these stacks are curved flat sheets whose cylindrical axes are oriented parallel to the long axes of collagen fibrils. Consequently, the curvature of the platelets is not detectable in TEM sections cut parallel to the collagen fibril axes. The radius of curvature around these axes ranges from about 25 nm (the average radius of the collagen fibrils) to 100's of nm. The shapes of these curved forms contribute to the compressive strength of bone. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bone, the material of which bones are made, is mainly composed of a protein, collagen, and the mineral apatite (calcium phosphate). The crystals have long been known to be flat plates about 5 nanometers (nm) thick. Here we show that the crystals are bound together in curved platelets with a radius of curvature between 25 and several hundred nm, which weave between fibrils of collagen. Some platelets wrap tightly around fibrils. The platelets form stacks of from two to up to 30. The crystals in the platelets are all oriented parallel to the cylindrical fibrils even though most crystals are not in contact with collagen. These curved structures provide greater strength to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Schwarcz
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Nadine Nassif
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Viktoria Kovacs Kis
- HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós u. 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Mineralogy, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, H-1119 Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Micheletti C, Shah FA, Palmquist A, Grandfield K. Ultrastructure and Nanoporosity of Human Bone Shown with Correlative On-Axis Electron and Spectroscopic Tomographies. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24710-24724. [PMID: 37846873 PMCID: PMC10753897 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Mineralized collagen fibrils are the building block units of bone at the nanoscale. While it is known that collagen fibrils are mineralized both inside their gap zones (intra-fibrillar mineralization) and on their outer surfaces (extra-fibrillar mineralization), a clear visualization of this architecture in three dimensions (3D), combining structural and compositional information over large volumes, but without compromising the resolution, remains challenging. In this study, we demonstrate the use of on-axis Z-contrast electron tomography (ET) with correlative energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) tomography to examine rod-shaped samples with diameters up to 700 nm prepared from individual osteonal lamellae in the human femur. Our work mainly focuses on two aspects: (i) low-contrast nanosized circular spaces ("holes") observed in sections of bone oriented perpendicular to the long axis of a long bone, and (ii) extra-fibrillar mineral, especially in terms of morphology and spatial relationship with respect to intra-fibrillar mineral and collagen fibrils. From our analyses, it emerges quite clearly that most "holes" are cross-sectional views of collagen fibrils. While this had been postulated before, our 3D reconstructions and reslicing along meaningful two-dimensional (2D) cross-sections provide a direct visual confirmation. Extra-fibrillar mineral appears to be composed of thin plates that are interconnected and span over several collagen fibrils, confirming that mineralization is cross-fibrillar, at least for the extra-fibrillar phase. EDX tomography shows mineral signatures (Ca and P) within the gap zones, but the signal appears weaker than that associated with the extra-fibrillar mineral, pointing toward the existence of dissimilarities between the two types of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Micheletti
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster
University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- Department
of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Furqan A. Shah
- Department
of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department
of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster
University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- Brockhouse
Institute for Materials Research, McMaster
University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Zhang L, Shi X, Li Y, Duan X, Yang X, Hu Z, Cui M. An NIR-II Probe with High PSMA Affinity Demonstrates an Unexpected Excellent Bone Imaging Ability. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16441-16454. [PMID: 37970819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
(S)-3-(Carboxyformamido)-2-(3-(carboxymethyl)ureido)propanoic acid (EuK) is a known binder toward the prostate-specific membrane agent (PSMA) with strong affinity, making it a popular choice for prostate cancer medicine development. However, during the probe modification, a new EuK-based PSMA tetramer, Bone-1064, was discovered to have an unexpected and intense uptake in bone, which has not yet been reported in any previous studies yet. After administration, Bone-1064 allowed for high contrast visualization of the bone from surrounding tissues with a signal-to-background ratio of 10.22 at 24 h postinjection. In contrast, the tumor had a blurry contour, and the maximum tumor-to-normal-tissue ratio was only 2.22. Further imaging studies revealed that Bone-1064 binds specifically to hydroxyapatite in bone tissues, instead of PSMA. Overall, Bone-1064 is an excellent bone probe with a unique structure that can be used for NIR-II fluorescence imaging in animal models. Meanwhile, this modification study might also inspire further PSMA probe designations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaojiang Duan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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5
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Vaddi A, Tadinada A, Lurie A, Deymier A. Evaluation of near-infrared Raman spectroscopy in the differentiation of cortical bone, trabecular bone, and Bio-Oss bone graft: an ex-vivo study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2023; 136:632-639. [PMID: 37394288 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the ability of near-infrared Raman spectroscopy (near-IR RS) to differentiate among cortical bone, trabecular bone, and Bio-Oss, a bovinebone-based graft material. STUDY DESIGN We obtained a thinly sliced section of the mandible to collect cortical and trabecular bone samples and placed compacted Bio-Oss bone graft into a partially edentulous mandible in a dry human skull to obtain a comparable Bio-Oss sample. We performed near-IR RS of the 3 samples and evaluated the resultant Raman spectra to evaluate their differences. RESULTS We identified 3 sets of spectroscopic markers that differentiated Bio-Oss from human bone. The first consisted of significant shifts in the location of the 960 cm-1 phosphate (PO43-) peak and a reduction in its width, suggesting that Bio-Oss is more crystalline than bone. The second was the reduced carbonate content of Bio-Oss compared to bone, as determined from the 1070 cm-1/960 cm-1 peak area ratio. The final marker was the lack of collagen-associated peaks in Bio-Oss compared to cortical and trabecular bone. CONCLUSIONS Near-IR RS can reliably differentiate human cortical and trabecular bone from Bio-Oss via 3 sets of spectral markers associated with mineral crystallinity, carbonate content, and collagen content that differ significantly between them. Integrating this modality into dental practice may assist in implant treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Vaddi
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, UConn School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Aditya Tadinada
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, UConn School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alan Lurie
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, UConn School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alix Deymier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UConn School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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6
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Bañuelos JL, Borguet E, Brown GE, Cygan RT, DeYoreo JJ, Dove PM, Gaigeot MP, Geiger FM, Gibbs JM, Grassian VH, Ilgen AG, Jun YS, Kabengi N, Katz L, Kubicki JD, Lützenkirchen J, Putnis CV, Remsing RC, Rosso KM, Rother G, Sulpizi M, Villalobos M, Zhang H. Oxide- and Silicate-Water Interfaces and Their Roles in Technology and the Environment. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6413-6544. [PMID: 37186959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial reactions drive all elemental cycling on Earth and play pivotal roles in human activities such as agriculture, water purification, energy production and storage, environmental contaminant remediation, and nuclear waste repository management. The onset of the 21st century marked the beginning of a more detailed understanding of mineral aqueous interfaces enabled by advances in techniques that use tunable high-flux focused ultrafast laser and X-ray sources to provide near-atomic measurement resolution, as well as by nanofabrication approaches that enable transmission electron microscopy in a liquid cell. This leap into atomic- and nanometer-scale measurements has uncovered scale-dependent phenomena whose reaction thermodynamics, kinetics, and pathways deviate from previous observations made on larger systems. A second key advance is new experimental evidence for what scientists hypothesized but could not test previously, namely, interfacial chemical reactions are frequently driven by "anomalies" or "non-idealities" such as defects, nanoconfinement, and other nontypical chemical structures. Third, progress in computational chemistry has yielded new insights that allow a move beyond simple schematics, leading to a molecular model of these complex interfaces. In combination with surface-sensitive measurements, we have gained knowledge of the interfacial structure and dynamics, including the underlying solid surface and the immediately adjacent water and aqueous ions, enabling a better definition of what constitutes the oxide- and silicate-water interfaces. This critical review discusses how science progresses from understanding ideal solid-water interfaces to more realistic systems, focusing on accomplishments in the last 20 years and identifying challenges and future opportunities for the community to address. We anticipate that the next 20 years will focus on understanding and predicting dynamic transient and reactive structures over greater spatial and temporal ranges as well as systems of greater structural and chemical complexity. Closer collaborations of theoretical and experimental experts across disciplines will continue to be critical to achieving this great aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Leobardo Bañuelos
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Eric Borguet
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Gordon E Brown
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Randall T Cygan
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - James J DeYoreo
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Patricia M Dove
- Department of Geosciences, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE UMR8587, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julianne M Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2Canada
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Anastasia G Ilgen
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Young-Shin Jun
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Nadine Kabengi
- Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Lynn Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - James D Kubicki
- Department of Earth, Environmental & Resource Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Johannes Lützenkirchen
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung─INE, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Christine V Putnis
- Institute for Mineralogy, University of Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Richard C Remsing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kevin M Rosso
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Gernot Rother
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Marialore Sulpizi
- Department of Physics, Ruhr Universität Bochum, NB6, 65, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mario Villalobos
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, LANGEM, Instituto De Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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7
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Hou YC, Cui X, Qin Z, Su C, Zhang G, Tang JN, Li JA, Zhang JY. Three-dimensional bioprinting of artificial blood vessel: Process, bioinks, and challenges. Int J Bioprint 2023; 9:740. [PMID: 37323481 PMCID: PMC10261152 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronary artery bypass grafting is a main treatment for restoring the blood supply to the ischemic site by bypassing the narrow part, thereby improving the heart function of the patients. Autologous blood vessels are preferred in coronary artery bypass grafting, but their availability is often limited by due to the underlying disease. Thus, tissue-engineered vascular grafts that are devoid of thrombosis and have mechanical properties comparable to those of natural vessels are urgently required for clinical applications. Most of the commercially available artificial implants are made from polymers, which are prone to thrombosis and restenosis. The biomimetic artificial blood vessel containing vascular tissue cells is the most ideal implant material. Due to its precision control ability, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising method to prepare biomimetic system. In the 3D bioprinting process, the bioink is at the core state for building the topological structure and keeping the cell viable. Therefore, in this review, the basic properties and viable materials of the bioink are discussed, and the research of natural polymers in bioink, including decellularized extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, and collagen, is emphasized. Besides, the advantages of alginate and Pluronic F127, which are the mainstream sacrificial material during the preparation of artificial vascular graft, are also reviewed. Finally, an overview of the applications in the field of artificial blood vessel is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chen Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chang Su
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jun-Nan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing-An Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy and Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Technology (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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8
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Al-Qudsy L, Hu YW, Xu H, Yang PF. Mineralized Collagen Fibrils: An Essential Component in Determining the Mechanical Behavior of Cortical Bone. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:2203-2219. [PMID: 37075172 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Bone comprises mechanically different materials in a specific hierarchical structure. Mineralized collagen fibrils (MCFs), represented by tropocollagen molecules and hydroxyapatite nanocrystals, are the fundamental unit of bone. The mechanical characterization of MCFs provides the unique adaptive mechanical competence to bone to withstand mechanical load. The structural and mechanical role of MCFs is critical in the deformation mechanisms of bone and the marvelous strength and toughness possessed by bone. However, the role of MCFs in the mechanical behavior of bone across multiple length scales is not fully understood. In the present study, we shed light upon the latest progress regarding bone deformation at multiple hierarchical levels and emphasize the role of MCFs during bone deformation. We propose the concept of hierarchical deformation of bone to describe the interconnected deformation process across multiple length scales of bone under mechanical loading. Furthermore, how the deterioration of bone caused by aging and diseases impairs the hierarchical deformation process of the cortical bone is discussed. The present work expects to provide insights on the characterization of MCFs in the mechanical properties of bone and lays the framework for the understanding of the multiscale deformation mechanics of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luban Al-Qudsy
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering Techniques, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, 8998+QHJ Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yi-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Huiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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9
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de Alcântara ACS, Felix LC, Galvão DS, Sollero P, Skaf MS. The Role of the Extrafibrillar Volume on the Mechanical Properties of Molecular Models of Mineralized Bone Microfibrils. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:230-245. [PMID: 36484626 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bones are responsible for body support, structure, motion, and several other functions that enable and facilitate life for many different animal species. They exhibit a complex network of distinct physical structures and mechanical properties, which ultimately depend on the fraction of their primary constituents at the molecular scale. However, the relationship between structure and mechanical properties in bones are still not fully understood. Here, we investigate structural and mechanical properties of all-atom bone molecular models composed of type-I collagen, hydroxyapatite (HA), and water by means of fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Our models encompass an extrafibrillar volume (EFV) and consider mineral content in both the EFV and intrafibrillar volume (IFV), consistent with experimental observations. We investigate solvation structures and elastic properties of bone microfibril models with different degrees of mineralization, ranging from highly mineralized to weakly mineralized and nonmineralized models. We find that the local tetrahedral order of water is lost in similar ways in the EFV and IFV regions for all HA containing models, as calcium and phosphate ions are strongly coordinated with water molecules. We also subject our models to tensile loads and analyze the spatial stress distribution over the nanostructure of the material. Our results show that both mineral and water contents accumulate significantly higher stress levels, most notably in the EFV, thus revealing that this region, which has been only recently incorporated in all-atom molecular models, is fundamental for studying the mechanical properties of bones at the nanoscale. Furthermore, our results corroborate the well-established finding that high mineral content makes bone stiffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeus C S de Alcântara
- Department of Computational Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-860, SPBrazil.,Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, CCES, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-861, SPBrazil
| | - Levi C Felix
- Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, CCES, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-861, SPBrazil.,Department of Applied Physics, Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-859, SPBrazil
| | - Douglas S Galvão
- Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, CCES, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-861, SPBrazil.,Department of Applied Physics, Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-859, SPBrazil
| | - Paulo Sollero
- Department of Computational Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-860, SPBrazil.,Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, CCES, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-861, SPBrazil
| | - Munir S Skaf
- Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, CCES, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-861, SPBrazil.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-970, SPBrazil
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10
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Zhang H, Ma Y, Wang Y, Niu L, Zou R, Zhang M, Liu H, Genin GM, Li A, Xu F. Rational Design of Soft-Hard Interfaces through Bioinspired Engineering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204498. [PMID: 36228093 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soft-hard tissue interfaces in nature present a diversity of hierarchical transitions in composition and structure to address the challenge of stress concentrations that would otherwise arise at their interface. The translation of these into engineered materials holds promise for improved function of biomedical interfaces. Here, soft-hard tissue interfaces found in the body in health and disease, and the application of the diverse, functionally graded, and hierarchical structures that they present to bioinspired engineering materials are reviewed. A range of such bioinspired engineering materials and associated manufacturing technologies that are on the horizon in interfacial tissue engineering, hydrogel bioadhesion at the interfaces, and healthcare and medical devices are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, P. R. China
| | - Lin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Guy M Genin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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11
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Fu Y, Li C, Wang Q, Gao R, Cai X, Wang S, Zhang Y. The protective effect of collagen peptides from bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) skin and bone to attenuate UVB-induced photoaging via MAPK and TGF-β signaling pathways. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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12
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Surowiec RK, Allen MR, Wallace JM. Bone hydration: How we can evaluate it, what can it tell us, and is it an effective therapeutic target? Bone Rep 2022; 16:101161. [PMID: 35005101 PMCID: PMC8718737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Water constitutes roughly a quarter of the cortical bone by volume yet can greatly influence mechanical properties and tissue quality. There is a growing appreciation for how water can dynamically change due to age, disease, and treatment. A key emerging area related to bone mechanical and tissue properties lies in differentiating the role of water in its four different compartments, including free/pore water, water loosely bound at the collagen/mineral interfaces, water tightly bound within collagen triple helices, and structural water within the mineral. This review summarizes our current knowledge of bone water across the four functional compartments and discusses how alterations in each compartment relate to mechanical changes. It provides an overview on the advent of- and improvements to- imaging and spectroscopic techniques able to probe nano-and molecular scales of bone water. These technical advances have led to an emerging understanding of how bone water changes in various conditions, of which aging, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and osteogenesis imperfecta are reviewed. Finally, it summarizes work focused on therapeutically targeting water to improve mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Surowiec
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R. Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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13
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Kim C, Lee JW, Heo JH, Park C, Kim DH, Yi GS, Kang HC, Jung HS, Shin H, Lee JH. Natural bone-mimicking nanopore-incorporated hydroxyapatite scaffolds for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Biomater Res 2022; 26:7. [PMID: 35216625 PMCID: PMC8876184 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A considerable number of studies has been carried out to develop alloplastic bone graft materials such as hydroxyapatite (HAP) that mimic the hierarchical structure of natural bones with multiple levels of pores: macro-, micro-, and nanopores. Although nanopores are known to play many essential roles in natural bones, only a few studies have focused on HAPs containing them; none of those studies investigated the functions of nanopores in biological systems. Method We developed a simple yet powerful method to introduce nanopores into alloplastic HAP bone graft materials in large quantities by simply pressing HAP nanoparticles and sintering them at a low temperature. Results The size of nanopores in HAP scaffolds can be controlled between 16.5 and 30.2 nm by changing the sintering temperature. When nanopores with a size of ~ 30.2 nm, similar to that of nanopores in natural bones, are introduced into HAP scaffolds, the mechanical strength and cell proliferation and differentiation rates are significantly increased. The developed HAP scaffolds containing nanopores (SNPs) are biocompatible, with negligible erythema and inflammatory reactions. In addition, they enhance the bone regeneration when are implanted into a rabbit model. Furthermore, the bone regeneration efficiency of the HAP-based SNP is better than that of a commercially available bone graft material. Conclusion Nanopores of HAP scaffolds are very important for improving the bone regeneration efficiency and may be one of the key factors to consider in designing highly efficient next-generation alloplastic bone graft materials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40824-022-00253-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheolhyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Hwan Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Sung Yi
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Chang Kang
- Probiomimetic Research Institute, Bundang Technopark, Seongnam, 13219, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Shin
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at Sungkyunkwan University, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Jun YS, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Ghim D, Wu X, Kim D, Jung H. Classical and Nonclassical Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms for Nanoparticle Formation. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:453-477. [PMID: 35113740 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082720-100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
All solid materials are created via nucleation. In this evolutionary process, nuclei form in solution or at interfaces and expand by monomeric growth, oriented attachment, and phase transformation. Nucleation determines the location and size of nuclei, whereas growth controls the size, shape, and aggregation of newly formed nanoparticles. These physical properties of nanoparticles can determine their functionalities, reactivities, and porosities, as well as their fate and transport. Recent advances in nanoscale analytical technologies allow in situ real-time observations, enabling us to uncover the molecular nature of nuclei and the critical controlling factors for nucleation and growth. Although a single theory cannot yet fully explain such evolving processes, we have started to better understand how both classical and nonclassical theories can work together, and we have begun to recognize the importance of connecting these theories. This review discusses the recent convergence of knowledge about the nucleation and the growth of nanoparticles. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Shin Jun
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; , , , ,
| | - Yaguang Zhu
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; , , , ,
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; , , , ,
| | - Deoukchen Ghim
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; , , , ,
| | - Xuanhao Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Doyoon Kim
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; , , , ,
| | - Haesung Jung
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, South Korea;
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15
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A multiscale finite element investigation on the role of intra- and extra-fibrillar mineralisation on the elastic properties of bone tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 129:105139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Understanding the properties of bone is of both fundamental and clinical relevance. The basis of bone’s quality and mechanical resilience lies in its nanoscale building blocks (i.e., mineral, collagen, non-collagenous proteins, and water) and their complex interactions across length scales. Although the structure–mechanical property relationship in healthy bone tissue is relatively well characterized, not much is known about the molecular-level origin of impaired mechanics and higher fracture risks in skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis or Paget’s disease. Alterations in the ultrastructure, chemistry, and nano-/micromechanics of bone tissue in such a diverse group of diseased states have only been briefly explored. Recent research is uncovering the effects of several non-collagenous bone matrix proteins, whose deficiencies or mutations are, to some extent, implicated in bone diseases, on bone matrix quality and mechanics. Herein, we review existing studies on ultrastructural imaging—with a focus on electron microscopy—and chemical, mechanical analysis of pathological bone tissues. The nanometric details offered by these reports, from studying knockout mice models to characterizing exact disease phenotypes, can provide key insights into various bone pathologies and facilitate the development of new treatments.
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17
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Matrix biophysical cues direct mesenchymal stromal cell functions in immunity. Acta Biomater 2021; 133:126-138. [PMID: 34365041 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been used to design synthetic matrices that capture salient features of matrix microenvironments to study and control cellular functions. Recent advances in understanding of both extracellular matrix biology and biomaterial design have shown that biophysical cues are powerful mediators of cell biology, especially that of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs have been tested in many clinical trials because of their ability to modulate immune cells in different pathological conditions. While roles of biophysical cues in MSC biology have been studied in the context of multilineage differentiation, their significance in regulating immunomodulatory functions of MSCs is just beginning to be elucidated. This review first describes design principles behind how biophysical cues in native microenvironments influence the ability of MSCs to regulate immune cell production and functions. We will then discuss how biophysical cues can be leveraged to optimize cell isolation, priming, and delivery, which can help improve the success of MSC therapy for immunomodulation. Finally, a perspective is presented on how implementing biophysical cues in MSC potency assay can be important in predicting clinical outcomes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Stromal cells of mesenchymal origin are known to direct immune cell functions in vivo by secreting paracrine mediators. This property has been leveraged in developing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapeutics by adoptive transfer to treat immunological rejection and tissue injuries, which have been tested in over one thousand clinical trials to date, but with mixed success. Advances in biomaterial design have enabled precise control of biophysical cues based on how stromal cells interact with the extracellular matrix in microenvironments in situ. Investigators have begun to use this approach to understand how different matrix biophysical parameters, such as fiber orientation, porosity, dimensionality, and viscoelasticity impact stromal cell-mediated immunomodulation. The insights gained from this effort can potentially be used to precisely define the microenvironmental cues for isolation, priming, and delivery of MSCs, which can be tailored based on different disease indications for optimal therapeutic outcomes.
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18
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Głowacki MJ, Kamińska AM, Gnyba M, Pluciński J, Strąkowski MR. The Optical Coherence Tomography and Raman Spectroscopy for Sensing of the Bone Demineralization Process. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6468. [PMID: 34640787 PMCID: PMC8512234 DOI: 10.3390/s21196468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The presented research was intended to seek new optical methods to investigate the demineralization process of bones. Optical examination of the bone condition could facilitate clinical trials and improve the safety of patients. The authors used a set of complementary methods: polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) and Raman spectroscopy. Chicken bone samples were used in this research. To stimulate in laboratory conditions the process of demineralization and gradual removal of the hydroxyapatite, the test samples of bones were placed into 10% acetic acid. Measurements were carried out in two series. The first one took two weeks with data acquired every day. In the second series, the measurements were made during one day at an hourly interval (after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 24 h). The relation between the content of hydroxyapatite and images recorded using OCT was analyzed and discussed. Moreover, the polarization properties of the bones, including retardation angles of the bones, were evaluated. Raman measurement confirmed the disappearance of the hydroxyapatite and the speed of this process. This work presents the results of the preliminary study on the possibility of measuring changes in bone mineralization by means of the proposed methods and confirms their potential for practical use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcin R. Strąkowski
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.G.); (J.P.)
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19
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Xie J, Rittel D, Shemtov-Yona K, Shah FA, Palmquist A. A stochastic micro to macro mechanical model for the evolution of bone-implant interface stiffness. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:415-423. [PMID: 34129958 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Upon placement of an implant into living bone, an interface is formed through which various biochemical, biological, physical, and mechanical interactions take place. This interface evolves over time as the mechanical properties of peri-implant bone increase. Owing to the multifactorial nature of interfacial processes, it is challenging to devise a comprehensive model for predicting the mechanical behavior of the bone-implant interface. We propose a simple spatio-temporally evolving mechanical model - from an elementary unit cell comprising randomly oriented mineralized collagen fibrils having randomly assigned stiffness all the way up to a macroscopic bone-implant interface in a gap healing scenario. Each unit cell has an assigned Young's modulus value between 1.62 GPa and 25.73 GPa corresponding to minimum (i.e., 0) and maximum (i.e., 0.4) limits of mineral volume fraction, respectively, in the overlap region of the mineralized collagen fibril. Gap closure and subsequent stiffening are modeled to reflect the two main directions of peri-implant bone formation, i.e., contact osteogenesis and distance osteogenesis. The linear elastic stochastic finite element model reveals highly nonlinear temporal evolution of bone-implant interface stiffness, strongly dictated by the specific kinetics of contact osteogenesis and distance osteogenesis. The bone-implant interface possesses a small stiffness until gap closure, which subsequently evolves into a much higher stiffness, and this transition is reminiscent of a percolation transition whose threshold corresponds to gap closure. The model presented here, albeit preliminary, can be incorporated into future calculations of the bone-implant system where the interface is well-defined mechanically. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A simple, physically informed model for the mechanical characteristics of the bone-implant interface is still missing. Here, we start by extending the reported mechanical characteristics of a one cubic micrometre unit cell to a 250 µm long interface made of 1 µm thick layers. The stiffness of each cell (based on mineral content) is assigned randomly to mimic bone micro-heterogeneity. The numerical study of this interface representative structure allows for the simultaneous determination of the spatio-temporal evolution of the mechanical response at local (discrete element) and global (overall model) scales. The proposed model is the first of this kind that can easily be incorporated into realistic future models of bone-implant interaction with emphasis on implant stability and different loading conditions.
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20
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Collagen Bioinks for Bioprinting: A Systematic Review of Hydrogel Properties, Bioprinting Parameters, Protocols, and Bioprinted Structure Characteristics. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091137. [PMID: 34572322 PMCID: PMC8468019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting is a modern tool suitable for creating cell scaffolds and tissue or organ carriers from polymers that mimic tissue properties and create a natural environment for cell development. A wide range of polymers, both natural and synthetic, are used, including extracellular matrix and collagen-based polymers. Bioprinting technologies, based on syringe deposition or laser technologies, are optimal tools for creating precise constructs precisely from the combination of collagen hydrogel and cells. This review describes the different stages of bioprinting, from the extraction of collagen hydrogels and bioink preparation, over the parameters of the printing itself, to the final testing of the constructs. This study mainly focuses on the use of physically crosslinked high-concentrated collagen hydrogels, which represents the optimal way to create a biocompatible 3D construct with sufficient stiffness. The cell viability in these gels is mainly influenced by the composition of the bioink and the parameters of the bioprinting process itself (temperature, pressure, cell density, etc.). In addition, a detailed table is included that lists the bioprinting parameters and composition of custom bioinks from current studies focusing on printing collagen gels without the addition of other polymers. Last but not least, our work also tries to refute the often-mentioned fact that highly concentrated collagen hydrogel is not suitable for 3D bioprinting and cell growth and development.
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21
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Lee BEJ, Langelier B, Grandfield K. Visualization of Collagen-Mineral Arrangement Using Atom Probe Tomography. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100657. [PMID: 34296817 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a functional material comprised of mainly two phases: an organic collagenous phase and an inorganic mineral phase. Collagen-mineral arrangement has implications for bone function, aging, and disease. However, theories on collagen-mineral arrangement have been confined to studies with low spatial and/or compositional resolution resulting in an extensive debate over the location of mineral with respect to collagen. Herein, a strategy is developed to extract a single mineralized collagen fibril from bone and analyze its composition and structure atom-by-atom with 3D sub-nanometer accuracy and compositional clarity using atom probe tomography (APT). It is shown for the first time a method to probe fibril-level mineralization and collagen-mineral arrangement from an in vivo system with both the spatial and compositional precision required to comment on nanoscale collagen-mineral arrangement. APT of leporine bone shows distinct and helical collagen fibrils with mineralized deposits both encapsulating and incorporated into the collagenous structures. This study demonstrates a novel fibril-level detection method that can be used to probe the composition of bone and contribute new insights to the structure and organization of mineralized materials such as bones and teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E J Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Brian Langelier
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
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22
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Kim D, Lee B, Marshall B, Thomopoulos S, Jun YS. Cyclic strain enhances the early stage mineral nucleation and the modulus of demineralized bone matrix. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5907-5916. [PMID: 34286730 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00884f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive response of bones to mechanical loading is essential for musculoskeletal development. Despite the importance of collagen in bone mineralization, little is known about how cyclic strain influences physicochemical responses of collagen, especially at the early stage of mineralization when the levels of strain are higher than those in mature bones. The findings in this study show that, without any cell-mediated activity, cyclic strain increases nucleation rates of calcium phosphate (CaP) nanocrystals in highly-organized collagen matrices. The cyclic strain enhances the transport of mineralization fluids with nucleation precursors into the matrix, thus forming more CaP nanocrystals and increasing the elastic modulus of the collagen matrix. The results also suggest that the multiscale spatial distribution of nanocrystals in the fibrous collagen network determines tissue-level mechanical properties more critically than the total mineral content. By linking nano- and micro-scale observations with tissue-level mechanical properties, we provide new insights into designing better biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyoon Kim
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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23
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Idkaidek A, Schwarcz H, Jasiuk I. Modeling of bending and torsional stiffnesses of bone at sub-microscale: Effect of curved mineral lamellae. J Biomech 2021; 123:110531. [PMID: 34051614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent transmission electron microscopy images of transverse sections of human cortical bone showed that mineral lamellae (polycrystalline sheets of apatite crystals) form arcuate multi-radius patterns around collagen fibrils. The 3-6 nm thick mineral lamellae are arranged in stacks of 3-20 layers and curve around individual fibrils, few fibrils, and higher numbers of collagen fibrils. We evaluate the effect of these stacked mineral lamellae with various radius of curvature patterns on the elastic bending and torsional responses of bone at the sub-microscale using a finite element method. We find that the curved multi-radius stack patterns increased the bending and torsional stiffnesses by 7% and 23%, respectively, compared to when the stacks of mineral lamellae only encircle individual fibrils for the idealized geometric models considered. This study provides new insights into the structure-property relations for the bone ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Idkaidek
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Henry Schwarcz
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Iwona Jasiuk
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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24
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Zhu C, Qiu J, Thomopoulos S, Xia Y. Augmenting Tendon-to-Bone Repair with Functionally Graded Scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002269. [PMID: 33694312 PMCID: PMC8102396 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tendon-to-bone repair often fails because the functionally graded attachment is not regenerated during the healing process. Biomimetic scaffolds that recapitulate the unique features of the native tendon-to-bone attachment hold great promise for enhancing the healing process. Among various types of scaffolds that are developed and evaluated for tendon-to-bone repair, those with gradations (in either a stratified or a continuous fashion) in composition, structure, mechanical properties, and cell phenotype have gained the most attention. In this progress report, the recent efforts in the rational design and fabrication of functionally graded scaffolds based upon electrospun nanofiber mats and inverse opal structures, as well as the evaluation of their applications in augmenting tendon-to-bone repair, are reviewed. This report concludes with perspectives on the necessary future steps for clinical translation of the scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jichuan Qiu
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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25
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Lei T, Zhang T, Ju W, Chen X, Heng BC, Shen W, Yin Z. Biomimetic strategies for tendon/ligament-to-bone interface regeneration. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2491-2510. [PMID: 33665493 PMCID: PMC7889437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon/ligament-to-bone healing poses a formidable clinical challenge due to the complex structure, composition, cell population and mechanics of the interface. With rapid advances in tissue engineering, a variety of strategies including advanced biomaterials, bioactive growth factors and multiple stem cell lineages have been developed to facilitate the healing of this tissue interface. Given the important role of structure-function relationship, the review begins with a brief description of enthesis structure and composition. Next, the biomimetic biomaterials including decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds and synthetic-/natural-origin scaffolds are critically examined. Then, the key roles of the combination, concentration and location of various growth factors in biomimetic application are emphasized. After that, the various stem cell sources and culture systems are described. At last, we discuss unmet needs and existing challenges in the ideal strategies for tendon/ligament-to-bone regeneration and highlight emerging strategies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyun Lei
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Ju
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310052, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Weiliang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310052, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
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26
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Pragnère S, Auregan JC, Bosser C, Linglart A, Bensidhoum M, Hoc T, Nouguier-Lehon C, Chaussain C. Human dentin characteristics of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta: insights into collagen-based biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:259-267. [PMID: 33122145 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as "brittle bone disease", is a rare genetic disorder of the skeleton, whose most benign form I corresponds to autosomal dominant mutations in the genes encoding type I collagen (COLA1, COLA2). Several associated skeletal manifestations are often observed but, surprisingly, while dentin defects often reflect genetic bone disorders, about half of OI patients have no obvious oral manifestations. Here, we investigated the collagen, mineral and mechanical properties of dentin from deciduous teeth collected from patients with mild form of OI and displaying no obvious clinical signs of dentinogenesis imperfecta. For the first time, an increase in the hardness of OI dentin associated with an increase in mineral content compared to healthy patients was reported. In addition, OI altered the tissue characteristics of the dentin-enamel junction but the interfacial gradient was preserved. The impact of changes in molecular structure due to mutations in OI was assessed by Raman microspectroscopy. Our results highlighted a change in the hydroxyproline-proline ratio in direct association with collagen mineralization. Our findings suggest that the evaluation of teeth could be an important aid for mild types of OI that are often difficult to diagnose clinically and provide experimental evidence that hydroxyproline content should be considered in future studies on collagen-based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pragnère
- Equipex IVTV, Centrale Innovation, 64 Chemin des Mouilles, 69130 Ecully, France
| | - J-C Auregan
- Université de Paris, B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, INSERM U1271, 10 Avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; AP-HP, Antoine Béclère Université Paris-Saclay hospital, Orthopeadics Department, 157, rue de la Porte de Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - C Bosser
- Equipex IVTV, Centrale Innovation, 64 Chemin des Mouilles, 69130 Ecully, France
| | - A Linglart
- Université de Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for children, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filière OSCAR and Platform of expertise for rare diseases Paris-Sud, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - M Bensidhoum
- Université de Paris, B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, INSERM U1271, 10 Avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France
| | - T Hoc
- Université de Paris, B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, INSERM U1271, 10 Avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; Mechanical Department, MSGMGC, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France.
| | - C Nouguier-Lehon
- Université de Lyon, LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France
| | - C Chaussain
- Université de Paris, Dental School, UR2496, Montrouge, F-92120, France; AP-HP Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism (OSCAR, ERN Bond), Dental Medicine Department, Bretonneau Hospital, GHN, 75018 Paris, France
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27
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Wang Y, Ural A. A three-dimensional multiscale finite element model of bone coupling mineralized collagen fibril networks and lamellae. J Biomech 2020; 112:110041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Aghaei A, Bochud N, Rosi G, Naili S. Assessing the effective elastic properties of the tendon-to-bone insertion: a multiscale modeling approach. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:433-448. [PMID: 33057842 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The interphase joining tendon to bone plays the crucial role of integrating soft to hard tissues, by effectively transferring stresses across two tissues displaying a mismatch in mechanical properties of nearly two orders of magnitude. The outstanding mechanical properties of this interphase are attributed to its complex hierarchical structure, especially by means of competing gradients in mineral content and collagen fibers organization at different length scales. The goal of this study is to develop a multiscale model to describe how the tendon-to-bone insertion derives its overall mechanical behavior. To this end, the effective anisotropic stiffness tensor of the interphase is predicted by modeling its elastic response at different scales, spanning from the nanostructural to the mesostructural levels, using continuum micromechanics methods. The results obtained at a lower scale serve as inputs for the modeling at a higher scale. The obtained predictions are in good agreement with stochastic finite element simulations and experimental trends reported in literature. Such model has implication for the design of bioinspired bi-materials that display the functionally graded properties of the tendon-to-bone insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aghaei
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, MSME, F-94010, Creteil, France
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, MSME, F-77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - N Bochud
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, MSME, F-94010, Creteil, France.
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, MSME, F-77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France.
| | - G Rosi
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, MSME, F-94010, Creteil, France
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, MSME, F-77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - S Naili
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, MSME, F-94010, Creteil, France
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, MSME, F-77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
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29
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Sarrigiannidis S, Moussa H, Dobre O, Dalby MJ, Tamimi F, Salmeron-Sanchez M. Chiral Tartaric Acid Improves Fracture Toughness of Bioactive Brushite-Collagen Bone Cements. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5056-5066. [PMID: 32904797 PMCID: PMC7461128 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brushite cements are promising bone regeneration materials with limited biological and mechanical properties. Here, we engineer a mechanically improved brushite-collagen type I cement with enhanced biological properties by use of chiral chemistry; d- and l-tartaric acid were used to limit crystal growth and increase the mechanical properties of brushite-collagen cements. The impact of the chiral molecules on the cements was examined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A 3-point bend test was utilized to study the fracture toughness, and cell attachment and morphology studies were carried out to demonstrate biocompatibility. XRD and SEM analyses showed that l-, but not d-tartaric acid, significantly restrained brushite crystal growth by binding to the {010} plane of the mineral and increased brushite crystal packing and the collagen interaction area. l-Tartaric acid significantly improved fracture toughness compared to traditional brushite by 30%. Collagen significantly enhanced cell morphology and focal adhesion expression on l-tartaric acid-treated brushite cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos
O. Sarrigiannidis
- Centre
for the Cellular Microenvironment, University
of Glasgow, Rankine Building, 79−85 Oakfield Ave, Glasgow G12 8LT, United
Kingdom
| | - Hanan Moussa
- Faculty
of Dentistry, McGill University, Strathcona Building, 3640 University
Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
- Faculty
of Dentistry, Benghazi University, Benghazi 9504, Libya
| | - Oana Dobre
- Centre
for the Cellular Microenvironment, University
of Glasgow, Rankine Building, 79−85 Oakfield Ave, Glasgow G12 8LT, United
Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre
for the Cellular Microenvironment, University
of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Pl, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- Faculty
of Dentistry, McGill University, Strathcona Building, 3640 University
Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
- College
of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manuel Salmeron-Sanchez
- Centre
for the Cellular Microenvironment, University
of Glasgow, Rankine Building, 79−85 Oakfield Ave, Glasgow G12 8LT, United
Kingdom
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30
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Milazzo M, Jung GS, Danti S, Buehler MJ. Mechanics of Mineralized Collagen Fibrils upon Transient Loads. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8307-8316. [PMID: 32603087 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is a key structural protein in the human body, which undergoes mineralization during the formation of hard tissues. Earlier studies have described the mechanical behavior of bone at different scales, highlighting material features across hierarchical structures. Here we present a study that aims to understand the mechanical properties of mineralized collagen fibrils upon tensile/compressive transient loads, investigating how the kinetic energy propagates and it is dissipated at the molecular scale, thus filling a gap of knowledge in this area. These specific features are the mechanisms that nature has developed to passively dissipate stress and prevent structural failures. In addition to the mechanical properties of the mineralized fibrils, we observe distinct nanomechanical behaviors for the two regions (i.e., overlap and gap) of the D-period to highlight the effect of the mineralization. We notice decreasing trends for both wave speeds and Young's moduli over input velocity with a marked strengthening effect in the gap region due to the accumulation of the hydroxyapatite. In contrast, the dissipative behavior is not affected by either loading conditions or the mineral percentage, showing a stronger damping effect upon faster inputs compatible to the bone behavior at the macroscale. Our results offer insights into the dissipative behavior of mineralized collagen composites to design and characterize bioinspired composites for replacement devices (e.g., prostheses for sound transmission or conduction) or optimized structures able to bear transient loads, for example, impact, fatigue, in structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Milazzo
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Su periore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gang Seob Jung
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Serena Danti
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Su periore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Schwarzman College of Computing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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31
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Schwarcz HP, Binkley DM, Luo L, Grandfield K. A search for apatite crystals in the gap zone of collagen fibrils in bone using dark-field illumination. Bone 2020; 135:115304. [PMID: 32145461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bright-field transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of ion milled or focused ion beam (FIB) sections of cortical bone sectioned parallel to the long axis of collagen fibrils display an electron-dense phase in the gap zones of the fibrils, as well as elongated plates (termed mineral lamellae) comprised of apatite crystals, which surround and lie between the fibrils. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) studies by others have shown that the material in the gap zones is calcium phosphate. Dark-field (DF) images are capable of revealing the projected position of crystals of apatite in a section of bone. We obtained bright field (BF) images of ion milled sections of bovine femoral cortical bone cut parallel to fibril axes (longitudinal view), and compared them with DF images obtained using the (002) apatite reflection to test a widely held theory that most of the mineral in bone resides in the gap zones. Most apatite crystals which were illuminated in DF images and which projected onto gap zones were extensions of crystals that also project onto adjacent overlap zones. However, in BF images, overlap zones do not appear to contain significant amounts of mineral, implying that the crystals imaged in DF are actually in the interfibrillar matrix but projected onto images of fibrils. However a small number of "free" illuminated crystals did not extend into the overlap zones; these could be physically located inside the gap zones. We note that projections of gap zones cover 60% of the area of any longitudinal field of view; thus these "free" crystals have a high random probability of appearing to lie on a gap zone, wherever they physically lie in the section. The evidence of this study does not support the notion that most of the mineral of bone consists of crystals in the gap zone. This study leaves uncertain what is the Ca-P containing material present in gap zones; a possible candidate material is amorphous calcium phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Schwarcz
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - D M Binkley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - L Luo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Grandfield
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Avgoulas EI, Sutcliffe MPF, Linderman SW, Birman V, Thomopoulos S, Genin GM. Adhesive-based tendon-to-bone repair: failure modelling and materials selection. J R Soc Interface 2020; 16:20180838. [PMID: 30966948 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical reattachment of tendon to bone is a procedure marked by high failure rates. For example, nearly all rotator cuff repairs performed on elderly patients with massive tears ultimately result in recurrence of tearing. These high failure rates have been attributed to stress concentrations that arise due to the mechanical mismatch between tendon and bone. Although recent studies have identified potential adhesives with mechanical properties tuned to alleviate these stress concentrations, and thereby delay the onset of failure, resistance to the progression of failure has not been studied. Here, we refined the space of adhesive material properties that can improve surgical attachment by considering the fracture process. Using cohesive zone modelling and physiologically relevant values of mode I and mode II adhesive fracture toughnesses, we predicted the maximum displacement and strength at failure of idealized, adhesively bonded tendon-to-bone repairs. Repair failure occurred due to excessive relative displacement of the tendon and bone tissues for strong and compliant adhesives. The failure mechanism shifted to rupture of the entire repair for stiffer adhesives below a critical shear strength. Results identified a narrow range of materials on an Ashby chart that are suitable for adhesive repair of tendon to bone, including a range of elastomers and porous solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos I Avgoulas
- 1 Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ , UK
| | - Michael P F Sutcliffe
- 1 Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ , UK
| | - Stephen W Linderman
- 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63131 , USA
| | - Victor Birman
- 3 Missouri Science and Technology Global-St Louis, and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , St Louis, MO 63131 , USA
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- 4 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032 , USA.,5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032 , USA
| | - Guy M Genin
- 6 NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Washington University , St Louis, MO 63130 , USA
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33
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An efficient two-scale 3D FE model of the bone fibril array: comparison of anisotropic elastic properties with analytical methods and micro-sample testing. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:2127-2147. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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Vordemvenne T, Wähnert D, Koettnitz J, Merten M, Fokin N, Becker A, Büker B, Vogel A, Kronenberg D, Stange R, Wittenberg G, Greiner JFW, Hütten A, Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B. Bone Regeneration: A Novel Osteoinductive Function of Spongostan by the Interplay between Its Nano- and Microtopography. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030654. [PMID: 32156086 PMCID: PMC7140719 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffold materials for bone regeneration are crucial for supporting endogenous healing after accidents, infections, or tumor resection. Although beneficial impacts of microtopological or nanotopological cues in scaffold topography are commonly acknowledged, less consideration is given to the interplay between the microscale and nanoscale. Here, micropores with a 60.66 ± 24.48 µm diameter ordered by closely packed collagen fibers are identified in pre-wetted Spongostan, a clinically-approved collagen sponge. On a nanoscale level, a corrugated surface of the collagen sponge is observable, leading to the presence of 32.97 ± 1.41 nm pores. This distinct micro- and nanotopography is shown to be solely sufficient for guiding osteogenic differentiation of human stem cells in vitro. Transplantation of Spongostan into a critical-size calvarial rat bone defect further leads to fast regeneration of the lesion. However, masking the micro- and nanotopographical cues using SiO2 nanoparticles prevents bone regeneration in vivo. Therefore, we demonstrate that the identified micropores allow migration of stem cells, which are further driven towards osteogenic differentiation by scaffold nanotopography. The present findings emphasize the necessity of considering both micro- and nanotopographical cues to guide intramembranous ossification, and might provide an optimal cell- and growth-factor-free scaffold for bone regeneration in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vordemvenne
- Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Burgsteig 13, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany; (T.V.); (D.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Dirk Wähnert
- Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Burgsteig 13, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany; (T.V.); (D.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Julian Koettnitz
- Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Burgsteig 13, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany; (T.V.); (D.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Madlen Merten
- Molecular Neurobiology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Nadine Fokin
- Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.F.); (A.B.); (B.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Becker
- Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.F.); (A.B.); (B.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Björn Büker
- Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.F.); (A.B.); (B.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Asaria Vogel
- Molecular Neurobiology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Daniel Kronenberg
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms University Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building D3, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Richard Stange
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms University Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building D3, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Günther Wittenberg
- Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Burgsteig 13, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Johannes FW Greiner
- Department of Cell Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Andreas Hütten
- Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.F.); (A.B.); (B.B.); (A.H.)
- Bielefeld Institute for Nanoscience (BINAS), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (C.K.)
- Bielefeld Institute for Nanoscience (BINAS), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Molecular Neurobiology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.M.); (A.V.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (C.K.)
- Bielefeld Institute for Nanoscience (BINAS), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-521-106-5624
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35
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Hao R, Li D. An inspiration from the microstructure of the cortical bone in goat tibia. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2020. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.19.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
When vigorous goats are running and jumping, their leg bones play a crucial role in dynamic loading. The hierarchical structure of diverse tissues at different length scales is commonly used to account for the superior mechanical properties of bone. Yet, how the goat tibia achieves its remarkable function remains mostly unknown. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to image the multi-scale microstructure of the cortical bone in goat tibia. A new processing method was utilized during the preparation of one of the three kinds of samples. The transverse and longitudinal sections of the cortical bone were observed thoroughly, and high-quality images of the internal organizations are acquired. Some interesting findings, including the two-layered character of cortical bone and the microstructure near osteocyte lacunae, are discussed. A three-dimensional three-level hierarchical structure is found accordingly. Then, the cushioning mechanisms are discussed by analyzing the structure–function relationships of the bone tissues. Finally, a structural model of biomimetic composite is proposed based on the authors’ insights into the constitution of cortical bone, which is expected to inspire engineers to design load-bearing structures with excellent mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Li
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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Relucenti M, Miglietta S, Bove G, Donfrancesco O, Battaglione E, Familiari P, Barbaranelli C, Covelli E, Barbara M, Familiari G. SEM BSE 3D Image Analysis of Human Incus Bone Affected by Cholesteatoma Ascribes to Osteoclasts the Bone Erosion and VpSEM dEDX Analysis Reveals New Bone Formation. SCANNING 2020; 2020:9371516. [PMID: 32158510 PMCID: PMC7048945 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9371516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bone erosion is considered a typical characteristic of advanced or complicated cholesteatoma (CHO), although it is still a matter of debate if bone erosion is due to osteoclast action, being the specific literature controversial. The purpose of this study was to apply a novel scanning characterization approach, the BSE 3D image analysis, to study the pathological erosion on the surface of human incus bone involved by CHO, in order to definitely assess the eventual osteoclastic resorptive action. To do this, a comparison of BSE 3D image of resorption lacunae (resorption pits) from osteoporotic human femur neck (indubitably of osteoclastic origin) with that of the incus was performed. Surface parameters (area, mean depth, and volume) were calculated by the software Hitachi MountainsMap© from BSE 3D-reconstructed images; results were then statistically analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Our findings showed that no significant differences exist between the two groups. This quantitative approach implements the morphological characterization, allowing us to state that surface erosion of the incus is due to osteoclast action. Moreover, our observation and processing image workflow are the first in the literature showing the presence not only of bone erosion but also of matrix vesicles releasing their content on collagen bundles and self-immuring osteocytes, all markers of new bone formation on incus bone surface. On the basis of recent literature, it has been hypothesized that inflammatory environment induced by CHO may trigger the osteoclast activity, eliciting bone erosion. The observed new bone formation probably takes place at a slower rate in respect to the normal bone turnover, and the process is uncoupled (as recently demonstrated for several inflammatory diseases that promote bone loss) thus resulting in an overall bone loss. Novel scanning characterization approaches used in this study allowed for the first time the 3D imaging of incus bone erosion and its quantitative measurement, opening a new era of quantitative SEM morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Relucenti
- Department SAIMLAL Section of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy “Pietro M. Motta”, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Selenia Miglietta
- Department SAIMLAL Section of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy “Pietro M. Motta”, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bove
- Department SAIMLAL Section of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy “Pietro M. Motta”, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Orlando Donfrancesco
- Department SAIMLAL Section of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy “Pietro M. Motta”, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Battaglione
- Department SAIMLAL Section of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy “Pietro M. Motta”, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Familiari
- Department NESMOS, Neurosurgery Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1039, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Barbaranelli
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Covelli
- Department NESMOS, ENT Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1039, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Barbara
- Department NESMOS, ENT Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1039, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Familiari
- Department SAIMLAL Section of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy “Pietro M. Motta”, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
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A finite element study evaluating the influence of mineralization distribution and content on the tensile mechanical response of mineralized collagen fibril networks. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 100:103361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tang L, Zhang L, Yue M, Tian D, Su M, Li Z. New Insights into the Ultrastructure of Bioapatite After Partial Dissolution: Based on Whale Rostrum, the Densest Bone. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:1323-1330. [PMID: 31599216 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619015022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mineral particles in bone are interlaced with collagen fibrils, hindering the investigation of bioapatite crystallites (BAp). This study utilized a special whale rostrum (the most highly mineralized bone ever recorded) to measure the crystallites of bone BAp via long-term dissolution in water. The BAp in the rostrum has a low solubility (6.7 ppm Ca and 3.8 ppm P after 150 days dissolution) as well as in normal bones, which leads to its Ksp value of ~10-53. Atomic force microscopy results show tightly compacted mineral crystallites and confirm the low amount of collagen in the rostrum. Additionally, the mineral crystallites demonstrate irregular plate-like shapes with variable sizes. The small crystallites (~11 × 24 nm) are easily detached from BAp prisms, compared with the large crystallites (~50 nm). Moreover, various orientations of crystallites are observed on the edge of the prisms, which suggest a random direction of mineral growth. Furthermore, these plate-like crystallites prefer to be stacked layer by layer under weak regulation from collagen. The morphology of rostrum after dissolution provides new insights into the actual morphology of BAp crystallites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Tang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Michael Yue
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Da Tian
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Mu Su
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
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Identification of collagen fibrils in cross sections of bone by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Micron 2019; 124:102706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gelli R, Ridi F, Baglioni P. The importance of being amorphous: calcium and magnesium phosphates in the human body. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:219-235. [PMID: 31096075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the relevance of amorphous calcium (and magnesium) phosphates in living organisms. Although crystalline calcium phosphate (CaP)-based materials are known to constitute the major inorganic constituents of human hard tissues, amorphous CaP-based structures, often in combination with magnesium, are frequently employed by Nature to build up components of our body and guarantee their proper functioning. After a brief description of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) formation mechanism and structure, this paper is focused on the stabilization strategies that can be used to enhance the lifetime of the poorly stable amorphous phase. The various locations of our body in which ACP (pure or in combination with Mg2+) can be found (i.e. bone, enamel, small intestine, calciprotein particles and casein micelles) are highlighted, showing how the amorphous nature of ACP is often of paramount importance for the achievement of a specific physiological function. The last section is devoted to ACP-based biomaterials, focusing on how these materials differ from their crystalline counterparts in terms of biological response.
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Zhang L, Feng KC, Yu Y, Chuang YC, Chang CC, Vadada S, Patel R, Singh V, Simon M, Rafailovich M. Effect of Graphene on Differentiation and Mineralization of Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Matrix in Vitro. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2435-2443. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- ThINC Facility, Advanced Energy Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Kuan-Che Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yingjie Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Ya-Chen Chuang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- ThINC Facility, Advanced Energy Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Chung-Chueh Chang
- ThINC Facility, Advanced Energy Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Sahith Vadada
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Rushikesh Patel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Vedant Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Marcia Simon
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, University School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Miriam Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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Greiner JF, Gottschalk M, Fokin N, Büker B, Kaltschmidt BP, Dreyer A, Vordemvenne T, Kaltschmidt C, Hütten A, Kaltschmidt B. Natural and synthetic nanopores directing osteogenic differentiation of human stem cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 17:319-328. [PMID: 30771503 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration is a highly orchestrated process crucial for endogenous healing procedures after accidents, infections or tumor therapy. Changes in surface nanotopography are known to directly affect the formation of osteogenic cell types, although no direct linkage to the endogenous nanotopography of bone was described so far. Here we show the presence of pores of 31.93 ± 0.97 nm diameter on the surface of collagen type I fibers, the organic component of bone, and demonstrate these pores to be sufficient to induce osteogenic differentiation of adult human stem cells. We further applied SiO2 nanoparticles thermally cross-linked to a nanocomposite to artificially biomimic 31.93 ± 0.97 nm pores, which likewise led to in vitro production of bone mineral by adult human stem cells. Our findings show an endogenous mechanism of directing osteogenic differentiation of adult stem cells by nanotopological cues and provide a direct application using SiO2 nanocomposites with surface nanotopography biomimicking native bone architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Gottschalk
- Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nadine Fokin
- Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Björn Büker
- Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Axel Dreyer
- Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Vordemvenne
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Evangelical Hospital Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Bielefeld Institute for Nanoscience (BINAS), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Hütten
- Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Bielefeld Institute for Nanoscience (BINAS), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Molecular Neurobiology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Bielefeld Institute for Nanoscience (BINAS), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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43
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Shah FA, Thomsen P, Palmquist A. Osseointegration and current interpretations of the bone-implant interface. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:1-15. [PMID: 30445157 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex physical and chemical interactions take place in the interface between the implant surface and bone. Various descriptions of the ultrastructural arrangement to various implant design features, ranging from solid and macroporous geometries to surface modifications on the micron-, submicron-, and nano- levels, have been put forward. Here, the current knowledge regarding structural organisation of the bone-implant interface is reviewed with a focus on solid devices, mainly metal (or alloy) intended for permanent anchorage in bone. Certain biomaterials that undergo surface and bulk degradation are also considered. The bone-implant interface is a heterogeneous zone consisting of mineralised, partially mineralised, and unmineralised areas. Within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, mineralised collagen fibrils form the structural basis of the bone-implant interface, in addition to accumulation of non-collagenous macromolecules such as osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin. In the published literature, as many as eight distinct arrangements of the bone-implant interface ultrastructure have been described. The interpretation is influenced by the in vivo model and species-specific characteristics, healing time point(s), physico-chemical properties of the implant surface, implant geometry, sample preparation route(s) and associated artefacts, analytical technique(s) and their limitations, and non-compromised vs compromised local tissue conditions. The understanding of the ultrastructure of the interface under experimental conditions is rapidly evolving due to the introduction of novel techniques for sample preparation and analysis. Nevertheless, the current understanding of the interface zone in humans in relation to clinical implant performance is still hampered by the shortcomings of clinical methods for resolving the finer details of the bone-implant interface. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Being a hierarchical material by design, the overall strength of bone is governed by composition and structure. Understanding the structure of the bone-implant interface is essential in the development of novel bone repair materials and strategies, and their long-term success. Here, the current knowledge regarding the eventual structural organisation of the bone-implant interface is reviewed, with a focus on solid devices intended for permanent anchorage in bone, and certain biomaterials that undergo surface and bulk degradation. The bone-implant interface is a heterogeneous zone consisting of mineralised, partially mineralised, and unmineralised areas. Within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, mineralised collagen fibrils form the structural basis of the bone-implant interface, in addition to accumulation of non-collagenous macromolecules such as osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin.
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Deymier AC, Schwartz AG, Cai Z, Daulton TL, Pasteris JD, Genin GM, Thomopoulos S. The multiscale structural and mechanical effects of mouse supraspinatus muscle unloading on the mature enthesis. Acta Biomater 2019; 83:302-313. [PMID: 30342287 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is sensitive to its loading environment; this is of particular concern under conditions such as disuse, paralysis, and extended-duration space flight. Although structural and mechanical changes to tendon and bone following paralysis and disuse are well understood, there is a pressing need to understand how this unloading affects the bone-tendon interface (enthesis); the location most prone to tears and injury. We therefore elucidated these effects of unloading in the entheses of adult mice shoulders that were paralyzed for 21 days by treatment with botulinum toxin A. Unloading significantly increased the extent of mechanical failure and was associated with structural changes across hierarchical scales. At the millimeter scale, unloading caused bone loss. At the micrometer scale, unloading decreased bioapatite crystal size and crystallographic alignment in the enthesis. At the nanometer scale, unloading induced compositional changes that stiffened the bioapatite/collagen composite tissue. Mathematical modeling and mechanical testing indicated that these factors combined to increase local elevations of stress while decreasing the ability of the tissue to absorb energy prior to failure, thereby increasing injury risk. These first observations of the multiscale effects of unloading on the adult enthesis provide new insight into the hierarchical features of structure and composition that endow the enthesis with increased resistance to failure. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The musculoskeletal system is sensitive to its loading environment; this is of particular concern under conditions such as disuse, paralysis, and extended-duration space flight. Although changes to tendon and bone following paralysis are understood, there is a pressing need to clarify how unloading affects the bone-tendon interface (enthesis), which is the location most prone to tears and injury. We elucidated the effects of enthesis unloading in adult mice shoulders showing, for the first time, that unloading significantly increased the risk and extent of mechanical failure and was associated with structural changes across hierarchical scales. These observations provide new insight into the hierarchical features of structure and composition that endow the enthesis with resilience. This knowledge can be used to develop more targeted treatments to improve mobility and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix C Deymier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Andrea G Schwartz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Zhounghou Cai
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Argonne, IL, USA.
| | - Tyrone L Daulton
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jill D Pasteris
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Guy M Genin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
The mechanism (s) that drive the organization of bone mineral throughout the bone extracellular matrix remain unclear. The long-standing theory implicates the organic matrix, namely specific non-collagenous proteins and/or collagen fibrils, while a recent theory proposes a self-assembly mechanism. Applying a combination of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in wet and dry conditions to bone-like hydroxyapatite nanoparticles that were used as a proxy for bone mineral, we confirm that mature bone mineral particles have the capacity to self-assemble into organized structures. A large quantity of water is present at the surface of bone mineral due to the presence of a hydrophilic, amorphous surface layer that coats bone mineral nanoparticles. These water molecules must not only be strongly bound to the surface of bone mineral in the form of a rigid hydration shell, but they must also be trapped within the amorphous surface layer. Cohesive forces between these water molecules present at the mineral–mineral interface not only hold the mature bone mineral particles together, but also promote their oriented stacking. This intrinsic ability of mature bone mineral particles to organize themselves without recourse to the organic matrix forms the foundation for the development of the next generation of orthopedic biomaterials.
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46
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Grandfield K, Vuong V, Schwarcz HP. Ultrastructure of Bone: Hierarchical Features from Nanometer to Micrometer Scale Revealed in Focused Ion Beam Sections in the TEM. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:606-616. [PMID: 30008091 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of bone has been widely debated, in part due to limitations in visualizing nanostructural features over relevant micrometer length scales. Here, we employ the high resolving power and compositional contrast of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF STEM) to investigate new features in human bone with nanometer resolution over microscale areas. Using focused ion beam (FIB)-milled sections that span an area of 50 μm2, we have shown how most of the mineral of cortical human osteonal bone occurs in the form of long, thin polycrystalline plates (mineral lamellae, MLs) which are either flat or curved to wrap closely around collagen fibrils. Close to the collagen fibril (< 20 nm), the radius of curvature matches that of the fibril diameter, while at greater distances, MLs form arcs with much larger radii of curvature. In addition, stacks of closely packed planar (uncurved) MLs occur between fibrils. The curving of mineral lamellae both around and between the fibrils would contribute to the strength of bone. At a larger scale, rosette-like clusters of fibrils are noted for the first time, arranged in quasi-circular arrays that define tube-like structures in alternating osteonal lamellae. At the boundary between adjacent osteonal lamellae, the orientation of fibrils and surrounding mineral lamellae changes abruptly, resembling the "orthogonal" patterns identified by others (Reznikov et al. in Acta Biomater 10:3815-3826, 2014). These features spanning nanometer to micrometer scale have implications for our understanding of bone structure and mechanical integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, ETB 403, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Vicky Vuong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, ETB 403, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Henry P Schwarcz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada.
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada.
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Zhang L, Yu Y, Feng KC, Chuang YC, Zuo X, Zhou Y, Chang CC, Simon M, Rafailovich M. Templated dentin formation by dental pulp stem cells on banded collagen bundles nucleated on electrospun poly (4-vinyl pyridine) fibers in vitro. Acta Biomater 2018; 76:80-88. [PMID: 29940368 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Eventhough it is well established that materials can promote stem cell differentiation, hard tissue formation is a templated process for which little is known regarding the in vitro process. We have found that surface curvature enables self-assembly of triple helical collagen fibrils into banded bundle structures from rat tail and human collagen secreted by dental pulp stem cells. Collagen fibrils were adsorbed at 4 °C on spun cast flat P4VP films and electrospun fibers. Protein adsorption was observed on both surfaces, but large banded bundles with a uniform spacing of approximately 55 nm were present only on the fiber surfaces. SEM/EDS mapping showed that dental pulp stem cells plated on the same surfaces biomineralized copiously only along the electrospun fibers. Raman spectroscopy indicated that despite the presence of adsorbed collagen on the flat surfaces, only the deposits present on the fibrous surface had a protein to hydroxyl apatite ratio similar to natural dentin from human teeth. RT-PCR indicated up regulation of collagen, osteocalcin and dental sialophosphate protein, confirming that odontogenic differentiation is promoted only on the fiber scaffolds. Taken together the results indicate that, in addition to surface chemistry, the supermolecular structure of ECM collagen, which is essential in directing DPSCs differentiation and templating biomineralization, can be modified by the underlying surface morphology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The past decade has been focused efforts in the use of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) for dental regeneration. Eventhough the factors required for DPSCs differentiation have been well studied, actual mineral deposition, positively identified as dentin, has not been achieved in vitro. Hard tissue is known to be a templated process in vivo where the mineral to protein ratio is tightly controlled via proteins which aid in collagen conformation and mineral sequestration. Here we show that one can mimic this process in vitro via the combination of materials selection and morphology. The material chemistry is shown to induce genetic upregulation the genes responsible for collagen and osteocalcin, while Raman spectroscopy confirms the translation and adsorption the proteins on the substrate. But, we show that the simple presence of collagen is not enough to template actual biomineral deposition similar to that found in vivo. Mineral deposition is a complicated process templated on collagen bundles and mediated by specific sibling proteins that determine the protein to mineral ratio. Here we show that surface curvature can reduce the barrier to collagen bundle formation, directing DPSC differentiation along odontogenic lineage, and subsequently templating actual dentin, comparable to that found in vivo in human teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; ThINC Facility, Advanced Energy Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Yingjie Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Kuan-Che Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Ya-Chen Chuang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; ThINC Facility, Advanced Energy Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Xianghao Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Chung-Cheuh Chang
- ThINC Facility, Advanced Energy Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Marcia Simon
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook University School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Miriam Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
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Wang X, Hua R, Ahsan A, Ni Q, Huang Y, Gu S, Jiang JX. AGE-RELATED DETERIORATION OF BONE TOUGHNESS IS RELATED TO DIMINISHING AMOUNT OF MATRIX GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGS). JBMR Plus 2018; 2:164-173. [PMID: 30009278 PMCID: PMC6042860 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydration status significantly affects the toughness of bone. In addition to the collagen phase, recent evidence shows that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of proteoglycans (PGs) in the extracellular matrix also play a pivotal role in regulating the tissue-level hydration status of bone, thereby affecting the tissue-level toughness of bone. In this study, we hypothesized that the amount of GAGs in bone matrix decreased with age and such changes would lead to reduction in bound water and subsequently result in a decrease in the tissue-level toughness of bone. To test the hypothesis, nanoscratch tests were conducted to measure the tissue-level toughness of human cadaveric bone specimens, which were procured only from male donors in three different age groups: young (26 ± 6 years old), mid-aged (52 ± 5 years old) and elderly (73 ± 5 years old), with six donors in each group. Biochemical and histochemical assays were performed to determine the amount and major subtypes of GAGs and proteoglycans in bone matrix. In addition, low-field NMR measurements were implemented to determine bound water content in bone matrix. The results demonstrated that aging resulted in a statistically significant reduction (17%) of GAGs in bone matrix. Concurrently, a significant deterioration (20%) of tissue-level toughness of bone with age was observed. Most importantly, the deteriorated tissue-level toughness of bone was associated significantly with the age-related reduction (40%) of bound water, which was partially induced by the decrease of GAGs in bone matrix. Furthermore, we identified that chondroitin sulfate (CS) was a major subtype of GAGs and the amount of CS decreased with aging in accompany with a decrease of biglycan that is a major subtype of PGs in bone. The findings of this study suggests that reduction of GAGs in bone matrix is likely one of the molecular origins for age-related deterioration of bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodu Wang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Rui Hua
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Abu Ahsan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Qingwen Ni
- Department of PhysicsTexas A&M International UniversityLaredoTexas
| | - Yehong Huang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
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Wang Z, Vashishth D, Picu RC. Bone toughening through stress-induced non-collagenous protein denaturation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1093-1106. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Kim D, Lee B, Thomopoulos S, Jun YS. The role of confined collagen geometry in decreasing nucleation energy barriers to intrafibrillar mineralization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:962. [PMID: 29511184 PMCID: PMC5840387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralization of collagen is critical for the mechanical functions of bones and teeth. Calcium phosphate nucleation in collagenous structures follows distinctly different patterns in highly confined gap regions (nanoscale confinement) than in less confined extrafibrillar spaces (microscale confinement). Although the mechanism(s) driving these differences are still largely unknown, differences in the free energy for nucleation may explain these two mineralization behaviors. Here, we report on experimentally obtained nucleation energy barriers to intra- and extrafibrillar mineralization, using in situ X-ray scattering observations and classical nucleation theory. Polyaspartic acid, an extrafibrillar nucleation inhibitor, increases interfacial energies between nuclei and mineralization fluids. In contrast, the confined gap spaces inside collagen fibrils lower the energy barrier by reducing the reactive surface area of nuclei, decreasing the surface energy penalty. The confined gap geometry, therefore, guides the two-dimensional morphology and structure of bioapatite and changes the nucleation pathway by reducing the total energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyoon Kim
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Young-Shin Jun
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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